Assignment of Power Plant-I Designed by Sir Engr.

Masood Khan

SOLVED PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER # 12

TITLE: POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

PROBLEM: 12.1: (1.2) For Isothermal Process

Air is to be compressed in a single-stage-reciprocating Pi = P1V1 ln(P2/P1) = 0.98 KW
compressor from 1.013 bar and 15 C to 7 bar. Calculate the T2 = T1 = 15C
indicated power required for free air delivery of 0.3 (1.3) For Polytropic Process,
m3/min., when the compression is as follows: Pi = (n/n-1) P1V1 [(P2/P1) n-1/n –1] = 1.2 KW
(i) isentropic; (2) Delivery Temperature.
(ii) reversible isothermal; T2 = T1 (P2/P1) n-1/n = 423.9K = 150.9C
(iii) Polytropic, with n = 1.25.
What will be the delivery temperature in each case? PROBLEM: 12.2:
The compressor of problem 12.1 is to run at 1000 rpm. If
GIVEN: the compressor is sigle acting and has a stroke / bore ratio
Working Fluid = Air of 1.2/1, calculate the bore size required.
Single Stage Compression
Initial Pressure P1 = 1.013 bar GIVEN: As Problem # 1
Delivery Pressure P2 = 7 bar Speed = N = 1000 rpm = 1000 / 60 rps.
Initial Temperature T1 = 150C=288K Stroke to Bore Ratio = l/d = 1.2
Free Air Delivery = FAD = 0.3m3/min
REQUIRED:
REQUIRED: Bore Size = d =?
1. Indicated Power for Compression.
1.1. Insentropic = SOLUTION:
1.2. Reversible Isothermal = As Cylinder Volume = Vol. Induced /cycle.
1.3. Polytropic, n = 1.25. (Πd2 / 4)x L = V / Cycle.---------------------------(A)
2. Delivery Temperature. As V/cycle = volume per unit time / Cycle per unit
time = Vo / N.
SOLUTION: From Previous Problem, Vo = 0.3 / 60 m3 per second.
As induction & FAD are same, So, V/cycle = Vo/ N = 0.3 /1000 = 0.0003 m3
So FAD = Volume Induced, V = 0.3 m3/min So Πd2 L / 4 = 0.0003
(1.1) For Insentropic Process: L /d = 1.2 => L = 1.2 d
Pi = (r/r-1) P1V {(P2/P1) r-1/r -1} (1) Πd2x1.2d / 4 = 0.0003 =>1.2 d3 = 4 x 0.0003 / π
Putting values, we get: Pi = 1.31 KW So, Bore Size = d = 0.0683m = 68.3 mm
Now T2 =? As (T2/T1) = (P2/P1) r-1/r
Putting the values, we have: T2 = 227.3 C
Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

PROBLEM: 12.3: Va – Vd = 0.25 x 10-3 m3/cycle.

A single-stage, single-acting air compressor running at Va = Vs + Vc = Vs + 0.03 Vs = 1.03 Vs
1000 rpm delivers air at 25 bar. For this purpose the Now Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n -----------------(2)
induction and free air conditions can be taken as 1.013 bar So, Vd = 0.3533 Vs
and 15 C, and the FAD as 0.25 m 3/min. The clearance From (2) Va – Vd = 0.25x10-3m3/cycle
volume is 3% of the swept volume and the stroke/bore ratio Vs = 0.3694 x 10-3 m3 / cycle
is 1.2/1. Calculate: Putting in (1): d = 73.16 mm
(i) the bore and stroke; L/d = 1.2 ⇒ L = 1.2 d = 87.8 mm
(ii) the volumetric efficiency; Volumetric Efficiency:
(iii) the indicated power; ηv = FAD / Vs ----------------------------(3)
(iv) The isothermal efficiency. FAD / cycle = (FAD/min) / (cycles / min)
Take the index of compression and re-expansion as 1.3.8 = 0.25/1000 = 0.25 x 10-3 m3/cycle
So, ηv = 0.676 = 67.6 %
GIVEN: Now Pi = (n/n-1) P1Vo[(P2/P1)n-1/n –1] = 2 KW
Speed = N = 1000 rpm. Isothemal Efficiency:
Delivery Pressure = P2 = 25 bar ηiso = Isothermal Power / Indicated Power = Piso / Pin.
Induction & FAD are: Piso = P1Vo ln Pi / P1 = 1.353 KW
P = P1 = 1.013 bar, T = T1 = 15 C
Putting values:ηiso = 67.67 %
FAD = Vo = 0.25 m3/min
Vc = 0.03 Vs, L /d = 1.2
PROBLEM 12.4:
REQUIRED: The compressor of problem 12.3 has actual induction
Bore = d =? Stroke = L =? conditions of 1 bar and 40 C, and the delivery pressure is
Volumetric Efficiency = ηv =? 25 bars. Taking the bore and stroke as calculated in
problem 12.3, calculate the FAD Referred to 1.013 bar and
Isothermal Effeiency = ηiso =?
15 C and the indicated power required. Calculate also the
Indicated Power = Pi =? volumetric efficiency and compare it with that of 12.3.
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
We know that: Swept Volume = Volume of Stroke
As in Problem 12.03
Vs = π d2 L / 4, L = 1.2d So, Vs = π d2 1.2 d / 4
Induction Conditions
d = (Vs x 4 / 1.2 π)1/3 ----------(1)
Vo = Va – Vd = 0.25 m3 / min P1 = 1 bar T1 = 40C = 313K
P2 = 25 bar L/d = 1.2
(Va – Vd) / cycle = V’/ N = 0.25/1000
Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

REQUIRED: GIVEN:
(i). FAD =? (ii) Pi =? (iii) ηv =? Delivery Pressure = P2 = 70 bar
Induction Pressure = P1 = 1 bar
SOLUTION: FAD = 2.4 m3/min at P = 1.013 bar
(i) Mass delivered or mass of FAD = Mass of volume induced T = 288 K Two Stage Compression
mo (FAD) = moVo = (P x FAD) / R.T. = P1 V’ / R T1 (i) Ideal Intermediate Pressure, Pi/P1 = P2/Pi
FAD = 0.227 m3 /min (ii) Complete Intercooling ⇒ T1 = T
(ii) Pi = (n/n-1)m’RT1{(P2/P1)n-1/n –1} (iii) Clearance Volume is 3% of Swept Volume
m = P1 V’ / R T1 = 4.63 x 10-3kg / sec.
’
i.e. VcL = 0.03 VsL , VcH = 0.03 VsH
So Pi = 1.985 KW As Intercooling is Complete & Clearance Ratio is same, we
(iii) ηv = (FAD/cycle) / Vs ---------------------(A) can say that; VsL / VsH = Pi / P1 = P2 / Pi
FAD/cycle = (FAD/unit time) / (cycles/unit time) ⇒ Pi 2 = P1 P2 => P2 / P1 = √(P2/P1)
FAD/cycle = 0.227 x 10-3 m3 Speed = N = 750 rpm, n = 1.25
So equ: (A) ⇒ η v = 61.4 % Temp. at the end of Induction Stroke in each cylinder.
T1 = Ti = 32C = 305K, ηmech. = 85 %
PROBLEM 12.5:
A single-acting compressor is required to deliver air at 70 REQUIRED:
bar from an induction pressure of 1 bar, at the rate of 2.4 (i) Indicated Power = Pi =?
m3/min measured at free air conditions of 1.013 bar and 15 (ii) The savings in power over the single compressor
C. The compression is carried out in two stages with an b/w the same pressures.
ideal intermediate pressure and complete intercooling. The (iii) Swept volume of each cylinder = Vs=?
clearance volume is 3% of the swept volume in each (iv) Power output of the driver motor =?
cylinder and the compressor speed is 750 rpm. The index of
compression and re-expansion is 1.25 for both cylinders DIAGRAM:
and the temperature at the end of the induction stroke in
each cylinder is 32 C. The mechanical efficiency of the SOLUTION:
compressor is 85%. Calculate: (i) As the intermediate pressure is ideal & Intercooling is
(i) the indicated power required; complete, thus minimum work conditions are,
(ii) the saving in power over single-stage compression Hence; Pi = 2x(n/n-1)moRT1{(P2/P1)n-1/2n –1} -----(A)
between the same pressures; But mo =?
(iii) the swept volume of each cylinder; Mass induced = Mass of FAD
(iv) The required power output of the drive motor. mo = moFAD = P x FAD / R T = 2.94 kg/min
(A)⇒ Pi = 22.7 KW
Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

(ii) Saving Power = {(indicated power of single stage)- (a) using the data below calculate:
(indicated power of double stage)} (i) the free air delivery;
For single stage, (ii) The power required from the drive motor.
Pi = (n/n-1)moRT1{{P2/P1)n-1/n –1} = 28.7 KW Data Clearance volume set at 700 cm3; rotational speed,
Thus Saving Power = 28.7 – 22.7 = 6 KW. 300rpm; delivery pressure, 5 bar; suction pressure and
(iii) Swept Volume VsL & VsH for LP Stage. temperature, 1 bar and 32 C; free air conditions, 1.013 bar
Va – Vd / cycle = (Va-Vd/unit time)/cycles /unit time and 15 C; index of compression and re-expansion, 1.25;
= VoLp / N --------------------------------------------- (1) mechanical efficiency, 80%.
VoLp = m’RT1/P1 = 2.57 m3/min To what minimum value can the clearance volume be
(1)⇒Va – Vd / cycle = V’Lp / N reduced when the delivery pressure is 4.2 bar, assuming
Va – Vd = 3.43 x 10-3 m3/cycles that the same driving power is available and that the suction
Va = VsL + Vc = VsL + 0.03 VsL = 1.03 VsL conditions, speed, value of index, and mechanical
Vd =Vc(Pi/P1)1/n = 01641 VsL efficiency, remain unaltered?
VsL = 0.00396 m3
For HP Stage, VsH = Va/ - Vc/ GIVEN:
VsH = Va/ - 0.03 VsH Single Stage Compressor
Va/ = 1.03 VsH =>VsH = Va/ / 1.03---------------------(2) d = 200 mm = 0.2 m, L = 250 mm = 0.25 m
As point a & a/ touches the Isothermal line due to complete N = 300 rpm, n = 1.25
Intercooling, thus; Pi Va/ = P1 Va Vc = 700 cm3 = 700 x 10-6 m3
/
Va = Va P1/Pi = Va / (Pi/P1) ----------------------------(3) P2 = 5 bar, P1 = 1 bar, P = 1.013 bar
Va = 1.03 Vs = 1.03 x 0.003962 = 4.08 x 10-3m3/cycle T1 = 32C = 305K, T = 288K
Equ:(3)⇒ Va/ = 0.0004877 m3 / cycle
Now VsH = Va/ /1.03 = 0.00473 m3
So Swept Volume of HP stage = 0.000473 m3 REQUIRED:
(iv) Power output of motor = Shaft Power (i) FAD =? (ii) Power required, P = ?
Shaft Power = Indicated Power / ηmech.= 22.7 / 6.85 When ηmech. = 80 %
Power output of Motor = 26.71 KW
SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 12.7: As Vs = (π/4) d2 L
A single-cylinder, single-acting air compressor of 200 mm ⇒Vs = 7.85 x 10-3 m3, Vc = 7 x 10-4 m3
bore by 250 mm stroke is constructed so that its clearance Va = Vs + Vc = 7.85
can be altered by moving the cylinder head, the stroke Vo = FAD = (Va-Vd)x(T/T1)x(P1/P)
being unaffected. Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n = 2.54 x 10-3 m3
Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Va – Vd = 6.01 x 10-3m3 REQUIRED:

V = (Va – Vd)x(T/T1)x(P/P1) = 5.61 x 10-3 m3/cycle (i) FAD =?
V/min = 300 x 5.61 x 10-3 (ii) Volumetric Efficiency = ηv =?
FAD = 1.68 m3/min (iii) L =? (iv) d=?
(ii) Power = (n/n-1)m’R(T2 – T1) --------------(1)
Where mo = PVo/RT = 2.068 Kg/min SOLUTION:
So, equ: (1)⇒ Indicated Power = Pi = 5.7 KN Motor power = Indicated Power / ηtrans.
As we know that 23 x 103 = Indicated power / 0.87
Power required to drive the motor Indicated Power = 20010 watts.
= Indicated Power / ηmech.= 7.2 KW Now Pi = (n/n-1)P1(Va – Vd){(P2/P1)n-1/n –1}
⇒Va – Vd = 4.47 m3 / min = FAD
PROBLEM 12.8: (ii) η v = 1 – Vc/Vs{(P2/P1)1/n –1} = 72.6 %
A single acting, single-cylinder air compressor running at (iii)&(iv)
300 rpm is driven by an electric motor. Using the data As Va = Vs + Vc = 1.07 Vs
given below, and assuming that the bore is equal to the Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n = 0.343 Vs
stroke, calculate: Va – Vd = 0.727 Vs => 4.47/300 = 0.727 Vs
(i) the free air delivery; ⇒ Vs = 0.0205
(ii) the volumetric efficiency; Now Πd3/4 = Vs = 0.0205
(iii) The bore and stroke. ⇒ d = 296 mm L = 296 mm.
Data Air inlet conditions, 1.013 bar and 15 C; delivery
pressure, 8 bar; clearance volume, 7% of the swept volume;
index of compression and re-expansion, 1.3; mechanical
PROBLEM 12.9:
A two-stage air compressor consists of three cylinders
efficiency of the drive between motor and compressor,
having the same bore and stroke. The delivery pressure is 7
87%; motor power output, 23 kW.
bar and the FAD is 4.2 m 3/min. Air is drawn in at 1.013
bar, 15 C and an intercooler cools the air at 38 C. The index
GIVEN:
of compression is 1.3 for all three cylinders. Neglecting
Single Acting Single Cylinder Compressor
clearance, calculate:
N = 300 rpm, Power of the motor = 23 KW
(i) the intermediate pressure;
Efficiency of Transmission = η = 87 %
(ii) the power required to drive the compressor;
P1 = 1.013 bar P2 = 8 bar (iii) The isothermal efficiency.
T1 = 288 K Vc = 0.07 Vs
L = d, n = 1.3 GIVEN:
Positive Displacement Machines Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Two Stages Air-Compressor 75% of the pressure rise before delivery takes place, and
L=d P2 = 7 bar that the compressor is an ideal uncooled machine.
FAD Conditions = V’1 = 4.2 m3/min
P1 = 1.013 bar T1 = 15C = 288K GIVEN:
Intercooling P1 = 1.013 bar P2 = 1.75 bar
T2 = 311K, n = 1.3, clearance = 0 T1 = 15C = 288K
Vo = 5.6 m3/min = 5.6/60 m3/sec
REQUIRED:
(a) Intermediate pressure = Pi =? REQUIRED:
(b) Power reqd. to drive the Motor =? Power Required;
(c) Isothermal Efficiency = ηiso. =? (1) Root Blower (2) Vane Type

DIAGRAM: ASSUMPTION:
(1) For Vane Type, Internal compression takes place
SOLUTION: through 75 % of pressure rise before delivery takes
We know that PVo = mo RT place.
mo = PVo / RT = 0.086 Kg / sec (2) Compressor is an ideal uncooled machine.
With Intercooler Pi = √ P1P2 = √ 2.66 bar
Now we know that SOLUTION:
Pi / P1 = P2 / Pi, are same for both stages. (1) For Root Blower
So I.P. = (n/n-1)moRT{(P2/P1)n-1/n – 1} = 15.3 KW Power Required = (P2 – P1)xVo = 6.88 KW
ηiso. = Isothermal Work / Indicated Work ------------- (1) (2) For Vane Type
Isothermal work = moRT1ln(P2/P1) = 137 KJ Power = (r/r-1) P1Vo1 {(Pi/P1) r-1/r –1}+(P2 – P1)xVo2
Indicated Work = (n/n-1)moRT1{(P2/P1)n-1/n –1} = 15.3 KJ
Here Pi = 0.75 (P2 – P1) + P1 = 1.566 bar
Vo1 = 5.6 m3/min
η iso. = 89.8 %
Voi = Vo1 (Pi/P1)1/r = 4.1 bar
Now Power = 5.64 KW
PROBLEM 12.12:
Air at 1.013 bar and 15 C is to be compressed at the rate of
5.6 m3/min to 1.75 bar. Two machines are considered: (a)
the Roots Blower; and (b) a sliding Vane Rotary
Compressor. Compare the powers required, assuming for
the vane type that internal compression takes place through
Positive Displacement Machines
Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan