THEORY OF STRUCTURES

THiRd YEaR

By: Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

Muthanna University
Civil Engineering Department
THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

Theory of structure
1- Introduction
2- Stability and determinacy of :
 Beam
 Frame
 Truss
3- Analysis of statically determinate trusses
4- Axial, shear and bending moment diagram for frames and arches
5- Influence lines of statically determinate structure

References

1- Structural analysis by R.C Hibbeler (Text book)

2- Elementary theory of structures by Yuan Yu Hsieh

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

Introduction

A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Examples in civil engineering

 Buildings
 Bridges
 Towers

Loads on structure
 Dead loads : Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural
members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached
to the structure. Hence, for a building, the dead loads include the weights
of the columns, beams, and girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls,
windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other miscellaneous
attachments

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

See also Table 1-3 Minimum design dead load

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

 Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location

 Building Loads. The floors of buildings are assumed to be subjected

to uniform live loads, which depend on the purpose for which the
building is designed.
 Highway Bridge Loads. The primary live loads on bridge spans are
those due to traffic.

 Impact Loads
 Vehicle impact
 Debris impact
 Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic
energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind
loading

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

 Snow Loads. In some countries, roof loading due to snow can be quite
severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary
concern.

 Earthquake Loads. Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its

interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings
result from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and
the lateral resistance of the structure.

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

Idealized structure

real Idealized
Equations of equilibrium

3D
2D 6
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

EX1
The compound beam shown in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reaction
at A,B and C. Assume that the connection at B is a pin and C is a roller.

6 kN/m
8 kN.m

B
A C

6m 4.5 m

Solution
Segment BC:
∑𝑀𝑐 = 0
8 kN.m
−8 + 𝐵𝑦(4.5) = 0 → 𝐵𝑦 = 1.78 𝑘𝑁 Bx
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 → −1.78 + 𝐶𝑦 = 0 → 𝐶𝑦 = 1.78 𝑘𝑁 4.5m
By
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐵𝑥 = 0 Cy

 Segment AB:
36kN
∑𝑀 = 0
MA 6KN/m
𝑀 − 36(3) + 1.78(6) = 0
Ax Bx
𝑀 = 973𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 6m
Ay By

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 − 36 + 1.78 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 = 34.2 𝑘𝑁
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐴𝑥 − 0 = 0 → 𝐴𝑥 = 0

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THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

 Another solution:
All body :
 ∑𝑀𝑐 = 0
MA 6KN/m
−36(7.5) + 8 − 𝑀 + 𝐴𝑦(10.5) = 0 Bx
Ax
10.5 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑀 = 262 … … .1 6m
Ay By
 Segment AB
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0:
−𝑀𝐴 + 6𝐴𝑦 − 36(3) = 0
6𝐴𝑦 − 𝑀𝐴 = 108 … … … . (2)
𝑀𝐴 = 6𝐴𝑦 − 108 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 … … … . . (1)
10.5 𝐴𝑦 − 6𝐴𝑦 + 108 = 262
4.5 𝐴𝑦 = 154 → 𝐴𝑦 = 34.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐴 = 6(34.2) − 108 → 𝑀𝐴 = 97.3

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 THEORY OF STRUCTURES/ L1 Dr. Ali Al-Rifaie

EX2

10KN
Determine the reactions at points A and C.

B
A C
3m 2m 2m

Solution 
 Segment AB: A B
Bx
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 3
RA By
𝑅𝐴 = 0

 All body
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑐 = 10
0 + 𝑅𝑐 = 10 → 𝑅𝑐 = 10 𝐾𝑁

 Another method:
Segment BC:
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 10KN
10(2) = 𝐶𝑦(4) → 𝐶𝑦 = 5𝐾𝑁
B C
Bx Cx
Compare with the first solution!! 2 2
By Cy