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MCQ - 1 Mark Each

This document contains a series of multiple choice and short answer questions related to telecommunications topics like SONET, TDM, and networking. Some key details summarized: - SONET uses pointer bytes H1, H2, and H3 to indicate the offset point of the synchronous payload envelope (SPE) in the frame and for stuffing bytes. - Statistical TDM allows better resource utilization compared to synchronous TDM by operating on the transport layer. - Multiplexing is not a waste of resources because it allows for better channel capacity utilization by sharing bandwidth across users.

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Fia Terry
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33 views

MCQ - 1 Mark Each

This document contains a series of multiple choice and short answer questions related to telecommunications topics like SONET, TDM, and networking. Some key details summarized: - SONET uses pointer bytes H1, H2, and H3 to indicate the offset point of the synchronous payload envelope (SPE) in the frame and for stuffing bytes. - Statistical TDM allows better resource utilization compared to synchronous TDM by operating on the transport layer. - Multiplexing is not a waste of resources because it allows for better channel capacity utilization by sharing bandwidth across users.

Uploaded by

Fia Terry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MCQ – 1 mark each

1. Which one is used for synchronization between


sender and receiver

Ans : Alignment byte


2. State if TRUE or FALSE : SONET cannot be used for transmitting
telephone signals since it is used in high speed optical
communication

FALSE
3. Router is a device in which layer

Network layer
4. Statistical TDM technique is used for better utilization of
resources compared to synchronous TDM. On which OSI
layer, does this technique work?

Transport Layer
5.

155440
Ultrashort Answer
Questions –
2 mark each
1. Which technique is considered as bandwidth on
demand and why?

Ans: Inverse multiplexing. High speed bandwidth is setup


by aggregating multiple lower speed channels, only when
such requirement (such as video transmission) is there, ie.
on demand.
2. What is SPE? What is the relation between payload
and SPE in a SONET frame?

Synchronous Payload Envelope.


Payload+Path overhead (POH)= SPE, in a SONET frame
3. Below is a synchronous TDM with a data stream for each input
and one data stream for the output. The unit of data is 1 bit. Find
(a) the input and output bit duration, (b) the output frame rate

(a) 1/ 1Mbps = 1µs, ¼ µs for output


(b) 1 M frames/s (same as input rate)
Short answer
questions - 3 mark
each
1.

1 Physical layer Bits


2 Data link layer Frames
3 Network layer Packets
4 Transport layer Segment
5 Session layer Data
6 Presentation layer Data
7 Application layer Data
2. Your friend is arguing with you saying that multiplexing
is a wastage since we have to use additional resources
and devices. Do you agree with her? Justify your answer

Ans: I agree that multiplexing needs more devices.


However, better utilization of existing channel capacity is
possible by multiplexing. Channel capacity is shared by
many users, for example during transmission of voice
signal by optical fiber. Cost per kb will be smaller.
3. H1, H2 and H3 are pointer bytes which are part of
SONET line overhead in the frame. What is the use of
these bytes? Explain with an example, indicating possible
values of these bytes.

Ans: They are pointer bytes. H1 and H2 carry address of


the offset point of SPE in the SONET frame. H3 carries
stuffing bytes for matching data rates between sender &
receiver.

For SPE offset of 300, H1 is 0x01 and H2 is 0x2C while H3


is 0 since there is no stuffing mentioned.
Long Answer
Questions - 5 marks
each
1. What type of multiplexing will you use for following applications for most
effective utilization of resources? Justify (Answer without justification will not be
considered)
(a) Television broadcasting
(b) Radio broadcasting
(c) Telephone network
(d) Fiber Optic Communications
Ans
(a) (b) Frequency-division multiplexing, different channel radio signals transmitted
through air at same time. In cable TV where one coaxial cable carries multiple
channels of different frequencies
(c) TDM is used in PSTN to utilize the bandwidth, there is also possibility of
statistical TDM since during voice calls, no data transfer regimes will be present
and can be utilized
(d) WDM, different optical wavelengths multiplexed through single fiber optic since
optical fiber has very high bandwidth, it is utilized
2. Again, your friend is arguing with you. She is saying that she will make a SONET
using a single STS multiplexer . You are saying that 3 devices are necessary to
implement SONET. Who is right? Explain the devices in a SONET and their
functions.
Ans: She is right since a single STS multiplexer can be considered as the simplest
SONET
SONET has 3 devices:
1.Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) multiplexer/demultiplexer : Mark
beginning/end of a SONET network. Interface between electrical and optical
network. Multiplex or demultiplex between STS signals and source/receiver.
2. Regenerator: It is a repeater that regenerates a received OC-n optical signal. It
adds/modifies frames by new overhead information, works in data link layer
3. Add/drop multiplexer : Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of
signals. It can add STSs coming from different sources into a given path or can
remove a desired signal from a path and redirect it without demultiplexing the
entire signal. In PDH, this is not present
4. Calculate the following explaining how it was derived
(STS-1 data rate = 51.84 Mbps, Audio channel data rate =
64 kbps )
(a) STS-3 frame user data rate
(b) T-1 datarate
(c) E-1 datarate
(d) STS-1 SPE datarate

(a) STS-3 raw data rate = 8000 × 9 × (3 × 90) × 8 = 155.52 Mbps


STS-3 user data rate = 8000 × 9 × (3 × 86) × 8 = 148.608 Mbps
(b) T-1 data rate = 24 × 64 kbps +8 kbps =1.544 Mbps
Or (24 × 8 bits/frame +1 bit/frame) × 8000= 1.544 Mbps
(c) E-1 data rate = (30+2) × 8 ×8000=2.048 Mbps
Or E-1 datarate=(30+2) ×64kbps=2.048 Mbps
(d) STS-1 SPE data rate = 8000 × 9 × (1 × 87) × 8 = 50.112 Mbps
Ans:
(a)Size of frame = 4 bytes= 32bits
(b)Duration of the frame = 1/100=10ms
(c)Frame rate = same as input rate = 100 frames/s
(d)Bit rate of the link = 4 ×100 bytes/s = 4 ×8 ×100= 3.2 kbps
Thanks and best wishes

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