International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611

Effect of Illegal Gold Mining Activities on Social-

Economic of Workers and Community Surrounding
the Watershed in Kuantan Singingi, Indonesia
Nopriadi1
1
Andalas University, Faculty of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Health Department
Jati, Padang 38613, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract: Illegal Gold Mining in Kuantan Singingi (Kuansing) initially carried out by migrants and followed by local villagers
because of economic needs. The workers using mercury (Hg), resulting in river water pollution and suspected cause social economic
problems for the community surrounding the watersheds. This study aims to determine the effect of illegal gold mining activity on
social economy of workers and community surrounding the watershed in Kuantan Singingi. This research uses both quantitative and
qualitative exploratory research. The results showed that illegal gold mining activity in Kuantan Singingi has increased economic
income of workers, investors and local police officers were involved, but it has been detrimental to the public around the watershed and
cause environmental pollution. The river water can no longer be used for daily necessities; the public has difficulties to getting clean
water and fish. Illegal gold mining activities often lead conflicts between the perpetrators of illegal miners (workers / owners) with
security personnel and sometimes conflict with the surrounding community. Illegal gold mining activity in streams and irrigation dams
to be terminated through mutual commitment. The local government, stakeholders, and citizens also the private sector need to prepare
a social control program after closing the illegal gold miners by providing jobs for local people in agriculture and plantations,
community empowerment, improving skills and people's income, needs to be diversified, and provision of subsidies. Local governments
can also use village funds budget for rural development and help provide land, seed, fertilizer, livestock, and other efforts to improve
rural communities welfare.

Keywords: Illegal Gold Mining, Social Economy, Pollution, Social Control

1. Introduction in that region lead by illegal gold mining activities. But, the
negative impact also can happen, such as environmental
Industrial and technological development is very rapid today, pollution and causes various diseases, increased more
have a positive impact in form of industrial products and medical expenses, the occurrence of social unrest and social
technologies that can be utilized in improving the quality of conflict [3-5].
life, but also have a negative impact of environmental
pollution, such as industrial and technology waste. Pasaribu’s research results [6], stating that gold mining
Environmental pollution should be controlled so as not to activities have a positive impact on changes of society’s
interfere environment and human health [1]. socio-economic. For example, from the social aspect, will
increase in education and health facilities, from economic,
Since industrial era, mercury becomes an excavation will increase public income to 26.56% from the previous, be
contaminant material, because mercury can be utilized as a business opportunity for local communities and affect the
much as possible. One of environmental pollution due to development of the districts.
mercury is the excretion of waste products (tailings) on gold
processing by amalgamation (International Agency for Illegal gold mining activities are found in various regions in
research, 1993). Gold mining activities using amalgamation Indonesia, among others; in Pongkor, Bogor-West Java,
process, in general, will produce a positive impact that is Kulo-North Sulawesi, Landak-West Kalimantan, Gunung
served the gold for the needs of human life but also has a Mas-Central Kalimantan, Jambi, Sijunjung-West Sumatra. In
negative impact in form of environmental pollution by Hg Riau province is also found in Kampar, Indragiri Hulu, but
vapor. A total of 10% - 30% Hg which used to be lost or are most numerous in Kuantan Singingi (Kuansing), flow
released to the environment [2]. along the Kuantan River, Singingi River, irrigation dams,
creeks and plantation area [7].
Potential impact on social economic sectors can occur as a
result of illegal gold mining, both positive and negative. Kuansing area is known contain a lot of gold (alluvial), thus
Positive impact on miners society is creating informal attracting the interest of small-scale illegal gold miners who
employment, especially for rural communities that does not come from outside of the area. Illegal gold miners activity is
have much choice, business opportunities or working to conducted since 2006, initially by migrants and followed by
fulfill the needs of family life, rising incomes and ability to local villagers. Illegal gold miners number has increased very
finance their children's education until college. Those rapidly from year to year and spread almost in every district
conditions at the same time to be a trigger and drive the and villages close to the river flow. In January 2014 there
economy, resulting purchasing power of local communities were approximately 2,103 units and in January 2015 is
will stronger because money flow in larger quantities happen estimated at more than 3,000 units of illegal miners raft and
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
machinery (Dongfeng) equipped with a vacuum, and a unit cluster by quota and accidental sampling; each district was
run by 3 to 4 workers. It is estimated that approximately taken a sample of 30 people of workers spread throughout
9,000 to 12,000 gold miners who actively operate every day, seven districts. The sample was determined using the method
both migrants from outside the region and the local of Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP) which has been
community. There are even some illegal gold miners were jurisprudence by World Health Organization (WHO), as
using heavy equipment (excavator) to dredge the land many as 30 respondents for each district, so the sample size
optimally. By assuming that one of the perpetrators of illegal is 30 x 7 = 210 Illegal miners. Then the people who live in
gold miners support his four family members, then around the basin and not involved as perpetrators of illegal miners
36,000 to 48,000 residents in Kuansing which rely on lives of are also used as a sample (respondents) as many as 210
these illegal gold mining activity results [7]. people.

Eriyati and Rita’s research results [8], about the economic Further for qualitative research, informants are selected by
and environmental impact of illegal gold mining in Lado purposive sampling. The selected informants are Head of
Gardens Village, Kuantan District, Kuantan Singingi Region, Energy and Natural Resources Department, Environmental
shows that average income of the illegal gold miners is IDR Agency, Health Department, Plantation Department,
2,881,045, - or approximately IDR 1.940.000, until IDR Fisheries Department, Agriculture Department, Chief of
4.722.000. Economically shows those number is relatively Police, environmental expert, Chairman of Parliament, Head
large and increasing illegal gold miner income so they of The Local District, Chief of The Village, community
decided to continue to work as illegal gold miners. leaders and perpetrators of illegal gold mining. The number
of informants is determined according to the adequacy of the
The local government is faced two choices, that are to data required. Data collection was discontinued if no longer
combat the illegal gold mining, which alleged has polluted found the variation information.
the environment or to provide employment for the
community through gold mining operations. The purpose of 3. Result
this study was to determine the effect of illegal gold mining
activity on social economy of illegal gold mining workers 3.1 Influence of Illegal Gold Mining Activities toward
and the community surrounding the watershed in Kuantan Social Economy of Workers
Singingi.
In Figure 1 below is known that the respondent's income
2. Method (workers of illegal gold mining) on average has increased.
Results of statistical test (t-test) show p-value 0.001, it can be
This research method consists of quantitative and qualitative concluded that there is a significant effect or difference
research. Quantitative research is the first step for getting a between earnings before and after work as illegal gold miners
socio-economic status database of illegal gold miners and
community surrounding the watershed in Kuantan Singingi.
Then exploratory qualitative research conducted to gather
information from informants and strengthen quantitative
research results, focusing on representation of social
phenomena to obtain a perception of stakeholders on the
impact of illegal gold mining activities on socioeconomic
conditions of the workers and community surrounding the
watershed through questionnaires and in-depth interviews.

This research was conducted in seven districts from 15

districts in Kuantan Singingi. The chosen districts are
location with most illegal gold mining activity and dispersed
in Kuantan River, Singingi River, Kukok River and irrigation
dam that had previously been conducted enforcement efforts Respondents have the perception that illegal gold mining
by the regional government officers and the Police that are: activities have a positive influence on the social economy of
Singingi Hilir District, Singingi, Kuantan Mudik, Gunung workers, such as described in the following figure.
Toar, Hulu Kuantan, Kuantan Tengah, and Sentajo Raya.
The research was carried out two years, starting on February
15, 2014, until February 15, 2016.

Population in this study are all illegal gold mining workers

spread over 15 districts in Kuantan Singingi, approximately
8,412 until 12,000 people. The amount is obtained based on
a number of illegal gold mining rafts, approximately 2,103
until 3,000 units scattered along Kuantan River, Singingi
River, and creeks also the irrigation dam. One unit of illegal
gold mining run by 3-4 people. Sampling was done based

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Paper ID: ART20161518 172
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Questionnaire result in the picture above is supported by in- statistical test (t-test) showed p-value 0.001, it can be
depth interviews result on workers/owners of illegal gold concluded that there is a significant effect or difference
mining, that their economies income increased from their between earnings before work and after work in illegal gold
previous work, they can build and repair houses, making mining, as shown below.
stalls, buying vehicles (motorcycles and cars), as well as help
their relatives financially.

Illegal gold miners perpetrator’s statement is supported by

one of the chief villages who also has 3 units of illegal gold
mining, who say that an increase in incomes, even can buy
vehicles (motorcycles and cars) as well as helping relatives.
However, according to one of the community leaders, that
not all perpetrators of these illegal miners succeed, those who
do not succeed even increased debt.

Illegal Gold Mining activities also have negative effects for

socio-economic of workers conditions, often happen
extortion by unscrupulous officers, worried and seriously Based on questionnaire’s result filled out by respondents
harmed if carried out an audit, there is a conflict between the (community surrounding the watershed), as many as 81.9%
security forces with the perpetrators of illegal gold miners of respondents said that illegal gold mining activities have
and sometimes conflict with the surrounding communities, contributed to the growth of rural development for example
the perpetrators of illegal gold miners rarely attend social contribution build place of worship. However, 99% of
activities in society, and growing need for medical expenses respondents said that illegal gold mining activities has
related illegal gold mining activities, as well as the results of negative impact resulted in unrest and conflict between the
questionnaire in the following figure. perpetrator illegal gold miners with security officers and
sometimes conflict with the surrounding community. Illegal
gold mining activity also affects the user of river water for
their daily needs. The river water can not be used as sources
of drinking water, for cooking, bathing, and washing clothes
(see picture below).

Questionnaire’s result in the picture above is supported by

interviews with informants, that often occur extortion of
security officers, the conflict between the perpetrators of
illegal gold miners with security officers, local government
officers, and local communities, as well as interviews with
the perpetrators/owners of illegal gold miners. Often happen
extortion by security officers who allegedly involved in Data in picture above, is supported by in-depth interviews of
illegal gold mining, supporters and conflict between the Head of Environmental Agency, Head of sub-district and the
security officers with the perpetrators of illegal gold miners village head, that illegal gold mining activities negatively
and their families, is also justified by other informants such affect a decrease in average amount of income of community
as Head of Environmental Agency, Head of Energy and surrounding the watersheds which is not involved in, so they
Mineral Resources Department, Head of Agriculture feel disturbed and harmed as a result of the illegal gold
Department, Head of Health Department and figures mining activities and having difficulty in getting clean water,
community. community around the watershed can no longer use the water
for daily needs, such as for drinking/cooking, bathing,
3.2 Influence of Illegal Gold Mining Activities Toward washing clothes, for livestock drinking water, fish farming
Social-Economic of Community Surrounding The cages, fish already scarce. The community surrounding the
Watershed watershed also had trouble getting fish of the river, so they
are forced to buy fish from other areas such as on the Kampar
Income of people living in the watershed before and after Regency and West Sumatra Province. Illegal gold mining
illegal gold mining activity in Kuantan Singingi has an activities also often lead to conflict between the perpetrators
average decrease from IDR 3.300.000, - (three million three of illegal gold miners with security officers, the local officials
hundred thousand rupiah) to IDR 3.104.000, - (three million and officers of companies in the form of a war of words, a
one hundred forty thousand rupiah) per month. Results of physical clash, and sometimes to do anarchist/damaging cars
of local government officers and burn the warehouse of Duta
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Palma Nusantara (PT.DPN) company who participated to convergence of newcomers miners culture with local
curb illegal mining. communities so that led to conflict between them and
increase the potential for crime.
4. Discussion
There is a difference with Idroboi’s, et al result [9], which
4.1 Effect of Illegal Gold Mining Toward Social states that the rampant of illegal gold mining in Colombia has
Economy of The Workers had a significantly negative impact to increase in violence,
judging from a number of killings and massacres victim in
Illegal gold mining activities in Kuantan Singingi have a Colombia. Conditions that occur in Kuansing only to extent
positive effect and also a negative effect on socio-economic there is a conflict (a war of words and threatened one
of workers/perpetrators of illegal gold miners and their another, sometimes even resulting in clashes) between the
families. The results of this study are consistent with research perpetrators of illegal gold miners with security personnel
result of Pasaribu [6], Eriyati and Rita [8], Refles [4] and when conducted curbing illegal mining, as well as residents
Irfan [5] which states that illegal gold mining activities have of the surrounding communities who have a family
positive impact to miners workers. The positive influence of relationship with the perpetrator of illegal gold miners,
workers socio-economic in Kuansing is improving their including with officials security of Duta Palma Nusantara
income three times higher than the previous work and company (PT.DPN), which prohibits illegal gold miners
exceeding minimum wage of Kuansing district in 2015 (Rp. activities in the company area, so that the workers actions
1,980,000) per month. Illegal gold mining activities have damaging, burning one of the company buildings, but
created new jobs and change jobs from farming (cut rubber) situation at the illegal gold mining site ultimately still be
into illegal gold mining, especially for rural communities that controlled by the security forces to go straight to the field.
do not have much choice other than farm work, farming,
gardening, small traders (tavern) and others. Illegal mining The results of this study are similar with the opinion of Karl
has also improved their family economy, able to pay for Marx, that social change is only possible because of the
education or school children began elementary school existence of material interest conflict. Social conflict and
through college, illegal gold mining have improved the social change become a similar sense because social change
economy and purchasing power of local community due to comes from the material interest conflict. Therefore, we need
money flows in larger quantities in that region, the workers to pay attention to education and improve their skills as a
can build and repair houses, shop, buy vehicles (motorcycles foundation for building a new society, open to change and
and cars), purchase of livestock, land, gardens and can help development of the times, as well as organize society with a
relatives financially. new paradigm that cares for the environment [10].

Although illegal gold mining has a positive impact on socio- According Keraf [11], that anthropocentrism theory that sees
economic of workers (such as job creation and increased man as the center of the universe system; all interests are
income), but in the perspective of environmental science can considered to be most decisive in the ecosystem structure.
be concluded that illegal gold mining has damaged the Everything that exists in the natural environment is only rated
environment and aquatic ecosystem of river, thus illegal gold and notes the extent to support human interests. The
miners should be disciplined (suspended) and look for a environment and the universe are only seen as objects, a tool,
solution so that surrounding community more improved, the a means for the fulfillment of human needs to achieve their
environment and river waters must be kept, maintained and goal. Similarly, illegal gold mining activities that occur in
preserved resulting an eco-development will becoming true. Kuantan Singingi, for the sake of their families economic
needs have ignored damage to the surrounding environment.
The results also show that illegal gold mining activities Supposed perpetrators of illegal gold miners, communities
negatively affect social-economy of workers in Kuansing, and stakeholders are also viewed from Biosentrism and
that is often occurrence of illegal fees from security officers, Ecocentrism perspective, that's not true just humans that have
the conflict between the miners with security officers and the value. Nature also has a value, all living creatures and the
surrounding community. The workers were worried about whole ecological communities both living and dead must be
their family economic circumstances and needs of their considered, as intertwined with each other so that deserve
children's school fees any demolition of illegal raids consideration and moral concern. Therefore, moral obligation
conducted by the police. Workers often do not have time to and responsibility not only restricted to living beings. The
attend social activities (custom events, do'a celebration, same obligation and moral responsibility also apply to all
weddings, circumcision, the funeral and condolence to the ecological reality.
death) in the area were busy working in the illegal gold
mining area. Increasing amount of expenses for treatment of 4.2 Influence of Illegal Gold Mining Activities Toward
various diseases related to illegal gold mining activities. Social-Economic of Community Surrounding The
Watershed
According to Somantri [3], lack of knowledge and economic
ability has led them often be the object of exploitation by The results of this study indicate that illegal gold mining
investors or financiers so very few of them were able to activity negatively affect on decrease in average amount of
improve their welfare. Furthermore, this activity often leads income of community surrounding the watersheds who is not
them towards degradation of local culture as a result of the involved in illegal gold miners activities, so they feel
disturbed and harmed as a result of illegal gold mining and
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having difficulty in getting clean water, community in Sungai Alah village, Hulu Kuantan district, Kuansing has
surrounding the watershed cannot longer use the water for negative impact on the surrounding community, particularly
daily needs, such as for drinking/cooking, bathing, washing to fisherman communities, the decline in the number of
clothes, drinking livestock, fish farming cages, fish the river fishermen 59% from 2008 to 2013. This is due to reduced
has been difficult to obtain. Communities around the amount of revenue the fishermen from time to time and more
watershed also had trouble getting fish from the river, so they difficulty in getting the fish in the river due to river water
are forced to buy fish from other areas such as on Kampar pollution.
regency and West Sumatra Province. Illegal gold mining
activities also often lead to conflict between the workers with According Somantri [3], impact of illegal gold miners
security officers, local officials and officers of companies in activity in West Lombok resulted in a decreased level of
the form of a war of words, a physical clash, and sometimes school attendance, many students who prefer to mine gold
to do anarchist / damaging local government cars government than attended school, cases of theft and robbery increased,
and burned part of the building company (PT. DPN) which many people who ignore religious activities (mosque became
comes to curb illegal mining. deserted), as well as on social activities, such as when the
event of death, difficult to find people to take care of the
On the other hand, the community surrounding the watershed bodies and many more changes habits of the people in the
said that there was an increase in donations to places of region and the environment polluted. Not supposed to
worship (mosques and prayer houses) mainly from the sacrifice the environment, health and future generations
workers who successful in financially. The results of this because economic reasons have to.
study are consistent with the results of research Mahgfirah et
al [12] in Sungai Alah village, Hulu Kuantan district, Illegal gold mining activities in various areas, particularly in
Kuansing region, stating that the illegal gold mining Kuansing has caused more loss to the community around
contribute to the local community in form of aid village watershed and issues of river environmental degradation and
activities for the community, providing allocation of funds risk of long-term health problems, both for the State and for
for activities on build line, help to repair Mushollah, build the surrounding community when compared to benefits for
way to river and support for social activities. the perpetrators. The state loses revenue because of illegal
gold miners do not pay taxes, royalties, wasted of natural
Different with Pasaribu’s research result [6] in Batang Toru resources, while the environment becomes damaged and
district, South Tapanuli stating that illegal gold mining disrupted ecosystems, river water is polluted because of the
activities have a positive impact on the socio-economic way of mining and processing that does not follow the rules
improvement of society views from rising incomes (good mining practice).
(approximately 26.56%) from the previous, increased
educational facilities, health facilities and development of The impact of illegal gold mining activity on socioeconomic
districts. Impact on regional development is direct impact conditions of workers and the community surrounding the
and multiplier effect from gold miners activities in that watershed, river environmental pollution, as well as health
region. Assumed there are difference criteria of respondents problems can be described as follows:
and gold mining operation station. In this study, the selected
respondents are the communities located in the watershed
and are not involved in illegal gold mining activities as well
as the status of illegal gold mining operations owned by
individuals. While in Pasaribu’s research [6] using
respondents (villagers) which adjacent to the illegal gold
mining company and is not explicitly explain to respondents
whether involved or not with the illegal gold mining
activities. Very likely the respondent is part of gold miners
family or no working relationship with illegal gold mining
activities resulted in their income increase.
Impact of illegal gold mining activities on the environment,
Research in Kuansing didn’t found the influence of illegal are pollution of river water and water irrigation dam in terms
gold mining activity to the improvement of education of turbidity and levels of Hg, DO, BOD and COD parameter
facilities, health facilities and development of the districts as were exceeded threshold resulting in life of various types of
happened in Batang Toru, South Tapanuli. Illegal gold biota rivers such as fish, shrimp, shellfish and other disturbed
mining activities in Kuansing only benefit investors, workers and die, the river water can no longer be used for their daily
and some people who were involved in illegal gold mining needs. Influence of illegal gold mining activity of illegal
activities, such as land owners, local police officers who miners on social economy are illegal gold mining improve
protect, mercury sellers and tools illegal gold mining, illegal economic income of workers and financiers, but the illegal
gold mining perpetrator's family and those who feel gold miners have been detrimental to community surrounding
advantaged. the watersheds, communities have difficulty getting clean
water and illegal gold miners often lead to conflicts between
The results of this study are also similar with Mahgfirahi’s et perpetrators and with the police, local officials and company
al studies [12] which states that illegal gold miners activities officials both be a "war of words", a physical clash, even to

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Paper ID: ART20161518 175
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
perform anarchist action/damaging car of local government [7] Nopriadi. The Influence of Illegal Gold Mining Activities
and burn building of company (PT.DPN) who participate in toward the Health of Workers in Kuantan Singingi,
curbing illegal mining. Illegal gold mining activity influence Indonesia. International Journal of Science and
on health, that of illegal workers in Kuansing district Research (IJSR), Volume 4 Issue 8, August,
experiencing various symptoms of illness, occupational www.ijsr.net. Paper ID: SUB157856, 2015.
accident, and if left unchecked illegal mining in the long [8] Eriyati, Rita.Y.I. Economic and Environmental Impact
term, it can have an impact on public health issues that of Illegal Gold Mining in Lado Gardens village,
accumulate mercury and lose the next generation. Kuantan district, Kuantan Singingi Region. Jurnal
Ekonomi, volume 19, No. 3: 135-143, 2011.
5. Conclusion [9] Idrobo .N, Daniel Mejía, Ana María Tribin. Illegal Gold
Mining and Violence in Colombia. DOI 10.1515 / peps-
Illegal gold mining activities in Kuantan Singingi only 2013-0053, PEPS Journal, Volume 20, No. 1: 83-11,
benefit investors and local police officers were involved, but 2014
it has been detrimental to the public around the watershed [10] Salim .A. Social change: Sketch of Theory and Cases
and environmental pollution. The river water can no longer Methodologies Reflection in Indonesia. Tiara Discourse
be used for daily necessities, public water shortages and fish Publisher, Yogyakarta, 2011
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between security personnel with the perpetrators of illegal Publishers, Jakarta, 2010.
miners (workers/owners) and sometimes conflict with the [12] Mahgfirah, Eni Yulinda, Seagrass Bathara. The Impact
surrounding community. Of Gold Mine Without Permit Fishermen Of The
Economic And Social Village Sungai Alah Subdistrict Of
6. Suggestion Hulu Kuantan District Kuantan Singingi Riau Province.
Illegal gold mining activity in streams and irrigation dams to article, 2013.
be terminated through mutual commitment. The local
government, stakeholders, and citizens and also private Author Profile
sector need to prepare social control program post-closure
illegal gold mining by providing jobs for local people in Nopriadi is a lecturer in Public Health Faculty, Andalas
agriculture and plantations, community empowerment, University, Padang, Indonesia. Received the Doctoral
improving skills and people's income needs to diversify, to degrees in Environmental Studies from Riau University, M.S
control the price of rubber or subsidization. Local in Occupational Health from Gajah Mada University and B.S
governments can also use village funds budget for rural in Public Health from Indonesia University.
development and help provide land, seed, fertilizer,
livestock, and other efforts for increase rural communities
welfare.

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