University Library September 2015

Footnote Referencing
Introduction
Welcome to our guide on how to reference using the University of Leicester footnote style.

Please follow the examples given below for the different types of sources you have used. Make sure you are
consistent in how you reference your sources.

If there isn’t an example included for a type of source you have used, please follow the closest example available
and include all the information someone else would need to find it.

Got a question? Please Ask Us.

General guidance
References within the text
References are indicated within the text by a footnote, references are then given at the bottom of the
page. Footnotes should be placed at the end of the relevant sentence where possible and should follow
punctuation (for example, by being placed after the full stop). Superscript Arabic numbers should be used in the
text to indicate footnotes, for example 1. Footnotes can be inserted in Microsoft Word by clicking on Insert
Footnote from the References tab. Each footnote ends with a full stop.

Referencing specific pages

If you are referring to a specific page or pages of a source, this should be indicated at the end of your reference
by:

 p. and the page number for single pages

 pp. for references to more than one page.

If the reference already includes page numbers (for example, references to journal articles or book chapters will
include the page numbers of the whole source), put your specific page reference in brackets after the page
numbers of the source included in the reference.

If you are referring to a source where the page numbers may change on later viewing (for example an eBook
which may give different page numbers when displayed on different devices or on different magnification) give
the chapter or paragraph you are referring to at the end of your reference rather than page numbers.

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Examples

Alan Bryman, Social research methods, 4th edn (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012), p.21.

Katherine Foxhall, ‘Fever, immigration and quarantine in New South Wales, 1837–1840’, Social History of
Medicine, 24, no.3 (2011), pp.624-42 (p.625).

James Chapman and Nicholas J. Cull, Projecting empire: imperialism and popular cinema (London: I B Tauris,
2009), chapter 2.

First and subsequent references

The first time you refer to a source, full details should be given. If you are referring to the same work in the
immediately following footnote you can use ibid instead of writing the full reference. For any other subsequent
references, a short form of the reference should be given. This should include the author and the title (but not
any subtitle). If your footnotes are included in your word count and you want to save words, you may shorten
subsequent references further to just the author and enough significant words from the title to identify it (see
footnote 6 below for an example of this).

Examples

(Where footnote 4 refers to the same source as footnote 3).

1
Glenn Loney, ‘Entertaining Mr Loney: an early interview with Joe Orton’, New Theatre Quarterly, 4, no.16
(1988), pp.300-5.

2
Yael Zarhy-Levo, The theatrical critic as cultural agent: constructing Pinter, Orton and Stoppard as absurdist
playwrights (New York: Peter Lang, 2001).

3
Joe Orton, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Emma Parker (ed.) (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).

4
Ibid.

5
Glenn Loney, ‘Entertaining Mr Loney’.

6
Yael Zarhy-Levo, Theatrical critic.

Quotations
Please refer to your department for guidance on how to indicate and format quotations within the text of your
work.

Authors
Authors', editors' and translators' names should be given as they appear in the original source. If there is no
individual author listed for a source, use the corporate author if available. The corporate author is the
organisation responsible for writing the source – for example, the BBC.

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Missing information
If you are unable to find some of the details needed for your reference, replace them in the reference as
below. If you cannot find the date of publication, replace it with [n.d.]. If you cannot find a publisher (where
this would normally be included in a reference), replace it with [n.pub.]. If you cannot find a place of publication
(where this would normally be included in a reference), replace it with [n.pl.].

Secondary referencing
Secondary referencing is when you refer to a source that has been mentioned in the source you have
viewed. You should always try to access the original source and reference that but, if that is not possible, give
the author of the source you want to refer to, then 'quoted in', then the full reference for the source you have
actually viewed.

Example

Scipione Mercurio, quoted in David Gentilcore, Medical charlatanism in early modern Italy (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2006), p.11.

If a document is reproduced in full in the source you are referring to, follow the Documents in Published Editions
guidelines.

How to reference different types of source

Books
If there are up to three authors or editors, include all their names in the reference. For more than three authors
or editors, give the first name and then 'et al.’ (Latin abbreviation for ‘and others’).

Editors should be indicated by putting (ed.) after their name for single editors, or (eds) after their names for
multiple editors. Translators should be indicated by putting (trans.) after their names.

Where books have either authors or editors, give their names before the title of the book.

Where books have both authors and editors or translators, give the author’s name before the title of the book
and then the editor's or translator’s name after the title of the book.

Titles are as they appear on the title page of the book, using capital letters for the first word of the title and all
proper nouns and a colon to separate titles from subtitles. Where words in italics have been included on the
title page of the book, indicate these in your reference by using regular text.

If a book is part of a numbered series (for example, some publishers may produce series of books on a particular
topic), give the number and series title. If you are referring to one volume in a multi-volume set, give the
volume number and title after the volume title.

The edition of the book, if after the first, should be given.

Author, Book title (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication).

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Examples

James Chapman and Nicholas J. Cull, Projecting empire: imperialism and popular cinema (London: I B Tauris,
2009).

Lorna Bleach and Keira Borrill (eds), Battle and bloodshed: the medieval world at war (Newcastle upon Tyne:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013).

Elizabeth J. Clapp and Julie Roy Jeffrey (eds), Women, dissent and anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790-1865
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Joe Orton, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Emma Parker (ed.) (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).

Joseph-Emile Muller, Velazquez, Jane Brenton (trans.) (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976).

Stuart Ball (ed.), Parliament and politics in the age of Churchill and Attlee: the Headlam diaries, 1935-1951,
Camden fifth series volume 14 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, 1999).

Julie Coleman, A history of cant and slang dictionaries, volume III: 1859-1936 (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2008).

Alan Bryman, Social research methods, 4th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

Chapters in books
Follow the same rules for referencing a book, but add in the additional information below for the chapter.

Chapter Author, ‘Chapter title’, in Book Author, Book title (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication),
pp. page numbers of chapter.

Example

Lisanne Gibson, ‘Cultural landscapes and identity’, in Lisanne Gibson and John Pendlebury (eds), Valuing historic
environments (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), pp.67-92.

Early printed books

For early printed books (those printed before 1800), follow the guidance for referencing Books. The information
you are able to find on them however may vary. If you are unable to find all the information you need, follow
the guidance in the Missing Information section. The titles of early printed books may be very long, so you may
find it necessary to abbreviate them (see the second example below, where the title has been abbreviated after
Leicester). Retain the original spellings of words, though you may wish to modernise ambiguous letters (for
example, u or v).

Example

A collection of the rights and priviledges of parliament (London: Laurence Chapman, 1642).

Robert Pye, A more exact relation of the siege laid to the town of Leicester (London: Laurence Chapman, 1645).

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John Polemon, All the famous battels that have bene fought in our age (London: Henrye Bynneman, 1578).

Journal articles
If the journal does not have a volume number or an issue number, leave these out. If the journal is part of a
numbered series, include this information in the reference before the volume number.

Author, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, Volume number, no.Issue number (Year), pp.pages of article.

Examples

Phillip Lindley, ‘The funeral and tomb effigies of Queen Katharine of Valois and King Henry V’, Journal of the
British Archaeological Association, 160, no.1 (2007), pp.165-177.

James Walvin, 'The slave trade, abolition and public memory', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th
series, 19 (2009), pp.139-149.

Newspaper and magazine articles

If the article is in a specific section of a newspaper or magazine, include the title of the section in your
reference. If an article from a newspaper or magazine doesn’t have a title or an individual author, leave these
out. Give the titles of newspapers as they appear on the masthead of the paper, for example The Times, but
Leicester Mercury.

Author, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Title, Date, Section (if relevant), p. /pp. page/pages of article.

If you are referring to a large number of historical newspapers in your work, it may be preferable to omit the
author and article title from your reference.

Examples

Steve Connor, ‘Final warning on climate change: end fossil fuels by 2100’, The Independent, 3 November 2014,
p.6.

'A history of Leicestershire in 100 Objects: number 34', Leicester Mercury, 9 November 2013, p.39.

The Times, 1 August 1923, p.9.

Online resources
If you are referencing eBooks or electronic journal articles that look like the printed equivalents (for example,
have individual pages, set out in the same way as in printed sources) reference them in the same way as print
books and journal articles, including all the same information.

For other online sources, follow the examples below. Include the shortest possible web address that will take
you directly to the source, in angled brackets. Give the date you accessed the source in square brackets.

Webpages
Author, Title, Date of publication <web address> [accessed date accessed].

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Example

Jenny Scott, New history curriculum threatens museums, 2014 < http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-
28461034> [accessed 12 November 2014].

Blogs
Author, ‘Title of blog post’, Title of blog, Date of publication <web address> [accessed date accessed].

Example

Gail Marshall, ‘Tackling gender inequality on stage needs to go further than female Hamlets’, The Conversation,
2014 <https://theconversation.com/tackling-gender-inequality-on-stage-needs-to-go-further-than-female-
hamlets-31268> [accessed 4 November 2014].

Twitter
Author, Date <web address of Twitter feed> [accessed date accessed].

Example

David Wilson Library, 23 January 2015 <https://twitter.com/uoldwl> [accessed 27 January 2015].

Manuscripts
For letters, begin your reference with the author, recipient and date - and, where applicable, the location
information for the letter in the library or archive where it is held. Use MS for singular manuscripts and MSS for
plural manuscripts. Use f. (or ff. plural) to refer to specific folio sheets.

Location, Name of repository, Name of collection, MS title of manuscript and number.

Examples

Philip Doddridge to Samuel Clarke 19 April 1750, Leicester, University of Leicester Special Collections, MS 29.

London, British Library, D'Abernon Papers, MS 48927 internal embassy memoranda at Berlin, 1920-5, ff.1-54.

Kew, The National Archives, Documents submitted to the Council of Enquiry on Restitution, FO 1060/262.

Documents in published editions

For references to original documents within books follow the same rules as for referencing a book, but add in
the additional information below on the document.

Document author, ‘Document title’, Document date, in Book Author, Book title (Place of publication: Publisher,
year of publication), p. page number of document/pp. page numbers of document.

Examples

'Proceedings of the third conference of Hythe', 1920, in Rohan Butler and J P T Bury (eds), Documents on British
foreign policy 1919-39, first series volume 8 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1958), pp.709-55.

William Morris, ‘The manifesto of the Socialist League’, 1885, in Josephine M. Guy (ed.), The Victorian age: an

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anthology of sources and documents (London: Routledge, 1998), pp.193-6.

Pope John Paul II, 'Pope John Paul II speaks in Victory Square Warsaw', 1979, in Gale Stokes (ed.), From Stalinism
to Pluralism: a documentary history of Eastern Europe since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996),
pp.200-203.

Documents in online databases

Document author, ‘Document title’, Document date, in Database name <> [date accessed].

Example

Wendy Cope, ‘The squirrel and the crow’, 2001, in Literature Online <http://literature.proquest.com/> [accessed
12 November 2014].

Official documents
Official documents include publications produced by governments and official bodies.

Document author, Document title (Place of publication: Publisher (if applicable), year of publication).

Example

University College Leicester, Annual report and accounts 1936 (Leicester, 1936).

Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Report under the Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964 for
2012/13: A report presented to parliament pursuant to section 17 of the Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
(London, 2013).

For references to UK parliamentary debates (Hansard), follow the example below. For House of Commons
debates, begin your reference with HC Parliamentary Debates, for House of Lords debates, begin your reference
with HL Parliamentary Debates.

HC or HL Parliamentary Debates, date of debate, series number, volume number, col. column number or cols.
column numbers.

Example

HC Parliamentary Debates, 27 July 1897, series 4, 51, cols. 1221-2.

Exhibitions
To refer to a specific exhibition label or text panel within an exhibition, give the title of the label or panel in
single speech marks, then 'in', then the full reference for the exhibition.

Exhibition title [exhibition]. Location. Date(s).

Example

100 stories of migration [exhibition]. University of Leicester, Leicester. 24 June 2014-13 February 2015.

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Leaflets and pamphlets

If you are unable to find all the information you need for your reference, refer to the Missing information
section.

Author, Title (Place of publication, Year).

Examples

University of Leicester David Wilson Library, Special collections (Leicester, [n. d.]).

Science Museum, Science Museum Map ([n.pl.], [n.d.]).

George Fox, Surely the magistrates of Nottingham are blinde (London, 1659).

Personal communications
You must seek permission if you wish to refer to personal or private correspondence that has been sent to you.

For posts on online discussion boards, follow the example reference for Blogs.

Type of communication from author of communication to name of recipient, date.

Example

Email from Joseph Bloggs to author, 9 November 2014.

If you want to reference letters that have been published in collections, follow the Documents in Published
Editions guidelines. If you want to reference original letters held in Archives, refer to the Manuscript guidelines.

Interviews
Interviewee, interview by interviewer, recording medium, location, date, where held (if appropriate).

For interviews broadcast on television or radio, see Television or radio broadcasts.

Example

Blanche Edith Harrison, interview by P. Saunders, tape, Leicester, 16 June 1988, East Midlands Oral History
Archive (EMOHA).

Lectures
Name of lecturer, ‘Title of lecture’, lecture delivered at name of institution (Date of lecture).

Example

C. Dodds Pennock, ‘The “expansion” of Europe’, lecture delivered at the University of Leicester (22 November
2007).

Course materials
Author of materials, 'Title of materials', Module code: Module Title. Institution, date.

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Book reviews
Books reviews within journals follow a similar format to referencing journal articles, but include review in square
brackets after the author’s name and the full reference of the book reviewed.

Author of review [review], ‘Full reference of the book reviewed’, Journal Title, Volume number no.Issue number
(Year), pp.pages of article.

Example

Kate Tiller [review], ‘Christopher Dyer et al (eds), New directions in local history since Hoskins (Hatfield:
University of Hertfordshire Press, 2011)’, Economic History Review, 65 no.4 (2012), pp.1572-4.

Religious texts
If you want to reference a specific edition of a religious text, include the full publication details as for a book.

If you are referencing a specific chapter and verse from the Bible, include this information in your reference.

Title, section.

Example

Bible, Isaiah 22, 5.

Theses and dissertations

If a thesis or dissertation is available online (in a Research Archive, for example) include the web address and
date accessed in your reference.

Author, ‘Title of thesis or dissertation’ (unpublished level thesis, Name of University, Year).

Examples

L A Parker, ‘Enclosure in Leicestershire : 1485-607’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Leicester, 1948).

Ruth Ashton, ‘Disabled domesticity: representations of domesticity in nineteenth-century literature’

(unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Leicester, 2014) <http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29150> [accessed 28
November 2014].

Audio-visual materials
Include the type of material in your reference in square brackets, for example [DVD], [film], [music recording]

Music or speech recordings

Composer/author, Title [material type], Artist/Orchestra/Composer (Recording Company, CD reference, Date).

Example

Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood [voice recording], read by Richard Burton, Hugh Griffith and Mervyn Johns
(BBC, 2013).

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Films
If you are referring to films from more than one country in your work, include the name of the country in your
reference before the name of the distributors.

Title [film], dir. by Director (Name of Distributors, Year).

Example

Casablanca [film], dir. by Michael Curtiz (USA: Warner Brothers, 1943).

Television or radio broadcasts

Give the time of transmission, if relevant. To reference an interview broadcast on television or radio, give the
name of the interviewee, followed by 'interviewed by' and the name of the interviewer at the start of your
reference.

‘Title of Programme’, Title of series [television programme or radio programme] Broadcaster, Date of Broadcast.

Example

‘Growing Up’, Life Story [television programme] BBC, 30 October 2014.

Harriet Harman, interviewed by Emily Maitlis, Newsnight [television programme] BBC, 11 February 2015.

Bibliographies
For guidance on the format of your bibliography, please refer to your department. They may require you to
submit a reference list (which includes only those references you have referred to in the text of your work) or a
full bibliography (which includes references for all of the material you have used in writing your work). Your
department may also require you to split your bibliography into different sections based on type of resource.

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