ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC: - COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND ITS REMEDIES:

Submitted By

MOHAMMAD ZIYA ANSARI

BALLB (HONS)
SEMESTER-VII
ENROLLMENT NO- GI- 6492
FACULTY NO- 17BALLB- 72
TUTORIAL PROJECT

Submitted To

Dr. Tabassum Chaudhary

Professor, Faculty of Law

Aligarh Muslim University

ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS A DEEP SENSE OF

THANKS & GRATITUDE TO MY PROJECT GUDIE Dr

TABASSUM CHAUDHARY MAM FOR GUIDING ME IMMENSELY

THROUGH THE COURSE OF THE PROJECT.

I ALSO THANKS TO MY SENIORS FOR THEIR MOTIVATION &

SUPPORT. I MUST THANKS TO MY CLASSMATES FOR THEIR
TIMELY HELP & SUPPORT FOR COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, I WOULD LIKE TO THANKS TO ALL

THOSE WHO HELPED ME DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TOWARDS
THE COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

THANKING YOU

MOHAMMAD ZIYA ANSARI

BALLB-4th Year GI-6492

17BALLB-72
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
a) Duration of copyright protection
b) Rights of copyrights owners
2. COMMON TYPES OF COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
3. REMEDIES AVAILABLE FOR INFRINGEMENT UNDER COPYRIGHT ACT
4. CIVIL REMEDIES
a) Preventive Civil Remedies, and
b) Compensatory Remedies
5. CIVIL REMEDIES UNDER TRIPS AGREEMENT
6. ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDY
7. CRIMINAL REMEDIES
8. CRIMINAL REMEDIES UNDER THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
9. CONCLUSION
1-INTRODUCTION:

THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957: The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence
copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended 6 times since 1957. The most recent
amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012. Copyright
laws provide certain exclusive rights to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce,
distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. Use of such
copyright protected work without the permission of the copyright owner is copyright
infringement. In this project, we look at copyright infringement in India.

a)-Duration of Copyright Protection

Under Copyright Act there are protections under various categories such as

i. For Literary, Dramatic, Musical and Artistic works the protection is for “Lifetime of the
author + sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in
which the author dies” and
ii. For Anonymous and pseudonymous works, Posthumous work, Cinematograph films,
Sound records, Government work, Public undertakings, International Agencies,
photographs are for “Until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar years next
following the year in which the work is first published”

b)- Rights of Copyrights Owners

It is important to first understand the rights held by a copyright owner before tackling the
remedies for infringement. Authorized copyright owners have the right to:

a) Publish the work

b) Perform the work in public
c) Produce the work in a material form
d) Produce, reproduce, perform or publish any translation of the work
e) Make any adaptation of the work
f) Communicate the work through broadcast, radio or cable
2-COMMON TYPES OF COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT:

The following are some of the most common types of copyright infringement:

• Making copies of copyrighted works for sale or hire or letting them for hire.
• Permitting performance of copyright infringed works at any place for performance of
works.
• Distributing copyright infringing works.
• Public exhibition of copyright infringing works.
• Importing copyright infringing works into India.

If any of the activity is performed by a person or business, then they are liable for prosecution
under copyright laws in India.

For claiming the ownership of a copyright in the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic
work, the name of the author or the publisher which appears on copies of the work is presumed
to be the author of the work, unless the contrary is proved.

3-REMEDIES AVAILABLE FOR INFRINGEMENT UNDER COPYRIGHT ACT:

The existence of a right is meaningless unless an effective remedy is provided for redressing its
violation. In case of infringement in India, a copyright owner is entitled to certain remedies
under the Copyright Act, 1957. There are three types of remedies available for infringement
under the Act:

1) Civil remedies
2) Administrative remedies, and
3) Criminal remedies
4-CIVIL REMEDIES:

The civil remedies for infringement of copyright are of two kinds:

a-Preventive Civil Remedies, and

b-Compensatory Remedies

a-Preventive Civil Remedies

These remedies are used prior in time to the occurring of the actual act of infringement or before
the damage ensues. These are, for this reason, also the most popular among the remedies.

i)-Interlocutory Injunction: Injunction is the most important remedy against the copyright
infringement. Injunction means a judicial process by which one who is threatening to invade the
legal or equitable rights of another is restrained from commencing or continuing such act, or is
commanded to restore matters to the position in which they stood previous to the action.

ii)-Mareva Injunction: There is a particular form of interlocutory injunction which is known as

Mareva injunction, the purpose of which is to restrain the defendant from disposing of assets
which may be required to satisfy the plaintiff or claim or removing them from the jurisdiction of
the court.

iii)-Permanent Injunction: If the plaintiff succeeds at trial in establishing infringement of

copyright, he will normally be entitled to a permanent injunction to restrain future infringements.
This injunction will operate only during the unexpired term of copyright.

b-Compensatory civil remedies:

Compensatory civil remedies against the infringement of copyright can be divided into three
parts:

i)-Damages for concession;

ii)-Delivery up of infringing copies; and
iii)-Account of profits.
i)-Damages as a compensatory remedy: The purpose of an award of damages is to restore the
plaintiff to his position before the infringement. Such damages are therefore compensatory.

Damages in tort aim to put the victim back to his position before the tort. If infringement is
established, damages are presumed. Nominal damages are always awarded where a legal right
has been infringed irrespective of the actual damage.

ii)-Delivery up: damages for conversion: Damages for conversion as defined by Lord Atkin in
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway v. Mac Nicoll, are damages for dealing with goods in a
manner inconsistent with the rights of the true owner, provided that it is also established that
there an intention on the part of the defendant, in so doing, to deny the owner’s right, or to assert
a right which is inconsistent with owner’s right.

iii)-Account of Profits: As a corollary to the injunction, equity may, in appropriate cases,

require a defendant to account to a plaintiff for profits made from wrong doing such as the
infringement of copyright. Thus, the plaintiff is entitled to require the defendant to account for
the profits made by him by his infringement of former’s copyright. This is not a notional
computation as with damages, but an investigation of actual accounts. The account is of net
profits, i.e., the sale price of infringing article as deducted by the manufacturing and delivery
cost.

5-CIVIL REMEDIES UNDER TRIPS AGREEMENT:

Unlike other treaties on intellectual property rights, the TRIPs Agreement lays down
comprehensive provisions for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The Agreement
provides for civil, administrative and criminal remedies for the infringement of intellectual
property rights. The Agreement obliges Members to adopt procedures concerning enforcement of
intellectual property rights which should be fair and equitable. Further, the procedures should not
be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time limits or unwarranted delays.
The procedures shall not impose overly burdensome requirements concerning mandatory
personal appearances.

• The TRIPS Agreement provides for the following remedies.

 a) Injunctions: Article 44 of the Agreement provides that the judicial authorities in a
Member State shall have the authority to order a party to desist from an infringement.
Interalia to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of
imported goods that involve the infringement of an intellectual property right,
immediately after customs clearance of such goods.
b) Damages under TRIPs: The TRIPs Agreement provides that the judicial authorities in
the Member States are authorized to order the infringer of copyright to pay the copyright
owner damages adequate to compensate for the injury the copyright owner has suffered
because of an infringement. It is, however, essential that the infringer has knowingly, or
with reasonable grounds to know engaged in infringing activities. The infringer may also
be required to pay expenses to the copyright owner which may include appropriate
attorney’s fees. The judicial authorities may also order recovery of profits and/or
payment of pre-established damages even where the infringer did not knowingly, or with
reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity.

6-ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDY:

In order to prevent importation of infringing copies in India, the Copyright Act, 1957 makes
available an effective and quick administrative remedy to the owner of copyright. Section 53(1)
of the Act empowers the Registrars of copyrights to make an order prohibiting the importation
into India of copies of a copyrighted work made outside India which, if made in India, would
infringe copyright in the work, on the application of the owners of copyright in such work, or his
duly authorized agent, after making such inquiry as he deems fit.

The issue of importation into India of the infringing copies of the work protected by copyright
came before Supreme Court in Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v. Birendra Bahadur
Pandey and Others. The appellant in this case, the Gramophone Company of India Ltd., was
the owner of copyright in musical records and cassettes. The appellant received information from
the customs authorities at Calcutta that an assignment of pre-recorded cassettes sent by Universal
Overseas Private Ltd., Singapora to M/s Sungawa Enterprises, Kathmandu, Nepal had arrived at
Calcutta port by ship and was awaiting dispatch to Nepal. Due to broken condition of the
consignment which was lying in the Calcutta docks, the appellant learnt that a substantial
number of cassettes were pirated works.

The appellant sought intervention of the Registrar of copyrights in action under Section 53 of the
Copyright Act, 1957. As the Registrar was not taking expeditious action on the application of the
applicant and as it was apprehended that the pirated cassettes would be released for
transportation to Nepal, the appellant filed a writ petition in the Calcutta High Court seeking a
writ in nature of mandamus to compel the Registrar to pass an appropriate order under Section
53 and to prevent release of the cassettes from the custody of the custom authorities.

Section 53(2) of the Act empowers the Registrar of copyrights, or any person authorized by him
in his behalf to (a) enter any ship, dock or premises where any such copies as are referred to in
Section 53(1) may be found, and (b) examine such copies. The purpose of the above provision is
to determine whether or not such copies infringe the copyright in the work of the applicant. Rule
23 of the Copyright Rules, 1958 requires the Registrar or any person authorized by him in this
behalf to take action under Section 53(2) in collaboration with customs authorities.

➢ All copies of the work to which the order of the Registrar applies shall be deemed to be
goods of which the import has been prohibited under Section 11 of the Customs Act. 1962
and all provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly. Section 11 of the Customs Act,
1962 provides interalia that if the Central Government is satisfied that it is necessary for the
protection of patents, trademarks and copyrights, it may prohibit absolutely or subject to
conditions, prohibit the import or export of goods of any specified description.
➢ The remedy available to copyright owner under Section 53 is different from and in addition
to the civil remedy available for the infringement of copyright under Section 55 The remedy
available under Section 53 of the Act is quasi – judicial in nature as an appeal can be made to
the Copyright Board against the order of Registrar under Section 72 of the Copyright Act.

7-CRIMINAL REMEDIES: -

The owner of copyright can take criminal proceedings against infringer. The criminal remedy is
distinct and independent of other remedies and can be availed simultaneously to stop further
infringement and punish the infringer. The pendency of a civil suit does not justify the stay of
criminal proceedings in which the same question is involved. In addition, a criminal complaint
cannot be dismissed merely on the ground that the dispute is civil in character.

Criminal remedies are more effective than civil remedies because the former can be disposed of
quickly. In addition, criminal proceedings directly strike at the honor and social status of an
infringer, as a consequence of which sometimes he comes for a settlement out of court to save
his prestige. Knowledge or mens rea is an essential ingredient of the offence.

Sections 63 to 70 of the Act deal with the offences relating to copyright. Section 63 makes it an
offence for any person knowingly to infringe:

• The copyright in a work; or

• Any other right conferred by the Act (except the resale share right in original copies as
provided by section 53A) or knowingly to abet such infringement.

The offence of an infringement of copyright is punishable with imprisonment for a term which
shall not be less than six months but which may extend to three years and with fine which shall
not be less than Rs. 50,000/- but which may extend to Rs. 2 lakhs. The court has discretion to
reduce the minimum term of imprisonment and the minimum fine for adequate and special
reasons where the infringement has not been made for gain in the course of trade or business. For
the second and subsequent convictions, the minimum term of imprisonment is enhanced to one
year and minimum fine to Rs.1 lakh which may be relaxed for adequate and special reasons to be
mentioned in the judgment where the infringement was not made for gain in the course of trade
or business. There is, however, no change in the maximum punishment.

The offence under section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957 is a non – bailable offence. The
provisions of section 438 of the Criminal Procedures Code, can, thereof, be applied in respect of
offence punishable under section 63 of the Act.
8-CRIMINAL REMEDIES UNDER THE TRIPS AGREEMENT: -

Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement provides for criminal remedies against the infringement of
copyright. The provision obliges members to provide for criminal procedures for penalties at
least in cases of willful copyright piracy on commercial scale. Criminal remedy shall include
imprisonment and/or monetary fines sufficient to provide a deterrent, consistently with the level
of penalties applied for crimes for a corresponding gravity. In appropriate cases, criminal
remedies shall also include the seizure, forfeiture and destruction of the infringing goods and of
any materials and implements the predominant use of which has been in the commission of the
offence. The Copyright Act, 1957 is in conformity with TRIPs Agreement as it provides for
stricter punishment for the infringement of copyright.

9-CONCLUSION: -

An ideal regime for copyright protection would balance the rights of all stakeholders. On one
hand, India faces major economic losses due to rampant piracy, especially online; on the other
hand, the peculiar socio-economic conditions of the country make it imperative to overlook IPRs
to an extent for the greater common good. In these circumstances, perhaps the stress should be
on effective implementation of the existing remedies rather than introducing new remedies over
and above the existing provisions, so that the genuine exceptions to IPRs are not whittled down.
With the paradigm shift in the legal regime governing the subject in India, it remains to be seen
how such a balance continues to exist.