Week 03
Week 03
COMPUTER HARDWARE
PRE-COMPUTER CALCULATIONS
➢ Counting on fingers and toes
➢ Stone or bead abacus
▪ Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word
for small stone
➢ 1642: first mechanical adding machine
▪ Invented by Blaise Pascal— wheels moved
counters
▪ Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
➢ Age of industrialization
▪ Mechanical loom used punch
cards. 2
EARLY COMPUTING
➢ 19th Century
▪ Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical
Engine, which could calculate, store values
in memory, perform logical comparisons
▪ Never built due to of lack of electronics
➢ 1880s
▪ Hollerith’s punched cards used to record
census data using On/Off patterns
▪ The holes turned sensors On or Off when
run through tabulating machine
▪ This company became the foundation for
IBM 3
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
➢ 1946 - First Generation Computer
▪ ENIAC
▪ Programmable
▪ 5000 calculations per second
▪ Used vacuum tubes
▪ Drawbacks were size and processing ability
➢ 1950s
▪ ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then IBM
704
▪ Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second 4
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
5
WAVES OF COMPUTING
➢ Late 1950s - Second Generation
▪ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
▪ 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
➢ Mid-1960s - Third Generation
▪ Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
➢ 1971 - Fourth Generation
▪ Further miniaturization, multiprogramming,
virtual storage
➢ 1980s - Fifth Generation
▪ Millions of calculations per second 6
MICROCOMPUTERS
➢ 1975
▪ ALTAIR, programmed by flicking switches
➢ 1977
▪ Commodore & Radio Shack produce PCs
➢ 1979
▪ Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus
far
➢ 1982
▪ IBM introduced the PC, which changed the
market 7
8
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
9
MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
10
MICROCOMPUTER USES
11
MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
➢ High-end network servers that handle large-
scale processing of business applications
▪ Not as powerful as mainframes
▪ Less expensive to buy, operate, maintain
➢ Often used to manage
▪ Large Internet websites, intranets, extranets
▪ Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
▪ First became popular as minicomputers
➢ Used as front-end servers
▪ Assists mainframes with telecommunications
and networks 12
MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
13
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
➢ Large, fast, powerful computer systems
▪ Large primary storage capacity
▪ High transaction processing
▪ Handles complex computations
➢ Widely used as superservers for:
▪ Large client/server networks
▪ High-volume Internet websites
➢ Becoming a popular computing platform for:
▪ Data mining, warehousing, electronic
commerce applications 14
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
15
SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
➢ Extremely powerful systems designed for…
▪ Scientific, engineering, and business
applications
▪ Massive numeric computations
➢ Markets include…
▪ Government research agencies
▪ Large universities
▪ Major corporations
➢ Uses parallel processing
▪ Billions to trillions of operations per second
(gigaflops and teraflops) 16
SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
17
THE NEXT WAVE OF COMPUTING
18
COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPT
Input Control
System of
hardware devices
organized by
function
Processing Storage
Output
19
COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPT
20
COMPUTER PROCESSING
SPEEDS
➢ Early computers
▪ Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
▪ Microseconds (millionths of a second)
➢ Current computers
▪ Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
▪ Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
➢ Program instruction processing speeds
▪ Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
▪ Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
▪ Commonly called “clock speed” 21
PERIPHERALS
Generic name for all input, output,
Peripheral
and secondary storage devices
22
PERIPHERALS ADVICE
23
INPUT TECHNOLOGIES
➢ Common input devices
▪ Keyboard
▪ Graphical User
Interface (GUI)
▪ Electronic mouse
and trackball
▪ Pointing stick
▪ Touchpad
▪ Touchscreen
24
SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
➢ Speech may be the future of data entry
▪ Easiest, most natural means of human
communication
➢ Recognizing speech patterns
▪ Discrete, requires pauses between each
word
▪ Continuous speech recognition software
(CSR) recognizes continuous,
conversationally paced speech
25
OPTICAL SCANNING
27
OTHER INPUT TECHNOLOGIES
Magnetic Stripe
Smart Cards
Digital Cameras
28
OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES
Voice Response Increasingly found along with
video displays in business
applications
Plasma displays
(TVs, flat-panel monitors)
29
COMPUTER STORAGE
FUNDAMENTALS
Uses two-state On (1) or Off (2)
(binary) data
representation Data processed & stored in computer
systems through On/Off signals
30
REPRESENTING CHARACTERS IN
BYTES
31
USING BINARY CODE TO
CALCULATE
32
CONVERTING DECIMAL NUMBER TO
BINARY NUMBER
33
STORAGE CAPACITY
MEASUREMENT
34
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
36
MAGNETIC DISKS
➢ Secondary storage
▪ Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
▪ Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
▪ Archival and backup storage
▪ Lower-cost storage solution
38
RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION (RFID)
➢ One of the newest, fastest growing storage
technologies
▪ System for tagging and identifying mobile
objects
▪ Used with store merchandise, postal
packages, casino chips, pets
▪ Special reader allows objects to be tracked
as they move from place to place
▪ Chips half the size of a grain of sand
➢ Passive chips derive power from reader
signal; active chips are self-powered 39
RFID
40
RFID VERSUS BAR CODING
41