What is Grammar?

The Simple Past Tense 98

Regulor and Irregular Verbs 99
Was and Were 104
The Capitol Lelter The PostProgressreTense 106
The Future Tense 108
Con and Could 112
May ond Might 113
Nouns 8 Do, Does and Did 115
Common Nouns 8 Would ond Should 120
ProperNouns 13
Singulor Nouns 21
PluralNouns 23 Subtett-Vetb Agreement 1t3
Collective Nouns 34
MOsculine ond Feminine Nouns37
9 Adverbs J27

4 Pronouns 44
Personal Pronouns 44 10 T32
Reflexive Pronouns 47
InterrogoTive Pronouns 48
Demonstrative Pronouns 49 11 Conjunctions

’
2 12 interjections J38
Adiective Endings 54
Kinds ofAdiectives SB
ComporisonofAdi•* •• 65 qg
Wholis a Senlence? 139
Kinds of Sentences 140
The Imperative 141
The Articles 71 The Subi ' cf and the Ob¡ect 143
Demonstrative Delerminers 73 Direct and Indirect Obi s 144
Interrogolive Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences 146
Possessive Delerminers 75 Questions 147

Verbs and Tenses 14 Punctuation J50

The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150
Am, Is ondAre 83 Comma 151
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152
Have and Has 93 Question Mork 152
The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153
 What is Grammar?
9,

Every nome is called a noun.

As and .’ and
!
In place of noun The pronoun stands.
As and .’.‹ con clap their hands.
The adjective describes a thing.
As wand or
Most verbs mean action. something done.
and
How things ore done the adverbs tell.
As
The preposition shows relation,
As the street or the station.
Conjunctions ioin, in mony ways,
Sentences. words. phrase phrase.
yThe interjection cries out,
An exclamation point must follow me!"

5
 The Capital Letter

The capital letter «d, big letter (Æ,.) uppercase letter cd,.coTw/ i o›8 ‹fl‹x›q capital w, ‹x»« Tw/

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N 0 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

The dop is barking. Come here!

‹sgtA capital letter @,m5 =L:E‹°^'='
XI ••,: Tom eight years old. '
Tom and lore good friends.

Alice. Tom. James. Kim, Snow White

National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento

New Yeats Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day,

Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October
1 peter and i ore good friends.
2 we ore going to chicogo during our summer
vocation.
3 there is on interesting football game on sunday.
4 i° Son lives on thomson avenue.
5 i° '”! L'° ry iS the first month of the year.

/’I
hopkins hotel 1 I lincoln school
OF
orchard street newton road

botanic gardensnational library

sheo stadium
 Nouns

Com man NDuns

Nouns common nouns t.proper nouns w,§

 c:o:œo: ccc t COITI ITIOFI FI OLI il sccccoq i cc s|@oi

CO
common nouns :Çâ w

lowyer
ount |udge
baby mon
baker nurse
cook police officer
clown ocrobot
Ut2l î I III tel f î UF
doctor soldier
giont teocher ostronout

” Astronaut m ‹-n syom œo omc:T,:

‹x› spaceman (Â,.) spacewoman Çe
 eagle
zebra

deer

crocodile
bird

bear Word Fate

gsujoiozemolcdlu{ot
cot goose
cow hen
dog horse
dolphin mouse
duck parrot
fish shark
goat whale
9
 L•
cccommon nounsȘóc

beach

park

word File

airport market
cove mountain
library church playground
shop
farm restaurant
hill school
Ever íresh Co. hospital seashore
hotel stadium
house supermarket
island temple
mall zoo
 basket

bed

drum

coke

blanket Word File

‹ »a ‹t›‹ -
bog kite
box ladder
bread lamp
con picture
choir radio
cot television
cup train
desk truck
door watch
gate egg window
1
1
Exercise 1
w1 ñ: j :‹2 common nouns @, {: -«: 1‹
1 There‘s a little bird in the
garden.
2 Who is your teacher?
3 Don’t eat thot rotten apple.
4 Kate has a lovely doll.
5 I like reading stories.
6 My father is a doctor.
7 Every child has a dictionary.
8 Rudy hates bananas.
9 The phone is ringing.
J0 Here’s a book for you.
Exercise 2

swimmer snail ” fire engine clown ”

letters flag river barber
mountain fox hotel parrot
granny taxi gardener camel

People Animals Places Things

Proper Jouns

Beethoven

Word Fiîe Santa Claus

Ali Babu
Florence Nightingale
Derek Jeter
Pauline
Johnny Depp
Patrick
Harry Potter
Pinocchio
Robin Hood

13 /
American Egyptian Indian Italian Thai

Japanese Korean Malay Filipino Pakistani

Country People Country People

America Americans Korea Koreans
Egypt Egyptians Malaysia Moloysians
India Indians Pakistan Pakistanis
Italy Italians France the French
Japan the Japanese Thailand Thois
14 /
 '9vp'
Hong
Kong

the Great Wall of China

the Statue of Liberty

Tokyo Sydney
Bangkok New
Delhi the Grand
London Denver Canyon
New York Central Pork 15J
Paris the Eiffel Tower
Beijing Big Ben
the Leaning Tower of Piso
Brooklyn Bridge
Pike’s Peak
Days
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday March
Friday
Saturday
Months
JonUory
February
March
April
May
June
JUly
August
September
October
November
December

”“ January is the first month of the year.

Sunday is the first day of the week.
A loble thot shows the months, week°
days
 Mount Everest

the Thames

Lake Michigan the Alps

the Himalayas
the Dead the Pacific Niagara Falls
Sea Mount Ocean
Fuii the Yellow River

17
 For example:Mount Everest
Mount St. Helens

For example:Mt. Everest, Mt. Fu|i

 Valentine’s Day

Father’s Day

Halloween

Word Fle
New Year’s Day
Christmas Mother‘s Day
Memorial Day April Fool‘s Day
Labor Day Thanksgiving
Day Independence Day St.
Patrick’s Day
Exercise 1 *

1 July is often the hottest month in summer.

2 One day Ali Bobo saw the forty thieves hiding
in a cove.
3 Shawn and Ashley ore going to the beach for a swim.
4 Mr. Lee is reading a book.
5 “I am your fairy godmother.° said the old woman
to Cinderella.
6 Uncle Mike is a lawyer.
7 Next Tuesday is a public holiday.
8 Mony children enioyed the movie Lion King.
Exercise 2

Lisa bank President Hotel United Bank

January beach White Sand Beach hotel
Dr. Wong girl
Common Nouns Proper Nouns

19
Exercise 8
proper nouns o L '”' ” L

1 the White House

2 the green dress
3 the toll building
4 the Empire State Building
5 the Yellow River
6 the muddy river
7 the governor
8 Governor Parker
9 the Oregon Trail
10 the winding trail
£ ..9 ..

V’v
’

Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island.

2 The Capital of illinois is Springfield.
3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste.
4 Their Family visited Yellowstone notional Pork.
5 Juan and morio oWend kennedy Middle school.
6 We had a Surprise Party for ount Helen.
7 Spring and Fall ore my favorite Seasons.
8 The Manager scolded his lazy Employees.
Singular Nouns

s<_ a,
..
m ’

99
•

m’
1ü
e
§o‹3

.
on owl

a ship

a woman

Word Fite

an airplane a leWer
a bicycle a
mop
a boy a photograph
a flower a bus a refrigerator
a comb a slide
gi a
21 /
swing
a key a von
on axe on igloo
on egg on orange
on envelope on umbrella
on ice cream on uncle

O • C

a uniform a university

L 6

a a
basket rainbow
a bowl a
a car monster
a hill a pillow
a a watch
house a zOO
6 L
PIuro I N ouns

star
bobs

stars

Word Fill
Singular Plural
bird birds
broom brooms
camel camels fan
desk desks
doll dolls
egg eggs
flower flowers
fork forks
game games
lamb lambs cop
nest nests
pen pens
phofo photos
shirt shirts
spoon spoons cops
 gloss
bus brush
glosses
brushes

Word File
buses

watch
watches Singular Plural
beach beaches
branch branches
box boxes
bush bushes
church churches
dish dishes
dress dresses
sandwich sandwiches
witch witches

es
 butterflies
canaries

canary
butterfly

baby cherry
babies dictionary
diarydiaries
cherries dictionaries fairies families flies
ladies lilies
libraries
ppp
stories
family
candies
lady candy
library
PTY
story
strawberry strawberries

2s
 y q.msg.eo vowel (a,e,i,o,u)
C:‹a/:pal «\C:

key

turkey
keys

turkeys

Word File

chimney chimneys
cowboy cowboys
day days
donkey donkeys
iersey ierseys
kidney kidneys
monkey monkeys
toy toys
trolley trolleys
volley valleys
26j
 0
n oun w -f o
L
*L

calf calves loaf loaves

elf elves shelf shelves
half halves thief thieves
leaf leaves wolves

jt. (-f)‹. L
:

chef chefs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
chief chiefs
roof roofs
cliff cliffs
sheriff sheriffs
ñ: pt ural L ‹L: *:(u)•1i:5*.

dwarf' dwarfs or
dwarves hoof hoofs
or hooves scarf
scarfs or scarves

(-fe) /c. zé: O • O

knife life wife

knives lives wives
 (O) noun L

rhino rhnos
X ordFi!e
Singulor Plural
o hippo hippos
o video videos
0 ZOO ZOO9
o kongoroo kongoroos

Word File
iN |U 0 F UFQ
o tomoto tomatoes
o flomingo o pototo potatoes
0 hero heroes
flomingoes

(°) • L
noun m»\ . (s) (
fi

Singulor Plural Plurol

o mongo mongoes mongos
o mosquito mosquitoes mosquitos
a zero zeroes zeros
a buffalo buffaloes buffolos
 L L

mouse mice

goose
geese

Word Fill
Singular Plural
child children
man men
ox oxen
tooth teeth
woman women
foot feet
 sheep sheep

reindeer reindeer

fish

fish Word File

Sli iqr lor Ph rul
bison bison
deer deer

‹x›5 cs,:\ Z
all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean.
 binoculors
goggles

Word File
pliers
ponts scissors
p°i°mas sneokers
shorts slippers
trousers stockings
sandals ieons

spectacles

a pair of
binoculars o pair
of spectacles a
pair of goggles
0 LOÏS OÎ t g OFI S
o pair of shorts
o pair of o pair of pliers
shoes
 Exercise 1

Singulnr Plurol
word
pencils
books
fan
hat
children
kites
people
crab
foxes

Exercise 2
L
(-s) (

Singulor Plurcil Singulor Plurol

J desk ö basket
2 class 7 peoch
3 comb 8 belt
4 mug 9 tOxÏ
5 bus 10 box

32 /
 Exercise 3 ”
smoJco5\o1 singular nouns + o:&, (-y) s§qo¿s (-ies)
(@.) {-G) mow/S 1ñ:cop ‹ns\e y plural s/oc:o1›

Singular Plural

J key 6 toy

2 city 7 baby

3 butterfly 8 party

4 monkey 9 chimney
5 fly J0 lady

Exercise 4

Singular Plural Singular Plural

J video 6 radio

2 piano 7 hippo

3 mango 8 zoo

4 kangaroo 9 zero

5 rhino 10 photo

33 /
Collective Nouns

a crew

on orchestra x« d File
Here ore some more
groups of people:
an audience a gong
a bond a
group
a choir a team
a class

My family was happy to see me.

My family were happy to see me.

caWle people the police

34
 o
Collective nouns u :

a brood of chickens

a bond of swarm of bees

musicians a troupe of actors

Word Fate
3 ¿o Collective nouns
m» 8 ‹x› i
a bunch of keys
a class of pupils
a collection of books
a deck of
cards a fleet
of ships a
flock of sheep
a goggle of
geese a gong of
robbers a hard
of cottle
a litler of cubs
a pod of
wholes a pack school of fish
of wolves a
pride of lions
a set of
stomps a
 a

a team of players

a flight of steps

3fi /
 Exercise

Farmer John had: a of geese

a ofsheep

a ofcottle

a of
horses
One day a of coyotes tried to attack his animals.
Former John yelled and waved a pitchfork to frighten them
OwOy.
Bi:••:=J'
Mosculine and Feminine Nouns

rooster

bride bridegroom

hen

lion
lioness

Word File
Masculine Feminine
boy
mon woman
prince princess
steward stewardess
king queen
waiter waitress
S es ‹-o o, ‹mm (masculine) s c. (ferninine) nouns m ay .i

/\/\ascuIine Feminine

actor actress
brother sister
emperor empress
father mother
gentleman lady
grandfather grandmother
grandson granddaughter
headmaster headmistress
mon woman
master mistress
nephew niece
prince princess
son daughter
steward stewardess
uncle aunt
wizard witch

38 /
 Mele
Animal

chicken rooster hen

cottle bull cOw
deer buck doe
donkey |oCk G ï2

duck drake nny

fox fox duck
vixen
goose gonder goose
horse stollion more
lion lion lioness
sheep ram ewe
tiger tiger tigress

octress stewardess
lioness tigiess
princes wOÏt‹ess
s
39
 dancers

doctors

scientists

accountants parents
artists managers
hairdressers designers pupils
engineers singers
lawyers teachers
neuter nouns w,«»Tw

leaves

bench

fire
mirror

waterfall
Word Site
3 eo neuter noun° ° /l. -
ball forest
building gymnasium
broom playground
coke rock
computer sky
cord socks
floor wind
Exercise 1

Masculine Feminine
1 master
2 uncle
3 niece
4 lioness
5 tiger
d empress
7 husband
8 son
9 mother
J0 modom

Exercise 2

J The host and the welcomed Their guests.

2 The steward and the look after
the passengers on the plane.
3 My uncle and lived in Nebraska.
4 The king and the had two children, a
boy and a . The prince was
eight and the
was five.
5 Ladies and , welcome to our party this
evening.
 Exercise 3

children sun witch king

boy son fother girl
mother qveen file teacher
lamp doctor dancer wizard
ram rooster elf fish

Masculine Feminine Common Gender Neuter

43j
 Pronouns

Pronouns ‹x›/ o‹no:cs,:‹n61,:\8cc/ y6:A, common noun ( ^ L*)

proper noun syqseo‹oo:‹x›/ i pronouns +t :@ u :go ‹x›/

Personol Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they omc:ct,:ujs:m, personal pronouns

L• L •L

My nome is David. I am the youngest in the

family. This is my folher. He is a teacher.
This is my mother. She is a
lawyer. I hove a b›oIher and two
sisters.
They ore Peter, Sharon and Jenny.
I hove a dog. I† is called Lucky.
Lucky, you ore a good dog.
Good morning, children! You may sit down now.
My fomily and I live in a big city. We have on apartment.
 me, you, him, her, it, us, them cd,.‹x›‹c: personal pronouns
+js:6‹x›‹ y6: pronouns +jc:A, osas6:q. verb d object «e. ‹d,.
:‹x›i

I am standing on my head. Look at

me. My mother is kind. Everybody
likes her. Lisa, I told you to tidy
your bed!
Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you!
Lud‹y and I ore playing in the park. Dad is watching
us. You must not ploy wifh the knife. Give it to
me.
Pick up your toys and put them away.

Baby birds cannot fly. Tom likes riding my bicyde.

Mother bird has to feed them. I sometimes lend it to him.
 sus ‹g sms .m first person w s aTcc first person
w I ( ,.) me ( •t :) ¿ ñ. we ( ,.) us (• + •:) ,. a ‹-

second person wsL aTc second person w

L
“ ( •) E L
third person
saTco ‹ third person he ( ,.) him, she ( ,.) her (m :)›
it (‹ny :) ¿ñ. they ( ,.) them (m«c:) @,.§e w

First person singular pt• 1/• I me

Second person singular •*••:/•/: you
you Third person singular », him
he her
• she it
US
.g, .9

First person plural pt• •/• we you

Second person plur0l adoo:/ z: them
you Third person plural they
9.

46
Reflexive Pronou ns

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves § c themselves O O

reflexive pronouns ••• caYu1>> z

L
C' O C' 0 ¢' 0
M.§. verb d subject
L

I made this coke myself.

Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut
yourself. Michael is looking at himself in
the mirror. Susan has hurt herself.
Our cot washes itself after each meal.
We organized the party all by ourselves.
Come in, children, and find yourselves a
seat.
Baby birds ore too young to look after themselves.

Singular Plural
First person (I,me) myself twe,us) ourselves
Second (you) yourself (you) yourselves
person Third the, him) himself they, them) themselves
person lshe, herl herself (they, them) themselves
(itl itself (they, them)
themselves
47 /
Interrogotive Pronouns

Who, Whom, Whose, What6. Which emu:os,: j :&, Interrogative Pronouns ‹x›, saTwi

Who Whom
Who is he talking to? Whom ore you playing
with? Who are those people? Whom is he talking to?

Which Whose
Which of these bogs is yours? Whose is this
umbrella? Which do you prefer? Whose ore these
gloves?

Whot
What is your dog’s nome?
What ore you talking
about? What is the time?

Who ore you playing with?

OF
Whom ore you playing with?
Demonstrative Pronouns

This, These, That, Those demonstrative pronouns

L

L•

Those ore goats.

Thot is John’s
house. That is a
mountain.
Those are horses.
These ore sheep. What ore those?
We con do
better than that.
This is my house. No, thafs not mine.
This is a hill. You mean you
These ore donkeys. won? That’s
What is this? amazing!
Did you drop fhis? Hello, who is that
Hi, Jane! This is speaking, please?
Michael! Hello, is that you,
George?

th is t6, these E L

Singular Plural
this these
thot those
49 )
Exe›"cise 1

I he she
they you we

he them
us me him it

Exercnse 2

J Peter and I ore brothers. share a bedroom

together.
2 Sue isn’t well. Dad is taking to see a doctor.
3 My brother is a teacher. teaches English.
4 All his students like very much.
5 Children, ore making too much noise!
6 Who ore those people? Where ore from?
7 Mom is a doctor. works in a hospital.
8 The sky is getting dark. is going to rain.
9 John, we ore oil waiting for . Are you coming
with ?
10 May borrow your pen?
11 Yes, of course. When con you return tO

12 What ore reading, Jenny?

S0 /
Exercise 3 ”

y yourselves themselves itself myself

himself yourself ourselves herself iJ

1 No one can help us. \/\ie have to help

2 Jane always makes the bed by
3 They pointed the wall all by
4 I hurt in the playground yesterday.
5 John, you must behave before your friends.
6 Children, you must do the homework
7 Tom defended against the bullies.
8 The dog is scratching

Exercise 4

1 is the matter with

you? 2 invented the computer?
3 of the twins is older?
4 do you wish to speak to?
5 is this cor in front of our house?
6 knows the answer?
7 come first, the chicken or the
egg? 8 would you like to drink?
9 of them do you think will win the race?
10 is the word for a stomp collector?
 Adjectives

Adjective ‹x› »mo: 6L

a smart dog

on old
a busy building
street a dark
corner a a toll basketball player
deep sea
a large bed
It is windy.
John’s handwriting is very 52 /
neat.
The sea is rough.
All the players ore very toll.
The baby’s hands ore very
smnll. Sue’s drawing is
beautiful.
That problem is too difficult.
Peter is very quiet today.
a low fence
ExeYcise 1
ssaom sus\ 1oos sc:+jo:e adjectiveG 0

J There is on empty room upstairs.

2 It’s a hot summer.
3 You ore so kind.
4 Don‘t be crazy.
5 This pork is clean and green.
6 Mony people exercise to keep healthy.
7 I think these eggs ore rotten.
8 We ore all bored. There isn’t anything to do.
9 The pupils don’t find the iOke
amusing. J0 James was absent
because he was ill.

Exercise 2

hot large short ree

high sweet poor poyM

The ice cream is very

2 It’s very in summer.
3 The company is giving away §ÏÏÏS tO ÏtS
customers.
4 They live in a house.
Jean is wearing a skirt.
6 The climbers ore climbing up a mountain.
7 These puppies ore very
8 Mony people hove no home.
53/
Adjective Endings

a beautiful
dress a
careless driver
a faithful dog
puppies a harmless insect
homeless people P!°›+* I 0 UTI tOOl

careful - careless useful - useless

colorful — colorless harmful — harmless
“' '‘
9 8

painful = having a lot of pain

hopeful = having a lot of hope

leafless without leaves

sleeveless = without sleeves