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R R R V V: Solutions For Exercises

This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 9 of a textbook on data acquisition systems. It provides worked solutions to 6 exercises involving sensor loading effects, instrument precision and accuracy, signal processing concepts like common mode rejection ratio, and aliasing. It also includes sample answers to selected problems involving ground loops, cable selection, and virtual instrument design.

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215 views7 pages

R R R V V: Solutions For Exercises

This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 9 of a textbook on data acquisition systems. It provides worked solutions to 6 exercises involving sensor loading effects, instrument precision and accuracy, signal processing concepts like common mode rejection ratio, and aliasing. It also includes sample answers to selected problems involving ground loops, cable selection, and virtual instrument design.

Uploaded by

Wiltuz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 9

Solutions for Exercises

E9.1 The equivalent circuit for the sensor and the input resistance of the
amplifier is shown in Figure 9.2 in the book. Thus the input voltage is
Rin
v in = v sensor
Rsensor + Rin
We want the input voltage with an internal sensor resistance of 10 kΩ
to be at least 0.995 times the input voltage with an internal sensor
resistance of 5 kΩ. Thus with resistances in kΩ, we have
Rin Rin
v sensor≥ 0.995v sensor
10 + Rin 5 + Rin
Solving, we determine that Rin is required to be greater than 990 kΩ.

E9.2 (a) A very precise instrument can be very inaccurate because


precision implies that the measurements are repeatable, however they
could have large bias errors.

(b) A very accurate instrument cannot be very imprecise. If


repeated measurements vary a great deal under apparently identical
conditions, some of the measurements must have large errors and
therefore are inaccurate.

E9.3 v d = v 1 − v 2 = 5. 7 − 5. 5 = 0. 2 V v cm = 21 (v 1 + v 2 ) = 21 (5.5 + 5.7) = 5.6 V

E9.4 The range of input voltages is from -5 V to +5 V or 10 V in all. We


have N = 2k = 28 = 256 zones. Thus the width of each zone is
10
∆= = 39.1 mV. The quantization noise is approximately
N
∆
Nqrms ≅ = 11.3 mV.
2 3

E9.5 Look at Figure 9.14 in the book. In this case, we have fs = 30 kHz and
f = 25 kHz. Thus, the alias frequency is falias = fs - f = 5 kHz.

E9.6 The file containing the vi is named Figure 9.17.vi and can be found on
the CD that accompanies this book.

1
Answers for Selected Problems

P9.2* The equivalent circuit of a sensor is shown in Figure 9.2 in the book.
Loading effects are caused by the voltage drop across Rsensor that
occurs when the input resistance of the amplifier draws current from
the sensor. Then the input voltage to the amplifier (and therefore
overall sensitivity) depends on the resistances as well as the internal
voltage of the sensor. To avoid loading effects, we need to have Rin
much greater than Rsensor.

P9.4* Rin ≥ 99 kΩ

P9.5* Rin ≤ 102 Ω

P9.8* The true value lies in the range from 69.5 cm to 70.5 cm.

P9.10* (a) Instrument B is the most precise because the repeated


measurements vary the least. Instrument A is the least precise.

(b) Instrument C is the most accurate because the maximum error of


its measurements is least. Instrument A is the least accurate
because it has the larges maximum error.

(c) Instrument C has the best resolution, and instrument A has the
worst resolution.

P9.14* v d = v 1 − v 2 = 0.004 V
v cm = 21 (v 1 + v 2 ) = 5 cos(ωt ) V
v o = Ad v d = 4 V

P9.16* To avoid ground loops, we must not have grounds at both ends of the
5-m cable. Because the sensor is grounded, we need to use a
differential amplifier. To reduce interference from magnetic fields,
we should use a twisted pair or coaxial cable. To reduce interference
from electric fields we should choose a shielded cable and connect the
shield to ground at the sensor. A schematic diagram of the sensor,
cable and amplifier is:

2
P9.18* 60-Hz interference can be caused by magnetic fields linked with the
sensor circuit. We could try a coaxial or twisted pair cable and/or
move the sensor cable away from sources of 60-Hz magnetic fields
such as transformers.

Another possibility is that the interference could be caused by a


ground loop which we should eliminate.
Also electric field coupling is a possibility, in which case we should use
a shielded cable with the shield grounded.

P9.22* Use a 10-bit converter.

P9.23* (a) ∆ = 10 / 212 = 2.44 mV


(b) Pq = 4.967 × 10 −7 / R watts
(c) Ps = 2 / R watts
P 
(d) SNRdB = 10 log s  = 66.0 dB
 Pq 
 

P9.24* k =8

P9.25* (a) 1 kHz

(b) 2 kHz

(c) 10 kHz

3
P9.29* The front panel is:

The magnitude of the complex number is computed as A = x 2 + y 2 .


To find the angle, first we compute arctan( y / x ) and convert the
result to degrees by multiplying by 57.30. Then if x is negative, we
add 180° which gives the correct angle. However we want the angle to
fall between -180° and +180°. Thus if the angle is greater than 180°,
we subtract 360°. The block diagram is:

4
P9.31* We must keep in mind that G-programs deal with sampled signals even
though they may appear to be continuous in time on the displays. In
the virtual instrument Figure 9.24.vi, the sampling frequency for the
sinewave is 360 samples per second. Thus we can expect aliasing if
the frequency is greater than 180 Hz. Referring to Figure 9.14 in the
book, we see that for each frequency f, the alias frequency is

f falias
355 5
356 4
357 3
358 2
359 1
360 0
361 1
362 2
363 3
364 4

Thus as the frequency f increases, the apparent frequency decreases


as we observe on the front panel. The partial block diagram and the
quantities at various points are shown below:

5
Practice Test

T9.1. The four main elements are sensors, a DAQ board, software, and a
general-purpose computer.

T9.2. The four types of systematic (bias) errors are offset, scale error,
nonlinearity, and hysteresis.

T9.3. Bias errors are the same for measurements repeated under identical
conditions, while random errors are different for each measurement.

6
T9.4. Ground loops occur when the sensor and the input of the amplifier are
connected to ground by separate connections. The effect is to add
noise (often with frequencies equal to that of the power line and its
harmonics) to the desired signal.

T9.5. If we are using a sensor that has one end grounded, we should choose
an amplifier with a differential input to avoid a ground loop.

T9.6. Coaxial cable or shielded twisted pair cable.

T9.7. If we need to sense the open-circuit voltage, the input impedance of


the amplifier should be very large compared to the internal impedance
of the sensor.

T9.8. The sampling rate should be more than twice the highest frequency of
the components in the signal. Otherwise, higher frequency components
can appear as lower frequency components known as aliases.

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