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ALLAHABAD AS A SMART CITY: SWOT ANALYSIS

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 ALLAHABAD AS A SMART CITY: SWOT ANALYSIS
Anjan Sen, Subhash Anand and Arun Pratap Mishra
Department of Geography, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007.

Introduction
The success of India’s future growth and development will to a large extent depends upon the
shape of its urban transformation. It is well known that the current situation and trends of
urbanization is more miserable and challenging in a developing country like India. With rapid
and unplanned urbanization, Indian cities are characterized by dense population, traffic jams,
high level of pollution, unaffordable housing resulting in urban sprawl and slums, high cost
of livings, low level of health care and educational facilities and strained infrastructure in
terms of frequent power cuts, and water shortages. Most of the cities have already stretched
beyond its carrying capacity limit and have become unsustainable. Continued Increase in
flow of migrants to urban areas is only worsening the problem (Owen, 2009). Cities have also
become the place of acute inequalities where one third of urban inhabitants in the developing
nations live in slums. These are also the places where threats to culture and heritage are
increasing, and where the enormous and complex congregation of people and assets poses
greater level of challenges and disaster risks (UN Habitat, 2015).

Despite all the problems, Indian cities are facing now a days, these are like powerful engine
for the fast developing economy like India. Currently, 31 per cent of India’s population lives
in urban areas and contributes 63 per cent of India’s Gross Domestic Product (Census of
India, 2011). With increasing urbanization, 40 per cent of India’s population is projected to
dwell urban areas and contribute 75 per cent of India’s GDP by 2030 (MoUD, 2015). In the
current scenario, development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure of
cities is the need of the hour. These are significant in terms of improving quality of life and to
draw attention of people and investment towards the city. India’s smart city mission for
transforming urban areas is a step in that direction.

The population growth, urbanization and environmental challenges especially in urban cities of
India are pushing urban infrastructures to sustain the resources and balance the supply demand.
These challenges have triggered the alarm of urgency to set smarter ways. Developing an
intelligent and sustainable city is the way forward. The concept of making city ‘smart’ is

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evolving as a strategy to manage urban infrastructure and ease the urbanization challenges.
Smart city development is a strategic process, which requires novelty in approach,
planning, operations, networking and management of urban enterprises. To strategize the smart
city transformation scenario, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)
analysis has been used as a strategic tool to identify the gap between existing resources and
prerequisites of smart city transformation.

In August 2015, Government of India unveiled the list of 98 smart cities. Allahabad emerged
as a winner city in the nationwide competition between states organized by Ministry of Urban
Development. It is a chosen one out of 12 future smart cities from Uttar Pradesh (Press
Information Bureau, 2015). Earlier, United States Trade and development agency signed a
Memorandum of Understanding with Government of Uttar Pradesh to develop Allahabad a
smart city (The Hindu, 2015). In Allahabad, Katra and Mumfordganj areas are selected for
retrofitting under the smart city project (Draft Smart City Proposal Allahabad, 2015). The
present study identifies the gap between existing resources and prerequisites for Allahabad
smart city transformation. It also explores potentials and challenges in making smart cities of
India while taking Allahabad as an example.

Smart Cities

The idea of smart city has become more prevalent now a days and its growing interest among
policy makers and academicians is visible across the globe. More people and governments
are embracing this idea. Not only developed countries of Europe and North America but
developing nations like China and India are planning their cities for smart city
transformation. Although the term ‘smart city’ is frequently being used now, still there is not
clear and common understanding of the concept among the practitioners and academia. Only
limited number of research work has done and there is need to systematically consider
questions related to this new urban phenomenon of smart cities. The idea of smart city is still
in the nascent phase and the process of defining and conceptualizing is in progress (Boulton
et al, 2011, Hollands, 2008). The concept and definition of smart city varies from people to
people, city to city, nation to nation, depending upon the level of development, resource
availability, zeal for transformation and aspirations of city residents (MoUD, 2015). Through

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the help of literature review several working definitions of smart city is listed out which is of
great practical and academic use.

According to Giffinger et al., (2007) “A city well performing in a forward-looking way

in economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on the smart
combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens”.
Hall (2000) describes smart city as “A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its
critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports,
seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its
resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while
maximizing services to its citizens”. Rios (2008) defines smart city as “A city that gives
inspiration, shares culture, knowledge, and life, a city that motivates its inhabitants to create
and flourish in their own lives”. Giffinger et al., (2007) have described six characteristics of
smart city namely smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart
environment and smart living. The above mentioned three dimensions such as technology,
human capital and institutions result in different blends of smart city characteristics. Several
studies related to assessment and ranking of smart cities have been preformed with the help
of these characteristics. These characteristics and factors form the framework for the
indicators and the following assessment of a city’s current situation and its readiness of smart
city transformation.

Smart cities and Indian Government

In India, the debate on smart city has started recently. Government of India has taken a
completely new and bold initiative to transform old and traditional cities through a very
scientific approach and in an orderly fashion. Indian smart city mission is a step towards
overhauling its current city structure and making it more modern and sustainable while
conserving its core values. As identified by the Government of India, the core infrastructure
elements in a Smart City would include as adequate water supply, assured electricity supply,
sanitation, including solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and public transport,
affordable housing, especially for the poor, robust IT connectivity and digitalization, good
governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation, sustainable
environment, safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly,

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and health and education. Under the mission, Indian government will support to create 100
smart cities in next five years (FY2015-16 to FY2019-20) (MoUD, 2015). According to
Ministry of Urban Development, selection of cities is done on the basis of a nationwide ‘City
Challenge Competition'.

Study Area

Allahabad is one of the largest cities of UP (Uttar Pradesh) in terms of area and population
(Figure 1). Allahabad is located at 25°28‘N latitude and 81°54‘E longitude. Its mean
elevation at sea level is 98 meters. The City is known worldwide for its magical confluence
of history, culture and religion (CDP of Allahabad, 2006). The city may be divided into three
physical parts – (i) Trans-Ganga or the Gangapar Plain, (ii) the Ganga-Yamuna
doab (confluence), and (iii) Trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract, all three of which are
formed by Ganga and its tributary Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the
confluence being known as sangam. General topography of the city is plain with moderate
undulations.

As per Census of India, 2011, total Area of the city is approximately 70 km2 and population is
1,168,385. Whole City area is divided into 97 wards for administrative convenience (Table
1).

Table 1: Allahabad city at a glance

Geographic Area 70.05 Km2
Administrative Wards 97
Total Population 1,168,385
Proportion of female population 46 percent

Population Density 16679 persons per Km2

Sex Ratio 853/1000
Literacy Rate 84.67 percent
Workforce Participation Rate 37.57 percent

Source: Census of India, 2011

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Figure 1: Location map of Allahabad City

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DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY

Data for the study has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data
is obtained by interviewing city residents and officials. Secondary data is taken from various
Indian government information portals, city-specific government websites, city-specific
department websites, research papers available publically, public reports and statistics and
surveys done by various analyst organizations. Various central and state government reports
such as District Census Handbook 2001, 2011 of Allahabad city, Town Directory 2011,
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission reports of Allahabad city etc. JNNURM
report has been of great help in carrying out SWOT analysis. Smart city components that are
significant in understanding the current situation of the city and the smart city transformation
are identified. The data for the components is collected from different departments of UP i.e.
Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited, Jal Kal Vibhag, Disaster Management Department, Fire
Service, Revenue Department Allahabad, Higher Education Department, Basic Education
Board, Department of Medical Health and Family Welfare, Transport Department,
Development Authority of KAVAL (Kanpur, Agra, Varanasi, Allahabad, Lucknow cities,
etc.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a precursor to strategic planning and is performed experts who can assess the
organization from a critical perspective (Gibis et al. 2001). This could comprise senior leaders,
board members, employees, community leaders, and technical experts. Panel members base
their assessments on utilization rates, outcome measures, customer satisfaction statistics,
organizational performance measures, and financial status. While based on data and facts, the
conclusions drawn from SWOT analysis are an expert opinion. SWOT analysis is an
examination of an organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities for
growth and improvement, and the threats the external environment presents to its survival.
Originally designed for use in other industries, it is gaining increased use in social science
research.

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SWOT analysis is a preliminary decision-making tool that sets the stage for this work. Step one
of SWOT analysis involves the collection and evaluation of key data. In Step two of SWOT
analysis, data on the organization are collected and sorted into four categories: strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses generally stem from factors
within the organization, whereas opportunities and threats usually arise from external factors
(Figure 2). Step three involves the development of a SWOT matrix for each business
alternative under consideration. Step four involves incorporating the SWOT analysis into the
decision-making process to determine which business alternative best meets the organization’s
overall strategic plan.

Figure 2: SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis of Smart City Transformation

Once, smart city transformation is decided, the city must assess its basic requirements,
opportunities and set the clear goals, prioritize the development efforts, and quantify
the success metrics to assess the smart city progress. This progress evaluation should be
assessed by multi-stakeholders such as city residents, business enterprises, smart city planners,
ICT consultants and etc based on multi-criteria’s. To assess the progress of any transformation
process, a forward-looking approach should be considered where different kinds of factors,
constraints, challenges and prospect opportunities need to be identified (Halepoto et al., 2014)
(Figure 3). The identified factors will be different from each other in scope and adoption, so to
validate them there is a need of making in depth analysis for smart city concept. Since smart
city transformation is a gradual and iterative process so each phase of the transformation
process should be analyzed very closely, as completion of every phase is the start-up of next
phase, therefore the progress must access critically and flexibly.

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In this study, SWOT analysis has been used previously to strategize the smart city
transformation concept. By various smart city practitioners, the smart city transformation has
been divided into three strategic phases’ namely smart city vision and status assessment, smart
city transformational initiatives and smart city development and implementation. Based on
SWOT analysis of above mentioned three phases, an integrative framework for smart city
transformation is proposed to explain the relationships and impacts between these phases. In
the present study SWOT analysis has been used to analyze the Allahabad smart city
transformation. SWOT analysis has been used to identify the gap between existing resources
and prerequisites of Allahabad smart city transformation.

Source: Halepoto et al., 2015

Figure 3: Integrative Framework of Smart City Transformation

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Results and Discussion

SWOT Analysis into Service Delivery for Allahabad Smart City

Transformation

Strengths

Allahabad city has high level of transport connectivity by railways and roads. It has rich
religious and cultural heritage together with tourism potential. It has established educational
centre such as Allahabad University, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology and many other private and state level institutions The city has
been the centre of power ever since the British times. Part of the city known as new city is
planned and reasonably clean where population densities are not too high. The city is blessed
with abundance of surface water. Groundwater situation is good and there is good potential for
water transport also (Figure 4).

Weaknesses

The city’s weaknesses can be characterized by poor urban infrastructure, old existing water
supply system of more than 100 years, more than 70 per cent dependency on groundwater,
unavailability of proper drainage network, Inefficient functioning of major institutions,
Serious water logging problems during rainy season, lack of sewerage network in most of the
localities, lack of tourist facilities, negligence of Kumbh area and other tourist spots, ill-
maintained buildings of heritage and historical value, lack of recreational areas and facilities
and lack of managed public transportation (Figure 4).

Opportunities

Allahabad city has lot of opportunities to become a smart city. It includes emergence of urban
sprawls of Phaphamau, Naini and Jhusi that can cater to the growth of core city, immense
presence of educational facilities and institutions, underestimated tourism resources and

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potential, potential for Riverfront development, water based transport, possibility of agro based
industrial development and high potential for Information Technology Park (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Strengths and Weaknesses into Service Delivery at City Level

Threats

Threats of city are uncontrolled growth of squatter settlements that inhabit almost thirty per
cent of the total population, high growth of population leading to stress on the city’s
infrastructure, poor rate of provision of facilities, groundwater extensively used for drinking,
Increase in air, noise and water pollution levels, flood susceptibility due to absence of drainage
network and large number of low lying localities, deterioration of heritage buildings due to lack
of maintenance, disposal of large untreated sewage into river water bodies, drying water bodies
and ponds and unplanned development in residential areas (Figure 5).

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 Figure 5: Opportunities and Threats into Service Delivery at City Level

Institution Level

This section is aimed at analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the
various government, parastatal and other concerned agencies in the city regarding services
delivery, operation and maintenance etc. For the purpose of this analysis, Municipal
Corporation of Allahabad (MCA), Jal Sansthan (JS) and Jal Nigam (JN) have been taken into
account.

Strengths

Strengths of The city’s institutions include strong technical setup and expertise with experience
personnel of civil and environmental engineers, sufficient technical and non-technical
manpower, increasing trend in Municipal Corporation of Allahabad as far as revenue from
sources is concerned, an increase in the trend of tax collection efficiency over the past five
years by MCA, water tax and water charge form the major source of revenue for Jal Sansthan

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contributing 85 per cent of the revenue, Sewer tax and charges form the major part of the
remaining revenue for JS, Ganga pollution unit to execute sewerage work design, execution,
transportation and treatment, existing laboratory setup and Human Resource Development cell
existing to conduct periodic training to improve technical skills and know-how on current
technology (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Strengths and Weaknesses into Service Delivery at Institutional Level

Weaknesses

There is no provision of water metering and water charges are not raised due to political
pressures which result in low revenue for the JS. Due to insufficient revenues JS ends up with
non-payment of electricity bills which are finally paid by the state government. Other
weaknesses are poor financial status of MCA, JS and absence of regular maintenance and high
operating costs, no distinction between expenditure on construction of infrastructural facilities
such as roads, night shelters etc. and expenditures on routine items such as salaries, rents etc.,

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big resource gap for performing basic core functions like public health, sanitation, and waste
management, maintenance of finance records on single entry cash based system, unprepared
statement of assets and liabilities, partial coverage of city by sewerage network, complete
dependence on government funded projects, poor resource management, poor personnel
management and lack of willingness (Figure 6).

Opportunities

These include increased role of urban governance with increase in urban population, challenge
of providing quality services to urban dwellers in order to attract investment on a continuous
basis, challenge of switching over from cash to accrual system of accounting, sufficient
manpower at disposal, sufficient infrastructure of machinery and equipment and established
institutional setup (Figure 7).

Threats

Main threats of city at institutional level includes inability of MCA to recover the cost of
services rendered by it, striking feature of MCA accounts is that the salary expenditures take
away major portion of the total expenditure, stagnation and lack of growth opportunities for
personnel and loss of technical skill due to stagnation and poor utilization (Figure 7).

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 Figure 7: Opportunities and Threats into Service Delivery at Institutional Level

Challenges towards Transformation

Key challenges are provision of basic services to the urban poor and ensuing delivery of other
already existing services, mandatory and optional urban reforms at city and state levels for
improved governance and financial strength, Governance and e-governance through application
of Geographic Information System and Management Information System (MIS), accrual based
double entry system of accounting, property tax collection reforms through use of GIS and
reforms relating to public private participation.

Critical Assessment of Development Challenges and Resource Requirements. The main thrust
of the strategy of urban renewal is to ensure improvement in urban governance so that the
Urban Local Bodies and parent agencies become financially sound with enhanced credit rating
and ability to access market capital for undertaking new programmes and expansion of
services. With this improvement, public-private partnership for various services would become
feasible. To achieve this objective, the state government, the ULBs and parastatal agencies in the

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city will be required to accept and implement the proposed reforms both mandatory and
optional. This section focuses on critically assessing the development challenges faced
with Allahabad.

Short term challenges

Short term challenges are poor service delivery, damages and leakages in the existing water
supply and sewerage networks, inadequacy of the schemes, Large extent of encroachments
such as shops extensions, police post, transformers and other electrical equipment, extensive
slum population to take care mostly through in situ schemes, highways cutting across the city
with through traffic, parking lots area scarce, wholesale markets and other higher commercial
activities operates from the core of the old city, absence of records about the existing networks,
no separate storm water drainage system available, water logging in several low lying areas
during rains, poor solid waste management system in practice, poor management of resources,
land and assets records not up to date, Information upkeep is obsolete and retrieval time taking,
property and taxation records incomplete, mis-assessed and misleading, urban planning
function with Allahabad Development Authority to be transferred to MCA, private partnership
schemes to be encourages and internet based public grievances redressal system Lok Vani to be
implemented.

Medium term Challenges

Medium term Challenges are removal of encroachments and electrical installations,

rehabilitation of slum population by way of in situ and ex situ schemes. City bypasses should
be in place to avoid the through traffic. Multi level manual and mechanize parking should be in
place at convenient locations and to be operated by private parties. Wholesale markets and
other higher commercial activities should be moved out of the congested areas to new
identified locations. Preparation of directory of assets and works of MCA workshop, health,
PWD should be available on the net website for all such records. Others challenges are
updation of property records with re-assessment and bringing more properties under property
tax net, activities such as commercial shops, parking and cycle stands, coaching centers, other
such activities to be made chargeable, marriage halls and community halls to be made revenue
earners, optimized use of surface water and groundwater sources for sustained usage, urban
planning to be function vested with MCA, Training and capacity building for all staff for

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increasing efficiency, Public Private Partnership in identified sectors for cost recovery and
delivery efficiency and internet based public grievances redressal system Lok Vani to be in
place.

Long term Challenges

Long term Challenges are encroachments by vehicles on roads and footpaths, slum population
should be controlled, All city and Outer Growths should grow in a planned manner, bypasses to
take care of all through traffic, wholesale markets and other higher commercial activities to
grow at relocated locations, click of a button access of all relevant information for effective
governance and transparency, an operational MIS and GIS for property database and other
records, updation of property records with re-assessment and bringing more properties under
property tax net, activities such as commercial shops, parking and cycle stands, coaching
centers, other such activities to be made chargeable, marriage halls and community halls to be
made revenue earners, optimized use of surface water and groundwater sources for sustained
usage, urban planning to be function vested with MCA, training and capacity building for all
staff for increasing efficiency, Public Private Partnership in identified sectors for cost recovery
and delivery efficiency and Lok Vani to be made effective and popular.

Conclusion

Smart city transformation is a strategic process, which requires novelty in approach, planning,
operations, networking and management of urban enterprises. To analyze the smart city
development scenario, SWOT analysis has been used as a strategic tool to identify and asses
the smart city transformation process. Finally, integrative framework of smart city
transformation is proposed to explain the relationships and impacts of different parametric
factors. The study shows that making smart city in India is not an easy task. Cities like
Allahabad needs complete overhauling of social, economic and urban infrastructure.
Government of India has launched several schemes to fulfil the gap such as Digital India for
electronic empowerment, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for cleanliness, Integrated Power
Development Scheme for power sector, Make in India for boosting investment and
manufacturing, and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana for skill development of youth.

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Finally, transformation of Allahabad into smart city requires great cooperation among city
administrators, private sector, academicians and citizens.
In the future, this work should be extended further to analyses the significance and relationships
of identified factors for every phase of smart city transformation on the basis of SWOT matrix
to assist the decision makers to make alternative decision by considering different combination
of four elements of SWOT. As the matter of fact, SWOT factors can be interdependent which
may affect the overall strategic transformation towards smart city, so it can be a good practice
to introduce an some analytical approaches along with SWOT analysis to make system model
more flexible and adoptable to different strategies, and alternatives solutions subject to
understand the dependency or interdependency and relations among the identified factors.

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