Table 1.

Human Development Index and its components

SDG3

Human
Life expectancy
development
at birth
index (HDI)
HDI rank Country (index value) (years)
2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 0.954 82.3
2 Switzerland 0.946 83.6
3 Ireland 0.942 82.1
4 Germany 0.939 81.2
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.939 84.7
6 Australia 0.938 83.3
6 Iceland 0.938 82.9
8 Sweden 0.937 82.7
9 Singapore 0.935 83.5
10 Netherlands 0.933 82.1
11 Denmark 0.930 80.8
12 Finland 0.925 81.7
13 Canada 0.922 82.3
14 New Zealand 0.921 82.1
15 United Kingdom 0.920 81.2
15 United States 0.920 78.9
17 Belgium 0.919 81.5
18 Liechtenstein 0.917 80.5 f

19 Japan 0.915 84.5

20 Austria 0.914 81.4
21 Luxembourg 0.909 82.1
22 Israel 0.906 82.8
22 Korea (Republic of) 0.906 82.8
24 Slovenia 0.902 81.2
25 Spain 0.893 83.4
26 Czechia 0.891 79.2
26 France 0.891 82.5
28 Malta 0.885 82.4
29 Italy 0.883 83.4
30 Estonia 0.882 78.6
31 Cyprus 0.873 80.8
32 Greece 0.872 82.1
32 Poland 0.872 78.5
34 Lithuania 0.869 75.7
35 United Arab Emirates 0.866 77.8
36 Andorra 0.857 81.8 f

36 Saudi Arabia 0.857 75.0

36 Slovakia 0.857 77.4
39 Latvia 0.854 75.2
40 Portugal 0.850 81.9
41 Qatar 0.848 80.1
42 Chile 0.847 80.0
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.845 75.7
43 Hungary 0.845 76.7
45 Bahrain 0.838 77.2
46 Croatia 0.837 78.3
47 Oman 0.834 77.6
48 Argentina 0.830 76.5
49 Russian Federation 0.824 72.4
50 Belarus 0.817 74.6
50 Kazakhstan 0.817 73.2
52 Bulgaria 0.816 74.9
52 Montenegro 0.816 76.8
52 Romania 0.816 75.9
55 Palau 0.814 73.7 f

56 Barbados 0.813 79.1

57 Kuwait 0.808 75.4
57 Uruguay 0.808 77.8
59 Turkey 0.806 77.4
60 Bahamas 0.805 73.8
61 Malaysia 0.804 76.0
62 Seychelles 0.801 73.3
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 0.799 75.8
63 Trinidad and Tobago 0.799 73.4
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.797 76.5
66 Mauritius 0.796 74.9
67 Panama 0.795 78.3
68 Costa Rica 0.794 80.1
69 Albania 0.791 78.5
70 Georgia 0.786 73.6
71 Sri Lanka 0.780 76.8
72 Cuba 0.778 78.7
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777 74.6 f

74 Antigua and Barbuda 0.776 76.9

75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.769 77.3
76 Mexico 0.767 75.0
77 Thailand 0.765 76.9
78 Grenada 0.763 72.4
79 Brazil 0.761 75.7
79 Colombia 0.761 77.1
81 Armenia 0.760 74.9
82 Algeria 0.759 76.7
82 North Macedonia 0.759 75.7
82 Peru 0.759 76.5
85 China 0.758 76.7
85 Ecuador 0.758 76.8
87 Azerbaijan 0.754 72.9
88 Ukraine 0.750 72.0
89 Dominican Republic 0.745 73.9
89 Saint Lucia 0.745 76.1
91 Tunisia 0.739 76.5
92 Mongolia 0.735 69.7
93 Lebanon 0.730 78.9
94 Botswana 0.728 69.3
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.728 72.4
96 Jamaica 0.726 74.4
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.726 72.1
98 Dominica 0.724 78.1 f

98 Fiji 0.724 67.3

98 Paraguay 0.724 74.1
98 Suriname 0.724 71.6
102 Jordan 0.723 74.4
103 Belize 0.720 74.5
104 Maldives 0.719 78.6
105 Tonga 0.717 70.8
106 Philippines 0.712 71.1
107 Moldova (Republic of) 0.711 71.8
108 Turkmenistan 0.710 68.1
108 Uzbekistan 0.710 71.6
110 Libya 0.708 72.7
111 Indonesia 0.707 71.5
111 Samoa 0.707 73.2
113 South Africa 0.705 63.9
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.703 71.2
115 Gabon 0.702 66.2
116 Egypt 0.700 71.8
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 0.698 73.9 f
118 Viet Nam 0.693 75.3
119 Palestine, State of 0.690 73.9
120 Iraq 0.689 70.5
121 Morocco 0.676 76.5
122 Kyrgyzstan 0.674 71.3
123 Guyana 0.670 69.8
124 El Salvador 0.667 73.1
125 Tajikistan 0.656 70.9
126 Cabo Verde 0.651 72.8
126 Guatemala 0.651 74.1
126 Nicaragua 0.651 74.3
129 India 0.647 69.4
130 Namibia 0.645 63.4
131 Timor-Leste 0.626 69.3
132 Honduras 0.623 75.1
132 Kiribati 0.623 68.1
134 Bhutan 0.617 71.5
135 Bangladesh 0.614 72.3
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.614 67.8
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.609 70.2
138 Congo 0.608 64.3
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.608 59.4
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.604 67.6
141 Vanuatu 0.597 70.3
142 Ghana 0.596 63.8
143 Zambia 0.591 63.5
144 Equatorial Guinea 0.588 58.4
145 Myanmar 0.584 66.9
146 Cambodia 0.581 69.6
147 Kenya 0.579 66.3
147 Nepal 0.579 70.5
149 Angola 0.574 60.8
150 Cameroon 0.563 58.9
150 Zimbabwe 0.563 61.2
152 Pakistan 0.560 67.1
153 Solomon Islands 0.557 72.8
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 0.549 71.8
155 Papua New Guinea 0.543 64.3
156 Comoros 0.538 64.1
157 Rwanda 0.536 68.7
158 Nigeria 0.534 54.3
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.528 65.0
159 Uganda 0.528 63.0
161 Mauritania 0.527 64.7
162 Madagascar 0.521 66.7
163 Benin 0.520 61.5
164 Lesotho 0.518 53.7
165 Côte d'Ivoire 0.516 57.4
166 Senegal 0.514 67.7
167 Togo 0.513 60.8
168 Sudan 0.507 65.1
169 Haiti 0.503 63.7
170 Afghanistan 0.496 64.5
171 Djibouti 0.495 66.6
172 Malawi 0.485 63.8
173 Ethiopia 0.470 66.2
174 Gambia 0.466 61.7
174 Guinea 0.466 61.2
176 Liberia 0.465 63.7
177 Yemen 0.463 66.1
178 Guinea-Bissau 0.461 58.0
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.459 60.4
180 Mozambique 0.446 60.2
181 Sierra Leone 0.438 54.3
182 Burkina Faso 0.434 61.2
182 Eritrea 0.434 65.9
184 Mali 0.427 58.9
185 Burundi 0.423 61.2
186 South Sudan 0.413 57.6
187 Chad 0.401 54.0
188 Central African Republic 0.381 52.8
189 Niger 0.377 62.0
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. 72.1
.. Monaco .. ..
.. Nauru .. ..
.. San Marino .. ..
.. Somalia .. 57.1
.. Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.892 79.5
High human development 0.750 75.1
Medium human development 0.634 69.3
Low human development 0.507 61.3

Developing countries 0.686 71.1

Regions
Arab States 0.703 71.9
East Asia and the Pacific 0.741 75.3
Europe and Central Asia 0.779 74.2
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.759 75.4
South Asia 0.642 69.7
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.541 61.2

Least developed countries 0.528 65.0

Small island developing states 0.723 71.8

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.895 80.4

World 0.731 72.6

NOTES
a. Data refer to 2018 or the most recent year available.
b. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
c. Based on data from OECD (2018).
d. In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped at $75,000.
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019).
f. Value from UNDESA (2011).
g. Imputed mean years of schooling for Austria.
h. Estimated using the PPP rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland.
i. Based on Barro and Lee (2018).
j. Based on data from the national statistical office.
k. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate and projected growth rate of Spain.
l. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Clu
m. Updated by HDRO using Barro and Lee (2018) estimates.
n. Based on cross-country regression.
o. Based on a cross-country regression and the projected growth rate from UNECLAC (2019).
p. HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank (2019a), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b) an
q. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006-2018.
r. HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank (2019a), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b) an
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from SEDLAS and World Bank (2018).
t. Updated by HDRO based on Syrian Center for Policy Research (2017).
u. HDRO estimate based on data from World bank (2019a), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b) an

DEFINITIONS
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic di
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can exp
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older,
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production
GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A nega
HDI rank for 2017: Ranking by HDI value for 2017, which was calculated using the same most recently r

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1 and 7: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2019b), UNESCO Institute for Statis
Column 2: UNDESA (2019b).
Column 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNICEF
Column 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), Barro and Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demographic and H
Column 5: World Bank (2019a), IMF (2019) and United Nations Statistics Division (2019b).
Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.
 SDG4.3 SDG4.6 SDG8.5

Expected years of Mean years of Gross national income GNI per capita rank
schooling schooling (GNI) per capita minus HDI rank

(years) (years) (2011 PPP $)

2018 a
2018 a
2018 2018

18.1 b
12.6 68,059 5
16.2 13.4 59,375 8
18.8 b
12.5 c
55,660 9
17.1 14.1 46,946 15
16.5 12.0 60,221 5
22.1 b
12.7 c
44,097 15
19.2 b
12.5 c
47,566 12
18.8 b
12.4 47,955 9
16.3 11.5 83,793 d
-6
18.0 b
12.2 50,013 3
19.1 b
12.6 48,836 4
19.3 b
12.4 41,779 12
16.1 13.3 c
43,602 10
18.8 b
12.7 c
35,108 18
17.4 13.0 e
39,507 13
16.3 13.4 56,140 -4
19.7 b
11.8 43,821 5
14.7 12.5 g
99,732 d,h
-16
15.2 12.8 i
40,799 6
16.3 12.6 46,231 0
14.2 12.2 e
65,543 -13
16.0 13.0 33,650 13
16.4 12.2 36,757 8
17.4 12.3 32,143 13
17.9 9.8 35,041 8
16.8 12.7 31,597 12
15.5 11.4 40,511 0
15.9 11.3 34,795 6
16.2 10.2 e
36,141 2
16.1 13.0 c
30,379 10
14.7 12.1 33,100 5
17.3 10.5 24,909 20
16.4 12.3 27,626 13
16.5 13.0 29,775 7
13.6 11.0 66,912 -28
13.3 j
10.2 48,641 k
-20
17.0 e
9.7 e
49,338 -22
14.5 12.6 c
30,672 3
16.0 12.8 c
26,301 10
16.3 9.2 27,935 4
12.2 9.7 110,489 d
-40
16.5 10.4 21,972 17
14.4 9.1 i
76,389 d
-39
15.1 11.9 27,144 4
15.3 9.4 e
40,399 -18
15.0 11.4 e
23,061 9
14.7 9.7 37,039 -18
17.6 10.6 c
17,611 18
15.5 12.0 e
25,036 2
15.4 12.3 l
17,039 18
15.3 11.8 i
22,168 8
14.8 11.8 19,646 9
15.0 11.4 e
17,511 15
14.3 11.0 23,906 2
15.6 e
12.4 e
16,720 14
15.2 e
10.6 m
15,912 18
13.8 7.3 71,164 -52
16.3 8.7 19,435 5
16.4 e
7.7 24,905 -6
12.8 n
11.5 e
28,395 -17
13.5 10.2 27,227 -15
15.5 9.7 j
25,077 -12

14.8 11.2 15,218 15

13.0 e
11.0 l
28,497 -21
14.7 10.0 18,166 -2
15.0 9.4 i
22,724 -10
12.9 10.2 i
20,455 -7
15.4 8.7 14,790 12
15.2 10.1 m
12,300 20
15.4 12.8 9,570 34
14.0 11.1 e
11,611 24
14.4 11.8 e
7,811 o
43
13.6 e
8.5 n
26,770 -25
12.5 e
9.3 j
22,201 -17
13.8 j
9.7 12,690 10
14.3 8.6 17,628 -11
14.7 e
7.7 16,129 -6
16.6 8.8 n
12,684 8
15.4 7.8 e
14,068 2
14.6 8.3 12,896 4
13.2 e
11.8 9,277 26
14.7 e
8.0 l
13,639 0
13.5 9.7 l
12,874 2
13.8 9.2 12,323 6
13.9 e
7.9 m
16,127 -13
14.9 e
9.0 10,141 17
12.4 e
10.5 15,240 -10
15.1 e
11.3 m
7,994 25
14.1 7.9 15,074 -10
13.9 e
8.5 11,528 7
15.1 7.2 e
10,677 10
14.2 e
10.2 e
10,784 7
11.3 8.7 n
11,136 5
12.7 e
9.3 m
15,951 -21
13.6 e
8.6 n
11,746 -2
13.1 e
9.8 e
7,932 18
12.8 e
10.3 9,070 p
14
13.0 e
7.8 j
9,245 10
14.4 e
10.9 i
9,110 11
12.7 e
8.5 11,720 -5
12.9 e
9.1 11,933 -8
11.9 e
10.5 i
8,268 10
13.1 9.8 l
7,136 17
12.1 q
6.8 q
12,549 -17
14.3 e
11.2 i
5,783 26
12.7 e
9.4 e
9,540 -1
11.6 11.6 6,833 16
10.9 e
9.8 q
16,407 -38
12.0 11.5 6,462 18
12.8 n
7.6 m
11,685 r
-16
12.9 8.0 11,256 -14
12.5 e
10.6 j
5,885 18
13.7 10.2 11,756 -22
14.0 s
9.0 6,849 8
12.9 n
8.3 q
15,794 -40
13.1 7.3 i
10,744 -16

12.4 e
10.9 e
4,633 21
12.7 l
8.2 i
6,220 10
12.8 9.1 5,314 15
11.1 q
7.3 e
15,365 -44
13.1 e
5.5 i
7,480 -3
13.4 10.9 l
3,317 30
11.5 e
8.5 l
7,615 -7
12.0 6.9 6,973 -3
11.4 e
10.7 q
3,482 26
11.9 6.2 6,513 -1
10.6 6.5 7,378 -7
12.2 s
6.8 i
4,790 11
12.3 6.5 e
6,829 -5
12.6 q
6.9 i
9,683 -27
12.4 e
4.5 q
7,527 -14
10.2 6.6 4,258 7
11.8 e
7.9 j
3,917 11
12.1 e
3.1 e
8,609 -23
11.2 6.1 4,057 6
11.5 j
7.7 j
3,700 10
12.7 e
6.4 e
3,024 20
11.6 n
6.5 m
5,804 -8
11.4 e
6.7 l
9,359 -32
11.1 5.2 i
6,317 -13
11.4 e
6.8 l
2,808 17
11.5 7.2 i
4,099 -2
12.1 q
7.1 q
3,582 7
9.2 n
5.6 j
17,796 -80
10.3 5.0 q
5,764 -13
11.3 e
4.8 i
3,597 2
11.1 e
6.6 i
3,052 9
12.2 4.9 i
2,748 13
11.8 q
5.1 q
5,555 -16
12.7 6.3 l
3,291 3
10.5 8.3 e
2,661 12
8.5 5.2 5,190 -17
10.2 e
5.5 q
2,027 13

8.9 e
5.1 t
2,725 r
7
10.0 e
4.6 i
3,686 -9
11.2 e
4.9 q
2,426 7
11.2 4.4 e
1,959 11
9.7 l
6.5 q
5,086 -22
8.0 6.0 i
2,805 0
11.2 e
6.1 q
1,752 11
8.5 4.6 i
3,746 -17
10.4 6.1 n
1,404 19
12.6 3.8 m
2,135 2
10.7 6.3 i
3,244 -9
9.6 5.2 i
3,589 -16
9.0 3.1 e
3,256 -12
12.6 4.9 q
1,593 10
7.7 e
3.7 i
3,962 -26
9.5 n
5.4 q
1,665 6
10.1 3.9 i
1,746 1
6.5 e
4.0 j
3,601 u
-24
11.0 q
4.6 i
1,159 11
8.7 e
2.8 q
1,782 -4
9.5 e
3.7 q
1,490 4
9.0 e
2.7 q
2,211 -10
9.6 e
4.7 i
1,040 9
8.7 e
3.2 m
1,433 r
3
10.5 n
3.3 l
1,593 -2
9.7 e
6.8 800 8
9.7 3.5 e
1,154 4
10.2 e
3.6 i
1,381 1
8.9 1.6 q
1,705 -8
5.0 3.9 n
1,708 u
-9
7.6 2.4 l
1,965 -17
11.3 3.1 q
660 4
5.0 e
4.8 1,455 u
-7
7.5 e
2.4 q
1,716 -15
7.6 e
4.3 i
777 0
6.5 2.0 e
912 -3

10.8 e
.. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
11.3 e
.. 17,313 ..
15.1 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
12.3 .. 5,409 ..

16.4 12.0 40,112 —

13.8 8.3 14,403 —
 11.7 6.4 6,240 —
9.3 4.8 2,581 —

12.2 7.4 10,476 —

12.0 7.1 15,721 —

13.4 7.9 14,611 —
14.6 10.2 15,498 —
14.5 8.6 13,857 —
11.8 6.5 6,794 —
10.0 5.7 3,443 —

9.8 4.8 2,630 —

12.2 8.6 15,553 —

16.3 12.0 40,615 —

12.7 8.4 15,745 —

ed at 18 years.

tistics (2019).

cted growth rate of Spain.

Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 2006-2018.

e from UNECLAC (2019).

Nations Statistics Division (2019b) and UNECLAC (2019)
and Health Surveys for 2006-2018.
Nations Statistics Division (2019b) and projected growth rates from UNESCWA (2018).

Nations Statistics Division (2019b) and IMF (2019).

verage achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent stand
expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.
child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the
eceived by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.
economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of
per capita and by HDI value. A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
ulated using the same most recently revised data available in 2019 that were used to calculate HDI values for 2018.

(2019b), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b), World Bank (2019a), Barro and Lee

graphic and Health Surveys, UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and OECD (2018).
018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and OECD (2018).
istics Division (2019b).
HDI rank

2017

1
2
3
4
6
5
7
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
24
25
27
26
28
29
30
31
31
33
34
35
38
36
37
39
40
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
51
51
56
51
57
58
59
60
61
62

65
63
63
66
66
68
69
70
72
71
73
73
75
76
77
78
78
78
81
81
81
85
86
84
87
88
90
89
91
94
93
97
95
96
92
98
102
99
99
99
103
105
104
106
106
108
109
111
111
110
111
114
114
116

116
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
126
128
127
125
129
129
131
133
132
134
136
135
138
136
138
140
141
142
144
143
146
145
148
148
147
150
153
151
152

154
155
156
158
157
160
160
159
162
163
164
165
166
166
168
169
170
171
172
173
178
175
173
175
177
179
180
181
183
182
184
185
186
187
188
189

..
..
..
..
..
..

—
—
 —
—

—
—
—
—
—
—

—
—

dge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf

ghout the infant’s life.
persist throughout the child’s life.
s of each level.
for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by
HDI value.
es for 2018.

k (2019a), Barro and Lee (2018) and IMF (2019).

CD (2018).
2019_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
sing PPP rates, divided by midyear population.
 Table 2. Human Development Index Trends, 1990-2018

Human development index (HDI)

Value
HDI rank Country 1990 2000 2010 2013
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 0.850 0.917 0.942 0.946
2 Switzerland 0.832 0.889 0.932 0.938
3 Ireland 0.764 0.857 0.890 0.908
4 Germany 0.801 0.869 0.920 0.927
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.781 0.827 0.901 0.916
6 Australia 0.866 0.898 0.926 0.926
6 Iceland 0.804 0.861 0.892 0.920
8 Sweden 0.816 0.897 0.906 0.927
9 Singapore 0.718 0.818 0.909 0.923
10 Netherlands 0.830 0.876 0.911 0.924
11 Denmark 0.799 0.863 0.910 0.926
12 Finland 0.784 0.858 0.903 0.916
13 Canada 0.850 0.868 0.895 0.910
14 New Zealand 0.820 0.870 0.899 0.907
15 United Kingdom 0.775 0.867 0.905 0.914
15 United States 0.860 0.881 0.911 0.914
17 Belgium 0.806 0.873 0.903 0.908
18 Liechtenstein .. 0.862 0.904 0.912
19 Japan 0.816 0.855 0.885 0.900
20 Austria 0.795 0.838 0.895 0.896
21 Luxembourg 0.790 0.860 0.893 0.892
22 Israel 0.792 0.853 0.887 0.895
22 Korea (Republic of) 0.728 0.817 0.882 0.893
24 Slovenia 0.829 0.824 0.881 0.884
25 Spain 0.754 0.825 0.865 0.875
26 Czechia 0.730 0.796 0.862 0.874
26 France 0.780 0.842 0.872 0.882
28 Malta 0.744 0.787 0.847 0.861
29 Italy 0.769 0.830 0.871 0.873
30 Estonia 0.730 0.780 0.844 0.863
31 Cyprus 0.731 0.799 0.850 0.854
32 Greece 0.753 0.796 0.857 0.858
32 Poland 0.712 0.785 0.835 0.851
34 Lithuania 0.732 0.755 0.824 0.840
35 United Arab Emirates 0.723 0.782 0.821 0.839
36 Andorra .. 0.759 0.828 0.846
36 Saudi Arabia 0.698 0.744 0.810 0.846
36 Slovakia 0.739 0.763 0.829 0.844
39 Latvia 0.698 0.728 0.817 0.834
40 Portugal 0.711 0.785 0.822 0.837
41 Qatar 0.757 0.816 0.834 0.857
42 Chile 0.703 0.753 0.800 0.830
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.768 0.805 0.832 0.844
43 Hungary 0.704 0.769 0.826 0.835
45 Bahrain 0.736 0.792 0.796 0.807
46 Croatia 0.670 0.749 0.811 0.825
47 Oman .. 0.704 0.793 0.811
48 Argentina 0.707 0.770 0.818 0.824
49 Russian Federation 0.734 0.721 0.780 0.803
50 Belarus .. 0.682 0.792 0.808
50 Kazakhstan 0.690 0.685 0.764 0.791
52 Bulgaria 0.694 0.712 0.779 0.792
52 Montenegro .. .. 0.793 0.801
52 Romania 0.701 0.709 0.797 0.800
55 Palau .. 0.736 0.776 0.811
56 Barbados 0.732 0.771 0.799 0.812
57 Kuwait 0.712 0.786 0.794 0.798
57 Uruguay 0.692 0.742 0.774 0.797
59 Turkey 0.579 0.655 0.743 0.781
60 Bahamas .. 0.787 0.795 0.797
61 Malaysia 0.644 0.724 0.773 0.787
62 Seychelles .. 0.712 0.762 0.782
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 0.706 0.710 0.762 0.775
63 Trinidad and Tobago 0.667 0.721 0.788 0.787
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.577 0.671 0.756 0.785
66 Mauritius 0.620 0.674 0.748 0.775
67 Panama 0.659 0.719 0.758 0.775
68 Costa Rica 0.655 0.711 0.754 0.777
69 Albania 0.644 0.667 0.740 0.781
70 Georgia .. 0.669 0.732 0.756
71 Sri Lanka 0.625 0.687 0.750 0.765
72 Cuba 0.676 0.686 0.776 0.762
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. .. 0.747 0.767
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. 0.771 0.767
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. 0.669 0.714 0.748
76 Mexico 0.652 0.705 0.739 0.750
77 Thailand 0.574 0.649 0.721 0.731
78 Grenada .. .. 0.743 0.750
79 Brazil 0.613 0.684 0.726 0.752
79 Colombia 0.600 0.662 0.729 0.746
81 Armenia 0.633 0.649 0.729 0.743
82 Algeria 0.578 0.646 0.730 0.746
82 North Macedonia .. 0.669 0.735 0.743
82 Peru 0.613 0.679 0.721 0.742
85 China 0.501 0.591 0.702 0.727
85 Ecuador 0.642 0.669 0.716 0.751
87 Azerbaijan .. 0.641 0.732 0.741
88 Ukraine 0.705 0.671 0.732 0.744
89 Dominican Republic 0.593 0.653 0.701 0.712
89 Saint Lucia .. 0.694 0.730 0.726
91 Tunisia 0.569 0.653 0.717 0.725
92 Mongolia 0.583 0.589 0.697 0.728
93 Lebanon .. .. 0.751 0.741
94 Botswana 0.570 0.578 0.660 0.699
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. 0.674 0.711 0.714
96 Jamaica 0.641 0.669 0.723 0.720
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.638 0.672 0.753 0.772
98 Dominica .. 0.694 0.733 0.730
98 Fiji 0.640 0.675 0.694 0.707
98 Paraguay 0.588 0.640 0.692 0.709
98 Suriname .. .. 0.701 0.724
102 Jordan 0.616 0.702 0.728 0.720
103 Belize 0.613 0.643 0.693 0.707
104 Maldives .. 0.610 0.669 0.693
105 Tonga 0.645 0.666 0.692 0.699
106 Philippines 0.590 0.631 0.672 0.692
107 Moldova (Republic of) 0.653 0.609 0.681 0.702
108 Turkmenistan .. .. 0.673 0.691
108 Uzbekistan .. 0.596 0.665 0.688
110 Libya 0.676 0.728 0.757 0.707
111 Indonesia 0.525 0.604 0.666 0.688
111 Samoa 0.621 0.638 0.690 0.696
113 South Africa 0.625 0.629 0.662 0.683
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.540 0.616 0.655 0.673
115 Gabon 0.619 0.627 0.658 0.679
116 Egypt 0.546 0.611 0.666 0.681
 MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. .. .. ..
118 Viet Nam 0.475 0.578 0.653 0.673
119 Palestine, State of .. .. 0.671 0.681
120 Iraq 0.574 0.608 0.652 0.662
121 Morocco 0.458 0.531 0.618 0.646
122 Kyrgyzstan 0.618 0.594 0.636 0.658
123 Guyana 0.537 0.606 0.639 0.656
124 El Salvador 0.529 0.608 0.659 0.662
125 Tajikistan 0.603 0.538 0.630 0.643
126 Cabo Verde .. 0.564 0.626 0.641
126 Guatemala 0.477 0.546 0.602 0.616
126 Nicaragua 0.494 0.568 0.614 0.630
129 India 0.431 0.497 0.581 0.607
130 Namibia 0.579 0.543 0.588 0.622
131 Timor-Leste .. 0.505 0.620 0.613
132 Honduras 0.508 0.555 0.598 0.603
132 Kiribati .. 0.564 0.589 0.605
134 Bhutan .. .. 0.571 0.594
135 Bangladesh 0.388 0.470 0.549 0.572
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. 0.541 0.595 0.599
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.437 0.480 0.546 0.568
138 Congo 0.531 0.495 0.557 0.581
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.545 0.468 0.513 0.558
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.399 0.466 0.546 0.579
141 Vanuatu .. .. 0.585 0.588
142 Ghana 0.454 0.483 0.554 0.578
143 Zambia 0.424 0.428 0.531 0.559
144 Equatorial Guinea .. 0.520 0.580 0.588
145 Myanmar 0.349 0.424 0.523 0.551
146 Cambodia 0.384 0.419 0.535 0.555
147 Kenya 0.467 0.446 0.533 0.551
147 Nepal 0.380 0.446 0.527 0.555
149 Angola .. 0.394 0.510 0.547
150 Cameroon 0.445 0.438 0.471 0.531
150 Zimbabwe 0.498 0.452 0.472 0.527
152 Pakistan 0.404 0.449 0.524 0.537
153 Solomon Islands .. 0.476 0.524 0.550
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 0.558 0.590 0.644 0.572
155 Papua New Guinea 0.377 0.436 0.510 0.521
156 Comoros .. 0.457 0.513 0.532
157 Rwanda 0.245 0.337 0.488 0.506
158 Nigeria .. .. 0.484 0.520
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.373 0.395 0.487 0.503
159 Uganda 0.312 0.395 0.489 0.503
161 Mauritania 0.378 0.446 0.490 0.511
162 Madagascar .. 0.456 0.504 0.509
163 Benin 0.348 0.398 0.473 0.500
164 Lesotho 0.488 0.444 0.461 0.486
165 Côte d'Ivoire 0.391 0.407 0.454 0.475
166 Senegal 0.377 0.390 0.468 0.494
167 Togo 0.405 0.426 0.468 0.490
168 Sudan 0.332 0.403 0.471 0.477
169 Haiti 0.412 0.440 0.467 0.483
170 Afghanistan 0.298 0.345 0.464 0.485
171 Djibouti .. 0.361 0.446 0.467
172 Malawi 0.303 0.362 0.437 0.463
173 Ethiopia .. 0.283 0.412 0.439
174 Gambia 0.328 0.382 0.437 0.448
174 Guinea 0.278 0.335 0.408 0.439
176 Liberia .. 0.422 0.441 0.463
177 Yemen 0.392 0.432 0.499 0.506
178 Guinea-Bissau .. .. 0.426 0.441
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.377 0.333 0.416 0.429
180 Mozambique 0.217 0.301 0.396 0.412
181 Sierra Leone 0.270 0.298 0.391 0.426
182 Burkina Faso .. 0.286 0.375 0.401
182 Eritrea .. .. 0.433 0.425
184 Mali 0.231 0.308 0.403 0.408
185 Burundi 0.295 0.293 0.402 0.422
186 South Sudan .. .. 0.425 0.439
187 Chad .. 0.298 0.374 0.399
188 Central African Republic 0.320 0.307 0.355 0.351
189 Niger 0.213 0.253 0.319 0.345
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. .. ..
.. Monaco .. .. .. ..
.. Nauru .. .. .. ..
.. San Marino .. .. .. ..
.. Somalia .. .. .. ..
.. Tuvalu .. .. .. ..
Human development groups
Very high human development 0.779 0.823 0.866 0.878
High human development 0.568 0.630 0.706 0.727
Medium human development 0.436 0.497 0.575 0.599
Low human development 0.352 0.386 0.473 0.490

Developing countries 0.516 0.571 0.642 0.663

Regions
Arab States 0.556 0.613 0.676 0.688
East Asia and the Pacific 0.519 0.597 0.691 0.714
Europe and Central Asia 0.652 0.667 0.735 0.759
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.628 0.687 0.731 0.748
South Asia 0.441 0.505 0.585 0.607
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.402 0.423 0.498 0.521

Least developed countries 0.350 0.399 0.485 0.504

Small island developing states 0.595 0.642 0.702 0.708

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.785 0.834 0.873 0.883

World 0.598 0.641 0.697 0.713

NOTES
For HDI values that are comparable across years and countries, use this table or the interpolated data at
a. A positive value indicates an improvement in rank.

DEFINITIONS
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic di
Average annual HDI growth: A smoothed annualized growth of the HDI in a given period, calculated as

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1-8: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2019b), UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Column 9: Calculated based on data in columns 4 and 8.
Columns 10-13: Calculated based on data in columns 1, 2, 3 and 8.
 Change in
n development index (HDI) Average annual HDI grow
HDI rank
Value (%)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2013-2018 a
1990-2000 2000-2010

0.948 0.951 0.953 0.954 0 0.76 0.27

0.943 0.943 0.943 0.946 0 0.67 0.47
0.926 0.936 0.939 0.942 13 1.16 0.38
0.933 0.936 0.938 0.939 0 0.82 0.57
0.927 0.931 0.936 0.939 6 0.58 0.86
0.933 0.935 0.937 0.938 0 0.37 0.30
0.927 0.932 0.935 0.938 3 0.69 0.35
0.932 0.934 0.935 0.937 -4 0.96 0.09
0.929 0.933 0.934 0.935 -1 1.31 1.07
0.927 0.929 0.932 0.933 -3 0.55 0.39
0.926 0.928 0.929 0.930 -6 0.77 0.54
0.919 0.922 0.924 0.925 -2 0.90 0.52
0.917 0.920 0.921 0.922 2 0.21 0.31
0.914 0.917 0.920 0.921 4 0.59 0.34
0.916 0.918 0.919 0.920 -3 1.13 0.43
0.917 0.919 0.919 0.920 -3 0.24 0.34
0.913 0.915 0.917 0.919 -1 0.80 0.33
0.912 0.915 0.916 0.917 -4 .. 0.48
0.906 0.910 0.913 0.915 0 0.47 0.34
0.906 0.909 0.912 0.914 0 0.54 0.66
0.899 0.904 0.908 0.909 2 0.85 0.37
0.901 0.902 0.904 0.906 -1 0.74 0.39
0.899 0.901 0.904 0.906 0 1.17 0.77
0.886 0.892 0.899 0.902 0 -0.05 0.67
0.885 0.888 0.891 0.893 1 0.90 0.47
0.882 0.885 0.888 0.891 1 0.86 0.80
0.888 0.887 0.890 0.891 -1 0.77 0.35
0.877 0.881 0.883 0.885 2 0.56 0.74
0.875 0.878 0.881 0.883 -1 0.77 0.48
0.871 0.875 0.879 0.882 -1 0.67 0.79
0.864 0.869 0.871 0.873 2 0.90 0.62
0.868 0.866 0.871 0.872 -1 0.56 0.74
0.858 0.864 0.868 0.872 2 0.98 0.62
0.855 0.860 0.866 0.869 5 0.31 0.88
0.860 0.863 0.864 0.866 5 0.78 0.48
0.850 0.854 0.852 0.857 -1 .. 0.88
0.857 0.857 0.856 0.857 -1 0.64 0.85
0.849 0.851 0.854 0.857 1 0.33 0.82
0.842 0.845 0.849 0.854 4 0.41 1.16
0.843 0.846 0.848 0.850 1 0.98 0.46
0.851 0.847 0.848 0.848 -9 0.74 0.22
0.839 0.843 0.845 0.847 2 0.70 0.61
0.843 0.844 0.843 0.845 -6 0.47 0.33
0.835 0.838 0.841 0.845 -1 0.89 0.72
0.834 0.839 0.839 0.838 6 0.74 0.06
0.830 0.832 0.835 0.837 -1 1.12 0.79
0.827 0.834 0.833 0.834 1 .. 1.19
0.828 0.828 0.832 0.830 -2 0.86 0.61
0.813 0.817 0.822 0.824 3 -0.18 0.79
0.811 0.812 0.815 0.817 0 .. 1.50
0.806 0.808 0.813 0.817 9 -0.07 1.10
0.807 0.812 0.813 0.816 6 0.26 0.90
0.807 0.809 0.813 0.816 1 .. ..
0.806 0.808 0.813 0.816 2 0.11 1.18
0.803 0.808 0.811 0.814 -7 .. 0.53
0.812 0.814 0.813 0.813 -9 0.53 0.35
0.807 0.809 0.809 0.808 -2 1.00 0.10
0.802 0.806 0.807 0.808 -1 0.69 0.42
0.800 0.800 0.805 0.806 5 1.26 1.26
0.799 0.800 0.804 0.805 -4 .. 0.10
0.797 0.801 0.802 0.804 -1 1.18 0.66
0.801 0.801 0.800 0.801 1 .. 0.68

0.785 0.791 0.794 0.799 4 0.06 0.71

0.796 0.796 0.799 0.799 -3 0.78 0.90
0.789 0.799 0.799 0.797 -3 1.53 1.20
0.786 0.790 0.793 0.796 1 0.84 1.04
0.782 0.788 0.793 0.795 0 0.87 0.53
0.786 0.789 0.792 0.794 -2 0.82 0.59
0.788 0.788 0.789 0.791 -5 0.35 1.05
0.771 0.776 0.783 0.786 5 .. 0.90
0.772 0.774 0.776 0.780 2 0.95 0.88
0.768 0.771 0.777 0.778 2 0.15 1.24
0.769 0.772 0.774 0.777 -2 .. ..
0.770 0.772 0.774 0.776 -3 .. ..
0.755 0.765 0.767 0.769 5 .. 0.65
0.759 0.764 0.765 0.767 2 0.79 0.48
0.746 0.753 0.762 0.765 12 1.24 1.05
0.756 0.760 0.760 0.763 0 .. ..
0.755 0.757 0.760 0.761 -3 1.11 0.59
0.753 0.759 0.760 0.761 2 0.99 0.96
0.748 0.751 0.758 0.760 3 0.24 1.17
0.751 0.755 0.758 0.759 -1 1.11 1.23
0.753 0.757 0.758 0.759 2 .. 0.94
0.750 0.755 0.756 0.759 4 1.03 0.59
0.742 0.749 0.753 0.758 7 1.66 1.74
0.758 0.756 0.757 0.758 -8 0.41 0.68
0.749 0.749 0.752 0.754 0 .. 1.34
0.742 0.746 0.747 0.750 -5 -0.49 0.87
0.733 0.738 0.741 0.745 10 0.97 0.71
0.736 0.744 0.744 0.745 4 .. 0.50
0.731 0.736 0.738 0.739 3 1.40 0.93
0.736 0.730 0.729 0.735 -1 0.11 1.70
0.728 0.725 0.732 0.730 -6 .. ..
0.714 0.719 0.724 0.728 11 0.14 1.34
0.721 0.725 0.726 0.728 4 .. 0.54
0.722 0.722 0.725 0.726 0 0.42 0.78
0.763 0.752 0.735 0.726 -26 0.51 1.14
0.729 0.729 0.723 0.724 -8 .. 0.54
0.718 0.718 0.721 0.724 3 0.53 0.28
0.718 0.718 0.722 0.724 2 0.85 0.80
0.730 0.725 0.722 0.724 -3 .. ..
0.721 0.722 0.722 0.723 -6 1.31 0.36
0.715 0.722 0.719 0.720 -2 0.49 0.74
0.709 0.713 0.716 0.719 4 .. 0.92
0.714 0.715 0.717 0.717 0 0.31 0.39
0.702 0.704 0.709 0.712 3 0.67 0.62
0.703 0.705 0.709 0.711 -3 -0.70 1.12
0.701 0.706 0.708 0.710 2 .. ..
0.696 0.701 0.707 0.710 3 .. 1.10
0.691 0.690 0.704 0.708 -9 0.74 0.39
0.696 0.700 0.704 0.707 0 1.40 0.99
0.699 0.704 0.706 0.707 -4 0.26 0.79
0.699 0.702 0.704 0.705 0 0.06 0.52
0.685 0.692 0.700 0.703 3 1.31 0.63
0.692 0.696 0.700 0.702 1 0.13 0.48
0.690 0.695 0.696 0.700 -2 1.13 0.86
 .. .. 0.696 0.698 .. .. ..
0.680 0.685 0.690 0.693 -1 1.99 1.23
0.685 0.687 0.689 0.690 -5 .. ..
0.665 0.672 0.684 0.689 -1 0.58 0.71
0.660 0.669 0.675 0.676 2 1.48 1.53
0.666 0.669 0.671 0.674 -1 -0.39 0.69
0.663 0.666 0.668 0.670 -1 1.21 0.53
0.660 0.662 0.665 0.667 -5 1.40 0.82
0.642 0.647 0.651 0.656 -1 -1.13 1.60
0.643 0.645 0.647 0.651 -1 .. 1.06
0.647 0.648 0.649 0.651 2 1.36 0.98
0.644 0.649 0.653 0.651 0 1.41 0.77
0.627 0.637 0.643 0.647 1 1.43 1.57
0.637 0.639 0.643 0.645 -3 -0.64 0.78
0.628 0.628 0.624 0.626 -2 .. 2.06
0.613 0.618 0.621 0.623 0 0.88 0.76
0.619 0.622 0.623 0.623 -1 .. 0.43
0.606 0.610 0.615 0.617 0 .. ..
0.588 0.599 0.609 0.614 5 1.95 1.56
0.606 0.608 0.612 0.614 -2 .. 0.95
0.590 0.593 0.603 0.609 5 0.94 1.31
0.614 0.613 0.609 0.608 -1 -0.71 1.19
0.585 0.596 0.603 0.608 6 -1.51 0.92
0.594 0.598 0.602 0.604 -2 1.55 1.60
0.592 0.592 0.595 0.597 -6 .. ..
0.585 0.587 0.591 0.596 -3 0.61 1.39
0.570 0.580 0.589 0.591 0 0.11 2.17
0.593 0.592 0.590 0.588 -9 .. 1.09
0.565 0.571 0.577 0.584 2 1.94 2.13
0.566 0.572 0.578 0.581 -1 0.89 2.46
0.562 0.568 0.574 0.579 0 -0.46 1.79
0.568 0.572 0.574 0.579 -2 1.61 1.70
0.565 0.570 0.576 0.574 1 .. 2.63
0.548 0.556 0.560 0.563 3 -0.15 0.71
0.543 0.549 0.553 0.563 4 -0.95 0.43
0.550 0.556 0.558 0.560 -1 1.06 1.55
0.555 0.553 0.555 0.557 -4 .. 0.97

0.540 0.539 0.544 0.549 -14 0.57 0.88

0.539 0.541 0.543 0.543 0 1.45 1.58
0.535 0.537 0.539 0.538 -4 .. 1.15
0.515 0.525 0.529 0.536 2 3.24 3.77
0.527 0.528 0.533 0.534 -2 .. ..
0.519 0.518 0.522 0.528 2 0.59 2.10
0.515 0.520 0.522 0.528 2 2.37 2.16
0.521 0.519 0.524 0.527 -4 1.67 0.94
0.514 0.515 0.518 0.521 -4 .. 1.01
0.510 0.512 0.515 0.520 0 1.36 1.74
0.499 0.507 0.514 0.518 2 -0.93 0.37
0.494 0.508 0.512 0.516 5 0.40 1.09
0.504 0.506 0.510 0.514 -2 0.36 1.84
0.502 0.506 0.510 0.513 -2 0.50 0.94
0.501 0.505 0.507 0.507 1 1.97 1.57
0.492 0.497 0.501 0.503 -1 0.67 0.60
0.490 0.491 0.493 0.496 -3 1.47 3.01
0.482 0.489 0.492 0.495 0 .. 2.14
0.475 0.478 0.482 0.485 0 1.79 1.90
0.453 0.460 0.466 0.470 3 .. 3.81
0.454 0.456 0.459 0.466 0 1.53 1.35
0.449 0.456 0.463 0.466 2 1.86 2.00
0.463 0.463 0.466 0.465 -4 .. 0.44
0.493 0.477 0.463 0.463 -18 0.99 1.44
0.453 0.457 0.460 0.461 -3 .. ..
0.445 0.453 0.456 0.459 0 -1.24 2.24
0.428 0.435 0.442 0.446 3 3.34 2.79
0.422 0.423 0.435 0.438 -1 0.99 2.74
0.413 0.420 0.429 0.434 3 .. 2.74
0.433 0.434 0.431 0.434 -1 .. ..
0.412 0.420 0.426 0.427 0 2.92 2.72
0.427 0.427 0.421 0.423 -3 -0.07 3.20
0.428 0.418 0.414 0.413 -10 .. ..
0.403 0.398 0.401 0.401 -1 .. 2.29
0.362 0.372 0.376 0.381 -1 -0.41 1.44
0.360 0.365 0.373 0.377 -1 1.75 2.34

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
 0.886 0.888 0.890 0.892 — 0.55 0.52
0.738 0.743 0.746 0.750 — 1.04 1.15
0.616 0.625 0.630 0.634 — 1.30 1.48
0.499 0.501 0.505 0.507 — 0.94 2.04

0.674 0.680 0.683 0.686 — 1.02 1.19

0.695 0.699 0.701 0.703 — 0.99 0.98

0.727 0.733 0.737 0.741 — 1.42 1.48
0.770 0.772 0.776 0.779 — 0.23 0.97
0.754 0.756 0.758 0.759 — 0.90 0.62
0.624 0.634 0.639 0.642 — 1.36 1.48
0.532 0.535 0.539 0.541 — 0.50 1.65

0.516 0.520 0.525 0.528 — 1.30 1.98

0.717 0.719 0.722 0.723 — 0.77 0.91

0.889 0.892 0.894 0.895 — 0.61 0.45

0.722 0.727 0.729 0.731 — 0.71 0.84

ble or the interpolated data at http://hdr.undp.org/en/data, which present trends using consistent data.

achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of li
a given period, calculated as the annual compound growth rate.

NESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b), World Bank (2019a), Barro and Lee (2018) and
rage annual HDI growth

(%)
2010-2018 1990-2018

0.16 0.41
0.18 0.46
0.71 0.75
0.25 0.57
0.51 0.66
0.17 0.29
0.64 0.55
0.42 0.49
0.35 0.95
0.31 0.42
0.27 0.54
0.30 0.59
0.38 0.29
0.30 0.42
0.21 0.62
0.12 0.24
0.22 0.47
0.17 ..
0.42 0.41
0.26 0.50
0.22 0.50
0.27 0.48
0.33 0.78
0.29 0.30
0.40 0.60
0.41 0.71
0.27 0.48
0.55 0.62
0.17 0.49
0.54 0.68
0.34 0.64
0.22 0.53
0.54 0.72
0.67 0.62
0.68 0.65
0.43 ..
0.71 0.74
0.42 0.53
0.56 0.72
0.42 0.64
0.22 0.41
0.71 0.67
0.19 0.34
0.28 0.65
0.64 0.46
0.41 0.80
0.63 ..
0.18 0.58
0.69 0.41
0.39 ..
0.84 0.61
0.58 0.58
0.36 ..
0.29 0.54
0.60 ..
0.22 0.38
0.22 0.45
0.54 0.55
1.03 1.19
0.16 ..
0.49 0.80
0.63 ..

0.60 0.45
0.17 0.65
0.68 1.17
0.79 0.90
0.60 0.67
0.64 0.69
0.84 0.74
0.91 ..
0.49 0.80
0.02 0.50
0.48 ..
0.08 ..
0.93 ..
0.47 0.59
0.74 1.03
0.33 ..
0.59 0.78
0.54 0.85
0.52 0.65
0.49 0.97
0.41 ..
0.65 0.76
0.95 1.48
0.71 0.59
0.36 ..
0.29 0.22
0.76 0.82
0.26 ..
0.39 0.94
0.66 0.83
-0.36 ..
1.22 0.88
0.29 ..
0.05 0.44
-0.45 0.46
-0.15 ..
0.52 0.44
0.56 0.75
0.41 ..
-0.07 0.57
0.49 0.58
0.90 ..
0.45 0.38
0.73 0.67
0.56 0.30
0.67 ..
0.83 ..
-0.84 0.16
0.74 1.07
0.30 0.46
0.78 0.43
0.88 0.94
0.81 0.45
0.62 0.89
 .. ..
0.74 1.36
0.35 ..
0.68 0.65
1.14 1.40
0.73 0.31
0.61 0.79
0.14 0.83
0.50 0.30
0.48 ..
0.98 1.11
0.74 0.99
1.34 1.46
1.17 0.38
0.13 ..
0.51 0.73
0.71 ..
0.98 ..
1.40 1.65
0.41 ..
1.36 1.19
1.12 0.49
2.15 0.39
1.28 1.49
0.26 ..
0.91 0.97
1.35 1.20
0.18 ..
1.39 1.85
1.05 1.49
1.04 0.77
1.18 1.52
1.50 ..
2.26 0.84
2.22 0.44
0.85 1.17
0.78 ..

-1.98 -0.06
0.80 1.31
0.60 ..
1.19 2.84
1.25 ..
1.03 1.25
0.97 1.89
0.91 1.19
0.42 ..
1.19 1.45
1.46 0.21
1.61 0.99
1.17 1.12
1.16 0.85
0.93 1.53
0.92 0.72
0.83 1.84
1.32 ..
1.32 1.69
1.66 ..
0.79 1.26
1.67 1.86
0.67 ..
-0.94 0.59
1.01 ..
1.24 0.70
1.51 2.61
1.45 1.74
1.84 ..
0.02 ..
0.72 2.22
0.65 1.29
-0.35 ..
0.89 ..
0.89 0.62
2.09 2.06

.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
 0.36 0.48
0.75 1.00
1.22 1.34
0.88 1.32

0.82 1.02

0.49 0.84
0.87 1.28
0.72 0.64
0.46 0.68
1.18 1.35
1.03 1.06

1.08 1.48
0.35 0.70

0.32 0.47

0.60 0.72

a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for detai

rro and Lee (2018) and IMF (2019).

_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
 Table 3. Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

Human Development
Inequality-adjusted HDI (I
Index (HDI)

HDI
Country Value Value
rank

2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 0.954 0.889
2 Switzerland 0.946 0.882
3 Ireland 0.942 0.865
4 Germany 0.939 0.861
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.939 0.815
6 Australia 0.938 0.862
6 Iceland 0.938 0.885
8 Sweden 0.937 0.874
9 Singapore 0.935 0.810
10 Netherlands 0.933 0.870
11 Denmark 0.930 0.873
12 Finland 0.925 0.876
13 Canada 0.922 0.841
14 New Zealand 0.921 0.836
15 United Kingdom 0.920 0.845
15 United States 0.920 0.797
17 Belgium 0.919 0.849
18 Liechtenstein 0.917 ..
19 Japan 0.915 0.882
20 Austria 0.914 0.843
21 Luxembourg 0.909 0.822
22 Israel 0.906 0.809
22 Korea (Republic of) 0.906 0.777
24 Slovenia 0.902 0.858
25 Spain 0.893 0.765
26 Czechia 0.891 0.850
26 France 0.891 0.809
28 Malta 0.885 0.815
29 Italy 0.883 0.776
30 Estonia 0.882 0.818
31 Cyprus 0.873 0.788
32 Greece 0.872 0.766
32 Poland 0.872 0.801
34 Lithuania 0.869 0.775
35 United Arab Emirates 0.866 ..
36 Andorra 0.857 ..
36 Saudi Arabia 0.857 ..
36 Slovakia 0.857 0.804
39 Latvia 0.854 0.776
40 Portugal 0.850 0.742
41 Qatar 0.848 ..
42 Chile 0.847 0.696
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.845 ..
43 Hungary 0.845 0.777
45 Bahrain 0.838 ..
46 Croatia 0.837 0.768
47 Oman 0.834 0.725
48 Argentina 0.830 0.714
49 Russian Federation 0.824 0.743
50 Belarus 0.817 0.765
50 Kazakhstan 0.817 0.759
52 Bulgaria 0.816 0.714
52 Montenegro 0.816 0.746
52 Romania 0.816 0.725
55 Palau 0.814 ..
56 Barbados 0.813 0.675
57 Kuwait 0.808 ..
57 Uruguay 0.808 0.703
59 Turkey 0.806 0.675
60 Bahamas 0.805 ..
61 Malaysia 0.804 ..
62 Seychelles 0.801 ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 0.799 0.685
63 Trinidad and Tobago 0.799 ..
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.797 0.706
66 Mauritius 0.796 0.688
67 Panama 0.795 0.626
68 Costa Rica 0.794 0.645
69 Albania 0.791 0.705
70 Georgia 0.786 0.692
71 Sri Lanka 0.780 0.686
72 Cuba 0.778 ..
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777 ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda 0.776 ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.769 0.658
76 Mexico 0.767 0.595
77 Thailand 0.765 0.635
78 Grenada 0.763 ..
79 Brazil 0.761 0.574
79 Colombia 0.761 0.585
81 Armenia 0.760 0.685
82 Algeria 0.759 0.604
82 North Macedonia 0.759 0.660
82 Peru 0.759 0.612
85 China 0.758 0.636
85 Ecuador 0.758 0.607
87 Azerbaijan 0.754 0.683
88 Ukraine 0.750 0.701
89 Dominican Republic 0.745 0.584
89 Saint Lucia 0.745 0.617
91 Tunisia 0.739 0.585
92 Mongolia 0.735 0.635
93 Lebanon 0.730 ..
94 Botswana 0.728 ..
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.728 ..
96 Jamaica 0.726 0.604
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.726 0.600
98 Dominica 0.724 ..
98 Fiji 0.724 ..
98 Paraguay 0.724 0.545
98 Suriname 0.720 0.557
102 Jordan 0.723 0.617
103 Belize 0.720 0.558
104 Maldives 0.719 0.568
105 Tonga 0.717 ..
106 Philippines 0.712 0.582
107 Moldova (Republic of) 0.711 0.638
108 Turkmenistan 0.710 0.579
108 Uzbekistan 0.710 ..
110 Libya 0.708 ..
111 Indonesia 0.707 0.584
111 Samoa 0.707 ..
113 South Africa 0.705 0.463
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.703 0.533
115 Gabon 0.702 0.544
116 Egypt 0.700 0.492
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 0.698 ..
118 Viet Nam 0.693 0.580
119 Palestine, State of 0.690 0.597
120 Iraq 0.689 0.552
121 Morocco 0.676 ..
122 Kyrgyzstan 0.674 0.610
123 Guyana 0.670 0.546
124 El Salvador 0.667 0.521
125 Tajikistan 0.656 0.574
126 Cabo Verde 0.651 ..
126 Guatemala 0.651 0.472
126 Nicaragua 0.651 0.501
129 India 0.647 0.477
130 Namibia 0.645 0.417
131 Timor-Leste 0.626 0.450
132 Honduras 0.623 0.464
132 Kiribati 0.623 ..
134 Bhutan 0.617 0.450
135 Bangladesh 0.614 0.465
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.614 ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.609 0.507
138 Congo 0.608 0.456
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.608 0.430
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.604 0.454
141 Vanuatu 0.597 ..
142 Ghana 0.596 0.427
143 Zambia 0.591 0.394
144 Equatorial Guinea 0.588 ..
145 Myanmar 0.584 0.448
146 Cambodia 0.581 0.465
147 Kenya 0.579 0.426
147 Nepal 0.579 0.430
149 Angola 0.574 0.392
150 Cameroon 0.563 0.371
150 Zimbabwe 0.563 0.435
152 Pakistan 0.560 0.386
153 Solomon Islands 0.557 ..
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 0.549 ..
155 Papua New Guinea 0.543 ..
156 Comoros 0.538 0.294
157 Rwanda 0.536 0.382
158 Nigeria 0.534 0.349
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.528 0.397
159 Uganda 0.528 0.387
161 Mauritania 0.527 0.358
162 Madagascar 0.521 0.386
163 Benin 0.520 0.327
164 Lesotho 0.518 0.350
165 Côte d'Ivoire 0.516 0.331
166 Senegal 0.514 0.347
167 Togo 0.513 0.350
168 Sudan 0.507 0.332
169 Haiti 0.503 0.299
170 Afghanistan 0.496 ..
171 Djibouti 0.495 ..
172 Malawi 0.485 0.346
173 Ethiopia 0.470 0.337
174 Gambia 0.466 0.293
174 Guinea 0.466 0.310
176 Liberia 0.465 0.314
177 Yemen 0.463 0.316
178 Guinea-Bissau 0.461 0.288
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.459 0.316
180 Mozambique 0.446 0.309
181 Sierra Leone 0.438 0.282
182 Burkina Faso 0.434 0.303
182 Eritrea 0.434 ..
184 Mali 0.427 0.294
185 Burundi 0.423 0.296
186 South Sudan 0.413 0.264
187 Chad 0.401 0.250
188 Central African Republic 0.381 0.222
189 Niger 0.377 0.272
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
San Marino .. ..
Somalia .. ..
Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.892 0.796
High human development 0.750 0.615
Medium human development 0.634 0.470
Low human development 0.507 0.349

Developing countries 0.686 0.533

Regions
Arab States 0.703 0.531
East Asia and the Pacific 0.741 0.618
Europe and Central Asia 0.779 0.688
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.759 0.589
South Asia 0.642 0.476
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.541 0.376

Least developed countries 0.528 0.377

Small island developing states 0.723 0.549

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.895 0.791

World 0.731 0.584

NOTES
a. See http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/IHDI for the list of surveys used to estimate inequalities.
b. Based on countries for which an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. Calculated by HDRO from the 2015-2020 period life tables from UNDESA (2019b).
d. Data refer to 2018 or the most recent year available.
e. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
f. Refers to 2008.
g. Refers to 2009.

DEFINITIONS
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dime
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI): HDI value adjusted for inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human
Overall loss: Percentage difference between the IHDI value and the HDI value.
Difference from HDI rank: Difference in ranks on the IHDI and the HDI, calculated only for countries for wh
Coefficient of human inequality: Average inequality in three basic dimensions of human development.
Inequality in life expectancy: Inequality in distribution of expected length of life based on data from life tabl
Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index: HDI life expectancy index value adjusted for inequality in distrib
Inequality in education: Inequality in distribution of years of schooling based on data from household surve
Inequality-adjusted education index: HDI education index value adjusted for inequality in distribution of ye
Inequality in income: Inequality in income distribution based on data from household surveys estimated usi
Inequality-adjusted income index: HDI income index value adjusted for inequality in income distribution ba
Income shares (%): Percentage share of income (or consumption) is the share that accrues to indica
Income share held by richest 1%: Share of pre-tax national income held by the richest 1 percent of the po
Gini coefficient: Measure of the deviation of the distribution of income among individuals or households with

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2019b), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019)
Column 2: Calculated as the geometric mean of the values in inequality-adjusted life expectancy index, inequ
Column 3: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 2.
Column 4: Calculated based on IHDI values and recalculated HDI ranks for countries for which an IHDI value
Column 5: Calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values in inequality in life expectancy, inequality in educ
Column 6: Calculated based on abridged life tables from UNDESA (2019b). World Population Prospects: The
Column 7: Calculated based on inequality in life expectancy and the HDI life expectancy index.
Columns 8 and 10: Calculated based on data from the Luxembourg Income Study database, Eurostat’s Euro
Column 9: Calculated based on inequality in education and the HDI education index.
Column 11: Calculated based on inequality in income and the HDI income index.
Columns 12, 13 and 15: World Bank (2019a).
Column 14: World Inequality Database (2019).
 Coefficient of human Inequality in life
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
inequality expectancy

Difference from HDI

Overall loss (%) b
(%)
rank

2018 2018 2018 2015–2020 c

6.8 0 6.7 3.0

6.8 -1 6.6 3.5
8.2 -6 8.0 3.4
8.3 -7 8.1 3.8
13.2 -17 12.6 2.5
8.1 -4 7.9 3.7
5.7 4 5.6 2.4
6.7 2 6.6 2.9
13.3 -14 12.8 2.5
6.8 2 6.7 3.1
6.1 4 6.0 3.6
5.3 7 5.2 3.0
8.8 -4 8.5 4.6
9.2 -4 9.1 4.3
8.2 0 8.0 4.1
13.4 -13 12.8 6.3
7.6 3 7.6 3.6
.. .. ..
3.6 15 3.6 2.9
7.7 3 7.5 3.7
9.5 1 9.3 3.4
10.8 -3 10.2 3.3
14.3 -9 13.9 3.0
4.8 11 4.7 2.9
14.3 -13 14.0 3.0
4.6 12 4.5 3.0
9.2 1 9.1 3.8
8.0 6 7.9 4.6
12.1 -4 11.8 3.1
7.2 9 7.0 3.6
9.7 1 9.6 3.6
12.2 -5 11.9 3.5
8.1 4 8.0 4.3
10.9 -1 10.5 5.5
.. .. 5.2
.. .. ..
.. .. 6.4
 6.2 8 6.1 5.0
9.1 3 8.8 5.4
12.7 -6 12.4 3.5
.. .. 5.7
17.8 -14 17.0 6.3
.. .. 7.6
8.0 8 7.8 4.2
.. .. 5.5
8.3 4 8.1 4.3
13.1 -3 12.9 6.7
14.0 -4 13.6 8.6
9.9 1 9.6 7.1
6.4 6 6.3 4.4
7.1 4 7.1 7.7
12.5 0 12.1 6.1
8.6 5 8.5 3.6
11.1 2 10.8 6.3
.. .. ..
17.0 -10 15.9 8.7
.. .. 5.9
13.0 0 12.7 7.9
16.2 -8 16.1 9.0
.. .. 6.8
.. .. 6.1
.. .. 9.6

14.4 -4 13.7 4.9

.. .. 14.9
11.5 5 11.3 9.2
13.7 0 13.6 9.4
21.2 -13 20.3 12.0
18.7 -7 18.0 7.1
10.9 8 10.9 7.2
12.0 5 11.6 7.9
12.1 4 11.8 7.0
.. .. 5.1
.. .. ..
.. .. 5.8
14.4 -2 14.2 5.4
22.5 -17 21.8 10.5
16.9 -4 16.7 7.9
.. .. 11.2
24.5 -23 23.8 10.9
23.1 -16 22.4 10.7
9.9 9 9.7 8.7
20.4 -8 19.7 14.1
13.1 5 12.9 7.9
19.4 -5 19.1 10.8
16.1 4 15.7 7.9
19.9 -4 19.5 11.5
9.4 13 9.3 13.9
6.5 21 6.5 7.4
21.5 -8 21.4 17.0
17.2 4 16.9 10.6
20.8 -4 20.2 9.0
13.6 10 13.6 13.1
.. .. 7.4
.. .. 19.4
.. .. 11.3
16.7 3 15.9 10.0
17.3 1 17.0 17.1
.. .. ..
.. .. 14.9
24.7 -14 23.8 13.8
22.7 -9 21.9 12.8
14.7 11 14.7 10.6
22.6 -8 21.6 11.1
21.0 -5 20.4 6.0
.. .. 10.4
18.2 1 17.8 15.3
10.4 21 10.3 9.6
18.5 1 17.9 23.4
.. .. 13.9
.. .. 9.1
17.4 6 17.4 13.9
.. .. 10.0
34.4 -17 31.4 19.2
24.2 -6 24.1 22.5
22.5 -4 22.5 22.8
29.7 -8 28.7 11.6

.. .. ..
16.3 8 16.2 12.9
13.5 16 13.5 12.0
19.8 3 19.4 15.9
.. .. 13.0
9.5 23 9.5 11.3
18.5 4 18.3 19.0
21.9 1 21.6 12.5
12.5 12 12.4 16.7
.. .. 12.2
27.4 -2 26.9 14.6
23.0 1 22.7 13.1
26.3 1 25.7 19.7
35.3 -14 33.6 22.1
28.0 -5 26.7 21.7
25.5 0 25.0 13.3
.. .. 24.7
27.1 -3 26.3 17.1
24.3 4 23.6 17.3
.. .. 16.1
16.7 10 16.7 17.0
25.0 2 24.9 22.8
29.3 -4 29.0 25.1
24.9 3 24.7 22.6
.. .. 14.4
28.3 -3 28.1 24.2
33.4 -6 32.3 26.5
.. .. 34.6
23.2 3 23.2 22.8
20.1 12 19.9 18.1
26.3 0 26.2 22.5
25.8 3 24.9 17.5
31.8 -2 31.7 32.0
34.1 -6 34.1 33.5
22.8 7 22.7 24.2
31.1 -1 30.2 29.9
.. .. 12.1

.. .. 13.0
.. .. 24.1
45.3 -22 44.2 28.9
28.7 -1 28.4 19.5
34.6 -5 34.5 37.1
24.9 7 24.9 25.3
26.7 4 26.7 27.2
32.1 1 31.8 30.0
25.8 6 25.5 21.1
37.1 -6 36.9 34.9
32.5 3 32.0 33.1
35.8 -3 35.0 33.3
32.5 2 31.6 21.2
31.7 6 31.5 30.5
34.6 1 34.3 27.4
40.5 -7 40.0 32.2
.. .. 28.3
.. .. 23.4
28.7 5 28.6 25.1
28.4 5 27.3 24.9
37.2 -8 36.4 28.5
33.4 -1 32.2 31.3
 32.3 2 31.8 29.8
31.8 5 30.9 24.7
37.5 -5 37.4 32.3
31.0 7 30.9 36.1
30.7 4 30.7 29.8
35.7 -3 34.6 39.0
30.1 5 29.5 32.0
.. .. 21.4
31.2 3 30.4 36.7
30.1 5 29.6 28.5
36.1 -1 36.0 36.2
37.7 -1 37.4 40.9
41.6 -1 41.3 40.1
27.9 3 27.4 30.9

.. .. .. 11.5
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 38.9
.. .. .. ..

10.7 — 10.5 5.2

17.9 — 17.6 10.0
25.9 — 25.4 20.5
31.1 — 30.9 30.4

22.3 — 22.2 16.6

24.5 — 24.2 15.0

16.6 — 16.3 9.8
11.7 — 11.6 9.7
22.3 — 21.7 11.6
25.9 — 25.3 20.2
30.5 — 30.4 29.7

28.6 — 28.4 26.3

24.0 — 23.6 16.6

11.7 — 11.4 5.3

20.2 — 20.1 14.7

estimate inequalities.
 Index value is calculated.

achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of liv
ree basic dimensions of human development. See Technical note 2 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_

culated only for countries for which an IHDI value is calculated.

ons of human development.
f life based on data from life tables estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
e adjusted for inequality in distribution of expected length of life based on data from life tables listed in Main data sources.
ed on data from household surveys estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
for inequality in distribution of years of schooling based on data from household surveys listed in Main data sources.
household surveys estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
equality in income distribution based on data from household surveys listed in Main data sources.
e share that accrues to indicated subgroups of population.
by the richest 1 percent of the population. Pre-tax national income is the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows accruing to th
ng individuals or households within a country from a perfectly equal distribution. A value of 0 represents absolute equality, a va

CO Institute for Statistics (2019), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b), World Bank (2019a), Barro and Lee (2018) and IM
usted life expectancy index, inequality-adjusted education index and inequality-adjusted income index using the methodology in

countries for which an IHDI value is calculated.

e expectancy, inequality in education and inequality in income using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hd
World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. New York. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.
expectancy index.
Study database, Eurostat’s European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the World Bank’s International Income
 Inequality-adjusted Inequality in Inequality-adjusted
a
Inequality in income a
life expectancy index education education index

Value (%) Value (%)

2018 2018 d
2018 2018 d

0.929 4.4 0.879 12.7

0.945 1.9 0.879 14.5
0.923 3.5 0.885 16.9
0.905 2.7 0.920 17.7
0.970 9.8 0.776 25.6
0.938 2.7 0.898 17.3
0.944 2.8 0.892 11.7
0.936 3.8 0.880 13.0
0.952 11.0 0.745 25.0
0.926 4.9 0.862 12.1
0.901 3.0 0.892 11.4
0.921 2.3 0.894 10.4
0.915 2.7 0.867 18.2
0.915 6.4 0.863 16.4
0.903 2.8 0.890 17.0
0.848 5.5 0.849 26.6
0.912 7.7 0.824 11.4
.. .. .. ..
0.963 1.6 0.836 6.3
0.910 3.0 0.845 15.9
0.923 8.0 0.738 16.6
0.935 3.7 0.844 23.7
0.938 18.5 0.702 20.2
0.914 2.2 0.874 9.1
0.947 17.1 0.683 21.9
0.884 1.4 0.880 9.2
0.926 9.1 0.737 14.4
0.915 6.7 0.763 12.5
0.944 11.0 0.706 21.3
0.869 2.1 0.862 15.5
0.902 11.0 0.722 14.3
0.922 12.8 0.727 19.5
0.862 5.2 0.821 14.4
0.810 4.3 0.852 21.8
0.843 18.2 0.608 ..
.. 10.0 0.637 ..
0.792 18.0 0.651 ..
0.839 1.6 0.811 11.7
0.803 2.6 0.849 18.5
0.918 15.8 0.639 18.1
0.872 11.8 0.583 ..
0.866 12.0 0.711 32.7
0.792 .. .. ..
0.836 3.2 0.790 16.1
0.831 22.7 0.570 ..
0.859 4.9 0.757 15.2
0.827 11.9 0.644 20.1
0.795 6.2 0.790 25.8
0.749 3.1 0.807 18.7
0.803 3.7 0.806 10.8
0.756 3.2 0.791 10.3
0.793 6.3 0.754 23.9
0.842 7.4 0.738 14.6
0.806 5.3 0.722 20.7
.. 1.9 0.829 ..
0.830 5.5 0.730 33.6
0.802 22.1 0.487 ..
0.819 8.2 0.684 22.0
0.804 16.5 0.594 22.6
0.771 6.3 0.694 ..
0.809 12.1 0.627 ..
0.742 .. .. 29.3

0.817 8.1 0.719 28.1

0.699 .. .. ..
0.789 5.0 0.706 19.7
0.765 13.2 0.634 18.2
0.790 12.5 0.610 36.5
0.859 14.7 0.611 32.2
0.835 12.3 0.665 13.2
0.759 3.2 0.828 23.6
0.813 7.4 0.700 21.0
0.857 10.9 0.704 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.824 .. .. ..
0.833 17.0 0.586 20.2
0.757 18.5 0.558 36.3
0.807 18.3 0.543 23.8
0.716 .. .. ..
0.763 23.8 0.525 36.7
0.785 20.3 0.545 36.2
0.772 2.9 0.737 17.4
0.749 33.7 0.448 11.4
0.789 10.5 0.623 20.3
0.776 18.1 0.567 28.3
0.803 11.7 0.573 27.4
0.773 16.5 0.596 30.5
0.700 5.3 0.657 8.9
0.740 3.6 0.768 8.5
0.688 19.1 0.532 28.1
0.771 12.6 0.584 27.4
0.791 32.8 0.442 18.9
0.664 11.9 0.646 15.7
0.839 6.2 0.566 ..
0.611 .. .. ..
0.715 .. .. ..
0.753 5.6 0.653 32.0
0.665 8.8 0.638 25.2
.. .. .. ..
0.620 .. .. ..
0.718 18.1 0.519 39.5
0.692 15.6 0.551 37.3
0.748 15.4 0.574 17.9
0.745 15.9 0.582 37.9
0.848 29.3 0.399 25.8
0.700 4.5 0.736 ..
0.666 10.1 0.599 28.1
0.721 7.3 0.656 14.0
0.567 3.6 0.606 26.8
0.683 0.7 0.713 ..
0.737 .. .. ..
0.682 18.2 0.511 20.1
0.736 4.9 0.666 ..
0.545 17.3 0.596 57.7
0.611 20.0 0.552 29.7
0.549 23.5 0.486 21.2
0.705 38.1 0.376 36.5

.. 4.3 0.677 ..
0.741 17.6 0.515 18.1
0.730 11.9 0.582 16.6
0.653 29.7 0.389 12.7
0.756 .. .. 21.7
0.700 5.0 0.697 12.2
0.620 10.7 0.537 25.1
0.715 29.1 0.401 23.2
0.652 6.0 0.632 14.5
0.713 23.7 0.410 ..
0.710 30.8 0.353 35.4
0.726 25.7 0.420 29.2
0.610 38.7 0.342 18.8
0.520 25.0 0.437 53.6
0.593 44.9 0.273 13.6
0.735 26.6 0.369 34.9
0.557 .. .. ..
0.656 41.7 0.257 20.0
0.666 37.7 0.320 15.7
0.616 .. .. 26.4
0.641 18.3 0.463 14.9
0.526 20.9 0.426 31.0
0.454 24.1 0.411 37.9
0.567 31.3 0.330 20.3
0.663 .. .. 19.7
0.511 34.9 0.364 25.3
0.492 21.7 0.448 48.6
0.386 .. .. ..
0.557 26.9 0.330 19.9
0.625 27.3 0.346 14.3
0.553 22.9 0.406 33.1
0.641 40.9 0.296 16.3
0.427 34.3 0.327 28.9
0.398 33.0 0.378 35.9
0.480 16.8 0.473 27.0
0.508 43.5 0.230 17.2
0.714 .. .. 19.4

0.693 .. .. ..
0.517 11.5 0.382 ..
0.483 47.6 0.249 56.0
0.603 29.3 0.324 36.4
0.332 38.1 0.301 28.2
0.517 27.0 0.309 22.4
0.481 27.9 0.371 24.9
0.481 40.8 0.230 24.6
0.567 35.0 0.320 20.4
0.415 43.7 0.268 32.0
0.347 21.9 0.398 41.1
0.384 47.4 0.232 24.4
0.578 46.0 0.190 27.7
0.436 38.9 0.314 25.1
0.504 42.5 0.195 33.0
0.455 37.3 0.279 50.4
0.491 45.4 0.225 ..
0.549 .. .. 27.7
0.505 28.4 0.328 32.4
0.534 43.5 0.189 13.4
0.459 49.3 0.195 31.5
0.435 48.3 0.176 17.1
0.472 42.9 0.241 22.7
0.534 46.1 0.187 21.8
0.396 41.9 0.233 37.9
0.397 28.5 0.354 28.2
0.434 33.8 0.257 28.4
0.322 46.9 0.214 17.7
0.431 39.2 0.183 17.3
0.556 .. .. ..
0.379 39.2 0.176 15.4
0.454 39.5 0.253 20.9
0.369 39.6 0.182 32.3
0.309 43.0 0.164 28.4
0.302 34.5 0.231 49.2
0.447 35.0 0.161 16.4

0.709 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 23.9
.. .. .. ..
0.348 .. .. ..
.. 10.5 .. ..

0.868 7.0 0.796 19.3

0.764 14.8 0.563 27.9
0.604 36.3 0.342 19.6
0.442 37.4 0.261 25.0

0.655 25.6 0.435 24.3

0.679 32.5 0.386 25.0

0.766 13.5 0.550 25.6
0.753 8.3 0.682 16.8
0.754 19.5 0.553 34.1
0.611 37.5 0.340 18.4
0.445 34.0 0.308 27.6

0.510 36.3 0.275 22.5

0.665 19.7 0.503 34.3

0.880 8.0 0.783 20.9

0.690 22.3 0.492 23.3

 nd a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for d
ult/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the IHDI is calculated.

n Main data sources.

n data sources.

ncome flows accruing to the owners of the production factors, labour and capital, before taking into account the tax/transfer sys
nts absolute equality, a value of 100 absolute inequality.

rro and Lee (2018) and IMF (2019).

using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf).

ote 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf).

ank’s International Income Distribution Database, the Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies and the World Bank’s So
 SDG10.1
Inequality-adjusted
Income shares (%) held by
income index

Value Poorest 40 percent Richest 10 percent Richest 1%

2018 2010-2017 e
2010-2017 e
2010-2016 e

0.860 23.1 22.3 8.4

0.825 20.3 25.2 11.9
0.793 20.9 25.4 12.8
0.765 20.7 24.8 11.1
0.720 .. .. ..
0.761 18.8 27.8 9.1
0.822 23.2 23.5 6.8
0.811 22.1 22.9 8.3
0.750 .. .. 14.0
0.826 22.8 23.0 6.2
0.829 23.3 23.8 12.8
0.816 23.4 22.4 7.3
0.751 18.9 25.3 13.6
0.740 .. .. 8.2
0.750 19.7 25.4 11.7
0.702 15.2 30.6 20.2
0.814 22.6 22.2 6.7
.. .. .. ..
0.851 20.3 f
24.7 f
10.4
0.780 21.1 23.8 8.2
0.817 19.3 25.4 9.1
0.671 15.9 27.7 ..
0.712 20.3 23.8 12.2
0.792 24.1 21.0 6.7
0.692 17.5 26.2 9.8
0.789 24.4 22.1 9.5
0.777 20.7 26.6 10.8
0.774 21.9 23.6 11.7
0.700 18.0 25.7 7.5
0.730 20.0 24.4 7.0
0.751 20.0 27.4 8.6
0.671 17.7 26.2 10.8
0.727 21.3 24.6 12.5
0.673 17.7 28.6 7.0
.. .. .. 22.8
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 19.7
0.764 23.1 20.9 5.2
0.686 19.4 26.1 7.6
0.697 18.7 27.3 7.4
.. .. .. 29.0
0.548 14.4 37.9 23.7
.. .. .. ..
0.711 21.1 23.8 7.7
.. .. .. 18.0
0.697 20.4 23.2 7.6
0.714 .. .. 19.5
0.579 15.3 29.4 ..
0.679 18.0 29.7 20.2
0.692 24.1 21.3 ..
0.732 23.4 23.0 ..
0.607 17.8 28.8 8.4
0.667 20.8 25.7 6.4
0.656 16.9 24.7 6.8
.. .. .. ..
0.509 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 19.9
0.621 16.5 29.7 14.0
0.645 15.6 32.1 23.4
.. .. .. ..
.. 15.9 31.3 14.5
0.590 15.2 39.9 ..

0.546 22.5 23.1 6.4

.. .. .. ..
0.631 16.6 30.9 16.3
0.671 19.2 29.0 7.1
0.510 11.5 37.7 ..
0.511 12.8 37.0 ..
0.631 22.1 22.9 6.4
0.526 17.4 28.9 ..
0.567 17.7 32.9 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.584 19.8 25.1 6.2
0.498 15.5 34.8 ..
0.585 18.4 28.4 20.2
.. .. .. ..
0.473 10.6 41.9 28.3
0.468 12.4 39.0 20.5
0.565 20.8 28.4 ..
0.658 23.1 22.9 ..
0.585 17.3 24.8 5.8
0.521 14.4 32.3 ..
0.558 17.0 29.4 13.9
0.485 14.1 33.8 ..
0.692 .. .. ..
0.605 24.5 21.2 ..
0.545 13.9 35.4 ..
0.521 11.0 38.6 ..
0.573 20.1 25.6 ..
0.596 20.4 25.6 ..
.. 20.6 24.8 23.4
.. 10.9 41.5 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.449 .. .. ..
0.510 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 18.8 29.7 ..
0.435 13.2 39.2 ..
0.453 .. .. ..
0.547 20.3 27.5 16.1
0.400 .. .. ..
0.541 17.4 g
29.9 g
..
.. 18.2 29.7 ..
0.495 16.8 31.3 ..
0.549 24.1 21.7 6.1
0.564 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.570 17.5 29.5 ..
.. 17.9 31.3 ..
0.305 7.2 50.5 19.2
0.449 13.6 31.7 ..
0.602 16.8 27.7 ..
0.449 21.9 27.8 19.1

.. .. .. ..
0.511 18.8 27.1 ..
0.500 19.2 25.2 15.8
0.664 21.9 23.7 22.0
0.510 17.4 31.9 ..
0.465 23.6 23.3 ..
0.490 .. .. ..
0.492 17.4 29.1 ..
0.459 19.4 26.4 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.420 13.1 38.0 ..
0.414 14.3 37.2 ..
0.518 19.8 30.1 21.3
0.321 8.6 47.3 ..
0.564 22.8 24.0 ..
0.369 11.0 37.7 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.539 17.5 27.9 ..
0.472 21.0 26.8 ..
0.402 16.2 29.7 ..
0.438 21.1 24.2 ..
0.423 12.4 37.9 ..
0.426 11.5 g
40.0 g
..
0.499 19.1 29.8 ..
0.405 17.8 29.4 ..
0.419 14.3 32.2 ..
0.278 8.9 44.4 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.490 18.6 31.7 ..
0.464 .. .. ..
0.345 16.5 31.6 ..
0.419 20.4 26.4 ..
0.432 15.0 f
32.3 f
..
0.338 13.0 35.0 ..
0.362 15.3 33.8 ..
0.494 21.1 28.9 ..
0.366 18.4 29.2 ..

.. .. .. 14.7
.. 15.1 g
31.0 g
..
0.212 13.6 33.7 ..
0.286 15.8 35.6 ..
0.426 15.1 g
32.7 g
..
0.391 18.5 31.0 ..
0.325 15.9 34.2 ..
0.413 19.9 24.9 ..
0.318 15.7 33.5 ..
0.315 12.8 37.6 ..
0.310 9.6 40.9 ..
0.409 15.9 31.9 17.1
0.381 16.4 31.0 ..
0.313 14.5 31.6 ..
0.372 18.5 g
26.7 g
..
0.211 15.8 31.2 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.391 15.8 32.3 ..
0.250 16.2 38.1 ..
0.377 17.6 31.4 ..
0.279 19.0 28.7 ..
0.388 19.8 26.4 ..
0.273 18.8 27.1 ..
0.315 18.8 29.4 15.7
0.260 12.8 42.0 ..
0.225 15.5 32.0 ..
0.265 11.8 45.5 ..
0.326 19.8 26.9 ..
0.354 20.0 29.6 ..
.. .. .. ..
0.381 20.1 g
25.7 g
..
0.225 17.9 31.0 ..
0.274 12.5 g
33.2 g
..
0.307 14.6 32.4 ..
0.157 10.3 f
46.2 f
..
0.279 19.6 27.0 ..

.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.592 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 17.4 30.7 ..

0.730 18.2 27.6 14.9

0.541 16.6 31.1 ..
0.502 19.4 29.9 ..
0.368 16.4 32.1 ..

0.532 17.6 30.8 ..

0.571 20.6 26.9 ..

0.560 17.2 29.5 ..
0.634 19.9 26.7 ..
0.491 13.1 37.3 ..
0.520 19.9 29.7 ..
0.387 15.4 33.8 ..

0.383 17.6 31.1 ..

0.496 .. .. ..

0.717 18.0 28.0 14.2

0.586 17.7 30.2 ..

_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.

ccount the tax/transfer system, and after taking into account the pension system.

9_technical_notes.pdf).

s and the World Bank’s Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean, ICF Macro Demographic and Health S
 Gini
Coefficient

(%)

2010-2017 e

27.5
32.3
31.8
31.7
..
35.8
27.8
29.2
..
28.2
28.2
27.1
34.0
..
33.2
41.5
27.7
..
32.1 f

30.5
33.8
38.9
31.6
25.4
36.2
25.9
32.7
29.4
35.4
32.7
34.0
36.0
30.8
37.4
..
..
..
26.5
34.2
35.5
..
46.6
..
30.4
..
31.1
..
40.6
37.7
25.4
27.5
37.4
31.9
35.9
..
..
..
39.5
41.9
..
41.0
46.8

28.5
..
40.0
35.8
49.9
48.3
29.0
37.9
39.8
..
..
..
33.0
43.4
36.5
..
53.3
49.7
33.6
27.6
35.6
43.3
38.6
44.7
..
25.0
45.7
51.2
32.8
32.3
31.8
53.3
..
..
..
..
36.7
48.8
..
33.7
..
38.4 g

37.6
40.1
25.9
..
..
..
38.1
38.7
63.0
44.0
38.0
31.8

..
35.3
33.7
29.5
39.5
27.3
..
38.0
34.0
47.2
48.3
46.2
35.7
59.1
28.7
50.5
..
37.4
32.4
40.1
30.8
48.9
51.5 g

36.4
37.6
43.5
57.1
..
38.1
..
40.8
32.8
42.7 f

46.6
43.2
33.5
37.1

..
41.9 g

45.3
43.7
43.0 g

37.8
42.8
32.6
42.6
47.8
54.2
41.5
40.3
43.1
35.4 g

41.1
..
41.6
44.7
39.1
35.9
33.7
35.3
36.7
50.7
42.1
54.0
34.0
35.3
..
33.0 g

38.6
46.3 g

43.3
56.2 f

34.3

..
..
..
..
..
39.1

—
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
—

—
—

—
Demographic and Health Surveys and United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys using the methodology
veys using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical _notes.pd
2019_technical _notes.pdf).
 Table 4. Gender Development Index

Gender Development Index

HDI rank Country Value Group b

2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 0.990 1
2 Switzerland 0.963 2
3 Ireland 0.975 2
4 Germany 0.968 2
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.963 2
6 Australia 0.975 1
6 Iceland 0.966 2
8 Sweden 0.982 1
9 Singapore 0.988 1
10 Netherlands 0.967 2
11 Denmark 0.980 1
12 Finland 0.990 1
13 Canada 0.989 1
14 New Zealand 0.963 2
15 United Kingdom 0.967 2
15 United States 0.991 1
17 Belgium 0.972 2
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan 0.976 1
20 Austria 0.963 2
21 Luxembourg 0.970 2
22 Israel 0.972 2
22 Korea (Republic of) 0.934 3
24 Slovenia 1.003 1
25 Spain 0.981 1
26 Czechia 0.983 1
26 France 0.984 1
28 Malta 0.965 2
29 Italy 0.967 2
30 Estonia 1.016 1
31 Cyprus 0.983 1
32 Greece 0.963 2
32 Poland 1.009 1
34 Lithuania 1.028 2
35 United Arab Emirates 0.965 2
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 0.879 5
36 Slovakia 0.992 1
39 Latvia 1.030 2
40 Portugal 0.984 1
41 Qatar 1.043 2
42 Chile 0.962 2
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.987 1
43 Hungary 0.984 1
45 Bahrain 0.937 3
46 Croatia 0.989 1
47 Oman 0.943 3
48 Argentina 0.988 1
49 Russian Federation 1.015 1
50 Belarus 1.010 1
50 Kazakhstan 0.999 1
52 Bulgaria 0.993 1
52 Montenegro 0.966 2
52 Romania 0.986 1
55 Palau .. ..
56 Barbados 1.010 1
57 Kuwait 0.999 1
57 Uruguay 1.016 1
59 Turkey 0.924 4
60 Bahamas .. ..
61 Malaysia 0.972 2
62 Seychelles .. ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 0.976 1
63 Trinidad and Tobago 1.002 1
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.874 5
66 Mauritius 0.974 2
67 Panama 1.005 1
68 Costa Rica 0.977 1
69 Albania 0.971 2
70 Georgia 0.979 1
71 Sri Lanka 0.938 3
72 Cuba 0.948 3
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.924 4
76 Mexico 0.957 2
77 Thailand 0.995 1
78 Grenada .. ..
79 Brazil 0.995 1
79 Colombia 0.986 1
81 Armenia 0.972 2
82 Algeria 0.865 5
82 North Macedonia 0.947 3
82 Peru 0.951 2
85 China 0.961 2
85 Ecuador 0.980 1
87 Azerbaijan 0.940 3
88 Ukraine 0.995 1
89 Dominican Republic 1.003 1
89 Saint Lucia 0.975 2
91 Tunisia 0.899 5
92 Mongolia 1.031 2
93 Lebanon 0.891 5
94 Botswana 0.990 1
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. ..
96 Jamaica 0.986 1
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1.013 1
98 Dominica .. ..
98 Fiji .. ..
98 Paraguay 0.968 2
98 Suriname 0.972 2
102 Jordan 0.868 5
103 Belize 0.983 1
104 Maldives 0.939 3
105 Tonga 0.944 3
106 Philippines 1.004 1
107 Moldova (Republic of) 1.007 1
108 Turkmenistan .. ..
108 Uzbekistan 0.939 3
110 Libya 0.931 3
111 Indonesia 0.937 3
111 Samoa .. ..
113 South Africa 0.984 1
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.936 3
115 Gabon 0.917 4
116 Egypt 0.878 5
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. ..
118 Viet Nam 1.003 1
119 Palestine, State of 0.871 5
120 Iraq 0.789 5
121 Morocco 0.833 5
122 Kyrgyzstan 0.959 2
123 Guyana 0.973 2
124 El Salvador 0.969 2
125 Tajikistan 0.799 5
126 Cabo Verde 0.984 1
126 Guatemala 0.943 3
126 Nicaragua 1.013 1
129 India 0.829 5
130 Namibia 1.009 1
131 Timor-Leste 0.899 5
132 Honduras 0.970 2
132 Kiribati .. ..
134 Bhutan 0.893 5
135 Bangladesh 0.895 5
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.900 5
138 Congo 0.931 3
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.962 2
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.929 3
141 Vanuatu .. ..
142 Ghana 0.912 4
143 Zambia 0.949 3
144 Equatorial Guinea .. ..
145 Myanmar 0.953 2
146 Cambodia 0.919 4
147 Kenya 0.933 3
147 Nepal 0.897 5
149 Angola 0.902 4
150 Cameroon 0.869 5
150 Zimbabwe 0.925 4
152 Pakistan 0.747 5
153 Solomon Islands .. ..
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 0.795 5
155 Papua New Guinea .. ..
156 Comoros 0.888 5
157 Rwanda 0.943 3
158 Nigeria 0.868 5
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.936 3
159 Uganda 0.863 5
161 Mauritania 0.853 5
162 Madagascar 0.946 3
163 Benin 0.883 5
164 Lesotho 1.026 2
165 Côte d'Ivoire 0.796 5
166 Senegal 0.873 5
167 Togo 0.818 5
168 Sudan 0.837 5
169 Haiti 0.890 5
170 Afghanistan 0.723 5
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Malawi 0.930 3
173 Ethiopia 0.844 5
174 Gambia 0.832 5
174 Guinea 0.806 5
176 Liberia 0.899 5
177 Yemen 0.458 5
178 Guinea-Bissau .. ..
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.844 5
180 Mozambique 0.901 4
181 Sierra Leone 0.882 5
182 Burkina Faso 0.875 5
182 Eritrea .. ..
184 Mali 0.807 5
185 Burundi 1.003 1
186 South Sudan 0.839 5
187 Chad 0.774 5
188 Central African Republic 0.795 5
189 Niger 0.298 5
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
.. Monaco .. ..
.. Nauru .. ..
.. San Marino .. ..
.. Somalia .. ..
.. Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.979 —
High human development 0.960 —
Medium human development 0.845 —
Low human development 0.858 —

Developing countries 0.918 —

Regions
Arab States 0.856 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.962 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.953 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.978 —
South Asia 0.828 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.891 —

Least developed countries 0.869 —

Small island developing states 0.967 —

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.976 —

World 0.941 —

NOTES
a. Because disaggregated income data are not available, data are crudely estimated. See Definitions and
b. Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values.
c. Data refer to 2018 or the most recent year available.
d. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
e. In calculating the male HDI value, estimated gross national income per capita is capped at $75,000.
f. Based on data from OECD (2018).
g. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019).
h. Based on Barro and Lee (2018).
i. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Clu
j. Updated by HDRO using Barro and Lee (2018) estimates.
k. Based on data from the national statistical office.
l. Based on cross-country regression.
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006-2018.
n. Updated by HDRO based on data from SEDLAS and World Bank (2018).
o. Updated by HDRO based on Syrian Center for Policy Research (2017).

DEFINITIONS
Gender Development Index: Ratio of female to male HDI values. See Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp
Gender Development Index groups: Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from g
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic di
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of a
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can exp
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older,
Estimated gross national income per capita: Derived from the ratio of female to male wages, female a
MAIN DATA SOURCES
Column 1: Calculated based on data in columns 3 and 4.
Column 2: Calculated based on data in column 1.
Columns 3 and 4: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2019b), UNESCO Institute for Statis
Columns 5 and 6: UNDESA (2019b). World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. New York. https://p
Columns 7 and 8: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, U
Columns 9 and 10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), Barro and Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demograph
Columns 11 and 12: HDRO calculations based on ILO (2019), UNDESA (2019b), World Bank (2019a), Un
 SDG3

Human Development Index Life expectancy at birth

Value (years)

Female Male Female Male

2018 2018 2018 2018

0.946 0.955 84.3 80.3

0.924 0.959 85.5 81.7
0.929 0.953 83.7 80.4
0.923 0.953 83.6 78.8
0.919 0.954 87.6 81.8
0.926 0.949 85.3 81.3
0.921 0.954 84.4 81.3
0.928 0.945 84.4 80.9
0.929 0.941 85.6 81.3
0.916 0.947 83.8 80.4
0.920 0.938 82.8 78.8
0.920 0.929 84.6 78.9
0.916 0.926 84.3 80.3
0.902 0.936 83.9 80.4
0.904 0.935 83.0 79.5
0.915 0.923 81.4 76.3
0.904 0.931 83.8 79.1
.. .. .. ..
0.901 0.923 87.5 81.3
0.895 0.929 83.8 79.0
0.893 0.921 84.2 80.0
0.891 0.917 84.4 81.1
0.870 0.932 85.8 79.7
0.902 0.899 83.9 78.4
0.882 0.899 86.1 80.7
0.882 0.897 81.8 76.6
0.883 0.897 85.4 79.6
0.867 0.899 84.1 80.5
0.866 0.895 85.4 81.1
0.886 0.872 82.6 74.1
0.865 0.880 82.9 78.7
0.854 0.887 84.5 79.6
0.874 0.867 82.4 74.6
0.880 0.856 81.2 70.1
0.832 0.862 79.2 77.1
.. .. .. ..
0.784 0.892 76.6 73.8
0.852 0.859 80.8 73.8
0.865 0.840 79.9 70.1
0.843 0.856 84.7 78.8
0.873 0.837 81.9 79.0
0.828 0.860 82.4 77.6
0.837 0.848 77.0 74.6
0.836 0.850 80.1 73.1
0.800 0.854 78.3 76.3
0.832 0.842 81.5 75.1
0.793 0.841 80.1 75.9
0.818 0.828 79.9 73.1
0.828 0.816 77.6 66.9
0.820 0.811 79.4 69.4
0.814 0.815 77.3 68.8
0.812 0.818 78.5 71.4
0.801 0.829 79.2 74.3
0.809 0.821 79.4 72.5
.. .. .. ..
0.816 0.808 80.4 77.7
0.802 0.803 76.5 74.7
0.810 0.797 81.4 74.0
0.771 0.834 80.3 74.4
.. .. 75.9 71.5
0.792 0.815 78.2 74.1
.. .. 77.3 69.8

0.789 0.808 78.5 73.3

0.798 0.796 76.1 70.8
0.727 0.832 77.7 75.4
0.782 0.803 78.4 71.5
0.794 0.790 81.6 75.2
0.782 0.800 82.7 77.5
0.779 0.802 80.2 76.8
0.775 0.791 78.0 69.2
0.749 0.799 80.1 73.4
0.753 0.794 80.7 76.8
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 78.0 75.7
0.735 0.796 79.7 74.8
0.747 0.781 77.8 72.1
0.763 0.766 80.7 73.2
.. .. 74.9 70.1
0.757 0.761 79.4 72.0
0.755 0.765 79.9 74.3
0.746 0.767 78.4 71.2
0.685 0.792 77.9 75.5
0.737 0.778 77.7 73.7
0.738 0.776 79.3 73.8
0.741 0.771 79.1 74.5
0.748 0.763 79.6 74.1
0.728 0.774 75.3 70.3
0.745 0.749 76.7 67.0
0.744 0.742 77.2 70.8
0.734 0.753 77.4 74.7
0.689 0.767 78.5 74.5
0.746 0.724 74.0 65.6
0.678 0.762 80.8 77.1
0.723 0.731 72.0 66.2
.. .. 75.0 70.2
0.719 0.729 76.0 72.8
0.728 0.719 76.1 68.4
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 69.2 65.6
0.710 0.734 76.3 72.2
0.710 0.731 74.9 68.4
0.654 0.754 76.2 72.7
0.713 0.725 77.7 71.6
0.689 0.734 80.5 77.2
0.692 0.733 72.8 68.9
0.712 0.710 75.4 67.1
0.714 0.709 76.1 67.5
.. .. 71.6 64.6
0.685 0.730 73.7 69.4
0.670 0.720 75.8 69.9
0.681 0.727 73.7 69.4
.. .. 75.3 71.2
0.698 0.710 67.4 60.5
0.678 0.724 74.2 68.4
0.669 0.729 68.3 64.2
0.643 0.732 74.2 69.6
 .. .. .. ..
0.693 0.692 79.4 71.2
0.624 0.716 75.6 72.3
0.587 0.744 72.5 68.4
0.603 0.724 77.7 75.2
0.656 0.684 75.5 67.3
0.656 0.674 73.0 66.8
0.654 0.675 77.6 68.2
0.561 0.703 73.2 68.7
0.644 0.655 76.0 69.3
0.628 0.666 76.9 71.1
0.655 0.646 77.8 70.7
0.574 0.692 70.7 68.2
0.647 0.641 66.2 60.4
0.589 0.655 71.4 67.3
0.611 0.630 77.4 72.8
.. .. 72.1 64.0
0.581 0.650 71.8 71.1
0.575 0.642 74.3 70.6
.. .. 69.5 66.1
0.571 0.635 72.6 67.8
0.591 0.635 65.7 62.8
0.595 0.618 64.0 55.3
0.581 0.625 69.4 65.8
.. .. 72.0 68.8
0.567 0.622 64.9 62.7
0.575 0.606 66.4 60.5
.. .. 59.6 57.4
0.566 0.594 69.9 63.8
0.557 0.606 71.6 67.3
0.553 0.593 68.7 64.0
0.549 0.612 71.9 69.0
0.546 0.605 63.7 58.1
0.522 0.601 60.2 57.7
0.540 0.584 62.6 59.5
0.464 0.622 68.1 66.2
.. .. 74.7 71.2

0.457 0.575 77.8 66.6

.. .. 65.6 63.0
0.504 0.568 65.9 62.4
0.520 0.551 70.8 66.5
0.492 0.567 55.2 53.5
0.509 0.544 66.8 63.2
0.484 0.561 65.2 60.7
0.479 0.562 66.3 63.1
0.504 0.533 68.3 65.1
0.486 0.550 63.0 59.9
0.522 0.509 57.0 50.6
0.445 0.559 58.7 56.3
0.476 0.545 69.6 65.5
0.459 0.561 61.6 59.9
0.457 0.546 66.9 63.3
0.477 0.536 65.8 61.5
0.411 0.568 66.0 63.0
.. .. 68.8 64.6
0.466 0.501 66.9 60.7
0.428 0.507 68.2 64.4
0.416 0.500 63.2 60.4
0.413 0.513 61.7 60.5
0.438 0.487 65.1 62.3
0.245 0.535 67.8 64.4
.. .. 59.9 56.0
0.419 0.496 61.9 58.9
0.422 0.468 63.0 57.1
0.411 0.465 55.1 53.5
0.403 0.461 61.9 60.4
.. .. 68.2 63.8
0.380 0.471 59.6 58.1
0.422 0.420 63.0 59.4
0.369 0.440 59.1 56.1
0.347 0.449 55.4 52.6
0.335 0.421 55.0 50.6
0.130 0.435 63.2 60.9

.. .. 75.5 68.4
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 58.8 55.4
.. .. .. ..

0.880 0.898 82.4 76.7

 0.732 0.763 77.8 72.7
0.571 0.676 70.9 67.8
0.465 0.542 63.0 59.7

0.653 0.711 73.2 69.1

0.634 0.740 73.8 70.2

0.725 0.754 77.8 72.9
0.757 0.794 77.5 70.8
0.747 0.764 78.6 72.3
0.570 0.688 71.1 68.5
0.507 0.569 62.9 59.4

0.489 0.562 66.9 63.2

0.718 0.743 74.0 69.8

0.882 0.903 83.0 77.7

0.707 0.751 74.9 70.4

stimated. See Definitions and Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details

parity in HDI values.

pita is capped at $75,000.

NICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 2006-2018.

alth Surveys for 2006-2018.

hnical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Development I

s by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values. Group 1 comprises countries with high equality in HDI achievements b
achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of liv
o live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.
school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s lif
by people ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment levels using official durations of each level.
male to male wages, female and male shares of economically active population and gross national income (in 2011 purchasing
 , UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019), Barro and Lee (2018), World Bank (2019a), ILO (2019) and IMF (2019).
Revision. New York. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
graphic and Health Surveys, UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and OECD (2018).
018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and OECD (2018).
19b), World Bank (2019a), United Nations Statistics Division (2019b) and IMF (2019).
 SDG4.3 SDG4.6

Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling

(years) (years)

Female Male Female Male

2018 c 2018 c 2018 c 2018 c

18.8 d
17.4 12.6 12.5
16.1 16.3 12.7 13.6
18.9 d
18.7 d
12.7 f
12.3 f

17.0 17.2 13.7 14.6

16.4 16.6 11.6 12.5
22.6 d
21.6 d
12.7 f
12.6 f

20.4 d
18.0 d
12.3 f
12.7 f

19.6 d
18.0 d
12.5 12.3
16.5 16.1 11.1 12.0
18.3 d
17.8 11.9 12.5
19.8 d
18.4 d
12.7 12.4
20.1 d
18.5 d
12.6 12.3
16.6 15.6 13.5 f
13.1 f

19.7 d
17.9 12.6 f
12.8 f

18.0 d
17.1 12.9 g
13.0 g

16.9 15.7 13.5 13.4

20.6 d
18.8 d
11.6 11.9
13.4 16.1 .. ..
15.2 15.3 13.0 h
12.6 h

16.6 16.0 12.3 13.0

14.3 14.1 11.8 g
12.6 g

16.6 15.4 13.0 13.0

15.8 16.9 11.5 12.9
18.2 d
16.7 12.2 12.3
18.2 d
17.5 9.7 10.0
17.6 16.1 12.5 13.0
15.8 15.2 11.2 11.6
16.4 15.4 11.0 11.6
16.6 15.9 10.0 g
10.5 g

16.8 15.3 13.4 f

12.6 f

15.1 14.3 12.0 12.2

17.1 17.5 10.3 10.8
17.3 15.6 12.3 12.3
16.9 16.1 13.0 g
13.0 g

14.3 13.4 12.0 9.8

.. .. 10.1 10.2
15.8 g
17.6 g
9.0 g
10.1 g

15.0 14.1 12.5 f

12.7 f

16.7 15.3 13.1 f

12.5 f

16.2 16.4 9.2 9.2

14.1 11.1 11.1 9.3
16.8 16.3 10.3 10.6
14.8 14.0 9.1 h
9.1 h

15.4 14.8 11.7 12.1

16.1 14.7 9.3 g
9.5 g

15.7 14.3 10.9 g

12.0 g

15.5 14.1 10.6 9.4

18.9 d
16.4 10.7 f
10.5 f

15.9 15.2 11.9 g

12.1 g

15.7 15.0 12.2 i

12.4 i

15.6 14.9 11.9 h

11.7 h

15.0 14.6 11.9 11.8

15.3 14.7 10.7 g
12.0 g

14.6 13.9 10.6 11.3

16.3 g
15.0 g
.. ..
16.6 g
13.8 g
10.9 j
10.3 j

14.3 12.9 8.0 6.9

17.1 15.1 9.0 8.4
15.9 g
16.9 g
6.9 8.4
.. .. 11.7 g
11.4 g

13.8 13.1 10.0 10.3

16.2 14.7 .. ..

15.3 14.3 10.7 11.6

13.8 g
12.0 g
11.1 i
10.9 i

14.6 14.8 9.9 10.1

15.5 14.4 9.3 h
9.5 h

13.3 12.1 10.4 h

9.9 h

15.8 14.9 8.8 8.5

15.8 14.8 9.9 j
10.2 j

15.7 15.2 12.8 12.8

14.2 13.7 10.5 g
11.6 g

14.8 13.9 11.8 g

11.7 g

13.8 g
13.5 g
.. ..
13.1 g
11.8 g
.. ..
13.9 k
13.5 k
8.6 10.9
14.6 14.0 8.4 8.8
14.8 g
14.5 g
7.5 8.0
17.0 16.2 .. ..
15.8 15.0 8.1 g
7.6 g

14.9 14.3 8.5 8.2

13.6 g
12.8 g
11.8 11.8
14.9 g
14.5 g
7.7 i
8.3 i

13.6 13.3 9.2 i

10.2 i

14.1 13.7 8.7 9.7

14.1 g
13.7 g
7.5 j
8.3 j

15.7 g
14.1 g
8.9 9.1
12.4 12.5 10.2 10.8
15.2 g
14.8 g
11.3 j
11.3 j

14.8 13.5 8.3 7.6

14.2 g
13.6 g
8.8 8.2
15.8 14.4 6.4 g
7.9 g

14.8 g
13.7 g
10.5 g
9.9 g

11.4 11.6 8.5 l

8.9 l

12.8 g
12.6 g
9.2 j
9.5 j

13.7 g
13.4 g
.. ..
13.9 g
12.4 g
10.0 g
9.5 g

13.8 g
11.8 g
10.7 10.0
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 11.0 h
10.7 h

13.2 g
12.2 g
8.5 8.4
13.4 g
12.4 g
9.0 9.2
12.1 g
11.6 g
10.2 h
10.7 h

13.4 12.9 9.9 i

9.7 i

12.2 m
12.0 m
6.7 m
6.9 m

14.4 g
13.9 g
11.3 h
11.2 h

13.0 g
12.4 g
9.6 g
9.2 g

11.8 11.4 11.6 11.5

10.5 g
11.1 g
.. ..
11.8 12.2 11.3 11.8
13.0 l
12.6 l
8.0 j
7.2 j

12.9 12.9 7.6 8.4

12.9 g
12.1 g
.. ..
14.0 13.3 10.0 10.5
14.0 n
14.0 n
8.3 9.8
12.5 l
13.3 l
7.5 m
9.2 m

13.1 13.1 6.7 h

8.0 h
 .. .. 10.9 g
11.2 g

12.9 i
12.5 i
7.9 h
8.5 h

13.7 12.0 8.9 9.3

10.2 m
12.1 m
6.0 g
8.6 g

12.6 g
13.6 g
4.6 h
6.4 h

13.6 13.2 11.0 i

10.8 i

11.9 g
11.1 g
8.9 i
8.0 i

11.9 12.2 6.6 7.3

10.9 g
12.3 g
10.1 m
11.2 m

12.1 11.6 6.0 6.5

10.5 10.8 6.4 6.5
12.5 n
11.9 n
7.1 h
6.5 h

12.9 11.9 4.7 g

8.2 g

12.7 m
12.5 m
7.3 h
6.6 h

12.0 g
12.8 g
3.6 m
5.3 m

10.6 9.8 6.6 6.6

12.2 g
11.4 g
.. ..
12.2 g
12.0 g
2.1 g
4.2 g

11.6 10.8 5.3 6.8

.. .. .. ..
12.8 g
12.6 g
5.7 g
7.2 g

11.5 l
11.9 l
6.1 j
7.5 j

10.9 g
11.7 g
6.3 i
7.2 i

10.8 11.3 4.8 h

5.6 h

10.9 g
11.7 g
.. ..
11.4 11.7 6.4 h
7.9 h

11.6 m
12.5 m
6.7 m
7.5 m

.. .. 3.9 k
7.2 k

10.5 10.1 5.0 m

4.9 m

10.9 g
11.8 g
4.1 h
5.7 h

10.3 g
10.9 g
6.0 h
7.2 h

12.7 11.7 3.6 h

6.4 h

11.0 m
12.7 m
4.0 m
6.4 m

11.9 13.6 4.8 i

7.8 i

10.3 10.6 7.6 g

9.0 g

7.8 9.3 3.8 6.5

9.7 g
10.7 g
.. ..

8.7 g
8.8 g
4.6 o
5.6 o

.. .. 3.9 h
5.4 h

11.1 g
11.4 g
3.9 m
5.9 m

11.2 11.2 3.9 g

4.9 g
8.6 i
10.1 i
5.3 m
7.6 m

7.7 8.1 5.6 h

6.4 h

10.4 g
11.5 g
4.8 m
7.4 m

8.5 8.5 3.7 h

5.5 h

10.3 10.4 6.4 l

5.8 l

11.4 13.8 3.0 j

4.4 j

11.1 10.3 7.0 h

5.5 h

8.2 10.0 4.1 h

6.3 h

9.4 8.6 1.8 g

4.4 g

11.4 13.7 3.3 m

6.6 m

7.7 8.3 3.2 h

4.2 h

9.6 l
10.4 l
4.3 m
6.6 m

7.9 12.5 1.9 h

6.0 h

6.0 g
6.9 g
.. ..
10.9 m
11.0 m
4.1 h
5.1 h

8.3 g
9.1 g
1.6 m
3.9 m

9.5 g
9.4 g
3.0 m
4.3 m

7.7 g
10.3 g
1.5 m
3.9 m

8.8 g
10.1 g
3.5 h
5.9 h

7.4 g
10.1 g
1.9 j
4.4 j

.. .. .. ..
8.7 g
10.6 g
5.3 8.4
9.3 10.2 2.5 g
4.6 g

9.7 g
10.6 g
2.8 h
4.4 h

8.7 9.1 1.0 m

2.1 m

4.6 5.4 .. ..
6.8 8.6 1.7 i
3.0 i

10.9 11.7 2.7 m

3.6 m

3.5 g
5.9 g
4.0 5.3
6.0 g
8.9 g
1.3 m
3.6 m

6.2 g
8.9 g
3.0 h
5.6 h

5.8 7.2 1.4 g

2.7 g

10.4 g
11.3 g
.. ..
.. .. .. ..
11.8 g
10.8 g
.. ..
15.6 14.6 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..

16.7 16.1 12.0 12.1

 14.0 13.6 8.0 8.6
11.9 11.5 5.0 7.8
8.5 9.9 3.8 5.8

12.2 12.2 6.7 8.1

11.7 12.3 6.4 7.8

13.5 13.3 7.5 8.3
14.4 14.7 9.9 10.5
14.9 14.1 8.6 8.5
12.0 11.6 5.0 8.0
9.3 10.4 4.8 6.6

9.3 10.2 3.9 5.7

13.1 12.6 8.5 9.0

16.6 16.0 11.9 12.1

12.7 12.6 7.9 9.0

nical_notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Development Index is calculated.

he Gender Development Index is calculated.

lity in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of less than 2.5 percent), group 2 comprises countries w
nd a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for d
the infant’s life.
st throughout the child’s life.
each level.
come (in 2011 purchasing power parity terms). See Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_
d IMF (2019).

OECD (2018).
 SDG8.5

Estimated gross national income per capita a

(2011 PPP $)

Female Male

2018 2018

60,283 75,688 e

49,275 69,649
44,921 66,583
38,470 55,649
43,852 79,385 e

35,900 52,359
39,246 55,824
41,919 53,979
74,600 92,163 e

40,573 59,536
41,026 56,732
35,066 48,689
35,118 52,221
26,754 43,745
28,526 50,771
44,465 68,061
34,928 52,927
.. ..
28,784 53,384
32,618 60,303
53,006 77,851 e

24,616 42,792
23,228 50,241
28,832 35,487
28,086 42,250
24,114 39,327
33,002 48,510
25,023 44,518
26,471 46,360
22,999 38,653
27,791 38,404
19,747 30,264
21,876 33,739
25,665 34,560
24,211 85,772 e

.. ..
18,166 72,328
23,683 38,045
21,857 31,520
23,627 32,738
57,209 127,774 e

15,211 28,933
65,914 86,071 e

21,010 33,906
18,422 52,949
19,441 26,960
11,435 50,238
12,084 23,419
19,969 30,904
13,923 20,616
16,492 28,197
15,621 23,905
14,457 20,634
19,487 28,569
.. ..
13,686 18,292
49,067 85,620 e

14,901 24,292
15,921 34,137
22,830 34,288
20,820 33,279
.. ..

12,549 17,995
22,266 34,878
5,809 30,250
14,261 31,385
16,106 24,788
10,566 19,015
9,781 14,725
6,505 12,929
6,766 16,852
5,035 10,625
.. ..
.. ..
 8,432 17,123
11,254 24,286
14,319 18,033
.. ..
10,432 17,827
10,236 15,656
6,342 12,581
4,103 22,981
9,464 16,279
8,839 15,854
12,665 19,410
7,319 12,960
9,849 20,656
6,064 10,232
11,176 18,974
9,085 14,046
4,737 16,722
9,666 11,931
4,667 17,530
14,176 17,854
8,615 14,780
6,326 9,559
6,655 11,546
.. ..
5,839 12,292
8,325 15,001
7,953 15,868
2,734 13,668
5,665 8,619
7,454 15,576
3,817 7,747
7,541 11,518
5,886 7,861
11,746 21,213
4,656 8,277
4,867 18,363
7,672 14,789
3,955 7,685
9,035 14,554
4,902 8,780
11,238 20,183
4,364 16,989
 .. ..
5,739 6,703
1,824 8,705
3,712 26,745
3,012 12,019
2,192 4,465
4,676 10,533
5,234 8,944
1,044 5,881
5,523 7,497
4,864 9,970
4,277 5,318
2,625 10,712
8,917 10,497
5,389 9,618
3,214 5,305
.. ..
6,388 10,579
2,373 5,701
.. ..
1,885 4,162
4,989 6,621
7,030 11,798
5,027 7,595
2,185 3,413
3,287 4,889
3,011 4,164
12,781 21,809
3,613 8,076
3,129 4,089
2,619 3,490
2,113 3,510
4,720 6,407
2,724 3,858
2,280 3,080
1,570 8,605
1,569 2,469

656 4,779
3,248 4,106
1,812 3,030
1,708 2,218
4,313 5,838
2,436 3,175
1,272 2,247
2,018 5,462
1,119 1,690
1,863 2,407
2,641 3,864
1,790 5,355
2,173 4,396
1,200 1,989
1,759 6,168
1,388 1,949
1,102 2,355
2,900 4,232
925 1,400
1,333 2,231
800 2,190
1,878 2,569
1,051 1,030
168 2,679
1,305 1,895
684 917
1,031 1,284
1,238 1,525
1,336 2,077
1,403 2,011
1,311 2,618
763 555
1,277 1,633
1,377 2,056
622 935
112 1,705

.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..

30,171 50,297
 10,460 18,271
2,787 9,528
1,928 3,232

6,804 14,040

5,338 25,343
11,385 17,728
10,588 20,674
9,836 18,004
2,639 10,693
2,752 4,133

1,807 3,462
12,022 19,066

31,016 50,530

11,246 20,167

up 2 comprises countries with medium to high equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 2.
_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.

ult/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details.

 Table 5. Gender Inequality Index

Gender Inequality Index

Value Rank
HDI rank Country

2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 0.044 5
2 Switzerland 0.037 1
3 Ireland 0.093 22
4 Germany 0.084 19
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. ..
6 Australia 0.103 25
6 Iceland 0.057 9
8 Sweden 0.040 2
9 Singapore 0.065 11
10 Netherlands 0.041 4
11 Denmark 0.040 2
12 Finland 0.050 7
13 Canada 0.083 18
14 New Zealand 0.133 34
15 United Kingdom 0.119 27
15 United States 0.182 42
17 Belgium 0.045 6
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan 0.099 23
20 Austria 0.073 14
21 Luxembourg 0.078 16
22 Israel 0.100 24
22 Korea (Republic of) 0.058 10
24 Slovenia 0.069 12
25 Spain 0.074 15
26 Czechia 0.137 35
26 France 0.051 8
28 Malta 0.195 44
29 Italy 0.069 12
30 Estonia 0.091 21
31 Cyprus 0.086 20
32 Greece 0.122 31
32 Poland 0.120 30
34 Lithuania 0.124 33
35 United Arab Emirates 0.113 26
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 0.224 49
36 Slovakia 0.190 43
39 Latvia 0.169 40
40 Portugal 0.081 17
41 Qatar 0.202 45
42 Chile 0.288 62
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.234 51
43 Hungary 0.258 56
45 Bahrain 0.207 47
46 Croatia 0.122 31
47 Oman 0.304 65
48 Argentina 0.354 77
49 Russian Federation 0.255 54
50 Belarus 0.119 27
50 Kazakhstan 0.203 46
52 Bulgaria 0.218 48
52 Montenegro 0.119 27
52 Romania 0.316 69
55 Palau .. ..
56 Barbados 0.256 55
57 Kuwait 0.245 53
57 Uruguay 0.275 59
59 Turkey 0.305 66
60 Bahamas 0.353 76
61 Malaysia 0.274 58
62 Seychelles .. ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 0.161 37
63 Trinidad and Tobago 0.323 72
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.492 118
66 Mauritius 0.369 82
67 Panama 0.460 108
68 Costa Rica 0.285 61
69 Albania 0.234 51
70 Georgia 0.351 75
71 Sri Lanka 0.380 86
72 Cuba 0.312 67
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.162 38
76 Mexico 0.334 74
77 Thailand 0.377 84
78 Grenada .. ..
79 Brazil 0.386 89
79 Colombia 0.411 94
81 Armenia 0.259 57
82 Algeria 0.443 100
82 North Macedonia 0.145 36
82 Peru 0.381 87
85 China 0.163 39
85 Ecuador 0.389 90
87 Azerbaijan 0.321 70
88 Ukraine 0.284 60
89 Dominican Republic 0.453 104
89 Saint Lucia 0.333 73
91 Tunisia 0.300 63
92 Mongolia 0.322 71
93 Lebanon 0.362 79
94 Botswana 0.464 111
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. ..
96 Jamaica 0.405 93
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.458 106
98 Dominica .. ..
98 Fiji 0.357 78
98 Paraguay 0.482 117
98 Suriname 0.465 112
102 Jordan 0.469 113
103 Belize 0.391 91
104 Maldives 0.367 81
105 Tonga 0.418 96
106 Philippines 0.425 98
107 Moldova (Republic of) 0.228 50
108 Turkmenistan .. ..
108 Uzbekistan 0.303 64
110 Libya 0.172 41
111 Indonesia 0.451 103
111 Samoa 0.364 80
113 South Africa 0.422 97
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.446 101
115 Gabon 0.534 128
116 Egypt 0.450 102
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. ..
118 Viet Nam 0.314 68
119 Palestine, State of .. ..
120 Iraq 0.540 131
121 Morocco 0.492 118
122 Kyrgyzstan 0.381 87
123 Guyana 0.492 118
124 El Salvador 0.397 92
125 Tajikistan 0.377 84
126 Cabo Verde 0.372 83
126 Guatemala 0.492 118
126 Nicaragua 0.455 105
129 India 0.501 122
130 Namibia 0.460 108
131 Timor-Leste .. ..
132 Honduras 0.479 116
132 Kiribati .. ..
134 Bhutan 0.436 99
135 Bangladesh 0.536 129
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.547 136
138 Congo 0.579 145
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.579 145
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.463 110
141 Vanuatu .. ..
142 Ghana 0.541 133
143 Zambia 0.540 131
144 Equatorial Guinea .. ..
145 Myanmar 0.458 106
146 Cambodia 0.474 114
147 Kenya 0.545 134
147 Nepal 0.476 115
149 Angola 0.578 144
150 Cameroon 0.566 140
150 Zimbabwe 0.525 126
152 Pakistan 0.547 136
153 Solomon Islands .. ..
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 0.547 136
155 Papua New Guinea 0.740 161
156 Comoros .. ..
157 Rwanda 0.412 95
158 Nigeria .. ..
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.539 130
159 Uganda 0.531 127
161 Mauritania 0.620 150
162 Madagascar .. ..
163 Benin 0.613 148
164 Lesotho 0.546 135
165 Côte d'Ivoire 0.657 157
166 Senegal 0.523 125
167 Togo 0.566 140
168 Sudan 0.560 139
169 Haiti 0.620 150
170 Afghanistan 0.575 143
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Malawi 0.615 149
173 Ethiopia 0.508 123
174 Gambia 0.620 150
174 Guinea .. ..
176 Liberia 0.651 155
177 Yemen 0.834 162
178 Guinea-Bissau .. ..
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.655 156
180 Mozambique 0.569 142
181 Sierra Leone 0.644 153
182 Burkina Faso 0.612 147
182 Eritrea .. ..
184 Mali 0.676 158
185 Burundi 0.520 124
186 South Sudan .. ..
187 Chad 0.701 160
188 Central African Republic 0.682 159
189 Niger 0.647 154
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
.. Monaco .. ..
.. Nauru .. ..
.. San Marino .. ..
.. Somalia .. ..
.. Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.175 —
High human development 0.331 —
Medium human development 0.501 —
Low human development 0.590 —

Developing countries 0.466 —

Regions
Arab States 0.531 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.310 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.276 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.383 —
South Asia 0.510 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.573 —

Least developed countries 0.561 —

Small island developing states 0.453 —

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.182 —

World 0.439 —

NOTES
a. Estimates modelled by the International Labour Organization.
b. Data are average annual estimates for 2015–2020.
c. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
d. Based on Barro and Lee (2018).
e. Based on data from OECD (2018).
f. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children's Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surve
g. Based on cross-country regression.
h. Based on data from the national statistical office.
i. Excludes the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis.
j. Refers to 2017.
k. Refers to 2013.
l. In calculating the Gender Inequality Index, a value of 0.1 percent was used.
m. Refers to 2015.
n. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006-2018.
T. From original data source.

DEFINITIONS
Gender Inequality Index: A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women an
Maternal mortality ratio: Number of deaths due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Adolescent birth rate: Number of births to women ages 15–19 per 1,000 women ages 15–19.
Share of seats in parliament: Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament expressed a
Population with at least some secondary education: Percentage of the population ages 25 and older
Labour force participation rate: Proportion of the working-age population (ages 15 and older) that enga

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data in columns 3 - 9.
Column 2: Calculated based on data in column 1.
Column 3: UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Group (2017).
Column 4: UNDESA (2019b).
Column 5: IPU (2019).
Columns 6 and 7: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019) and Barro and Lee (2018).
Columns 8 and 9: ILO (2019).
 SDG3.1 SDG3.7 SDG5.5 SDG4.6
Maternal mortality Share of seats in Population with at least some seconda
Adolescent birth rate
ratio parliament education
(% ages 25 and older)
(deaths per 100,000 live (births per 1,000 women
(% held by women)
births) ages 15–19) Female

2015 2015-2020 b
2018 2010–2018 c

5 5.1 41.4 96.1

5 2.8 29.3 96.4
8 7.5 24.3 90.2 d

6 8.1 31.5 96.0

.. 2.7 .. 76.6
6 11.7 32.7 90.0
3 6.3 38.1 100.0 e

4 5.1 46.1 88.8

10 3.5 23.0 76.3
7 3.8 35.6 86.6
6 4.1 37.4 89.2
3 5.8 42.0 100.0
7 8.4 31.7 100.0 e

11 19.3 38.3 97.2

9 13.4 28.9 82.9
14 19.9 23.6 95.7
7 4.7 41.4 82.6
.. .. 12.0 ..
5 3.8 13.7 95.2 d

4 7.3 34.8 100.0

10 4.7 20.0 100.0
5 9.6 27.5 87.8
11 1.4 17.0 89.8
9 3.8 20.0 97.0
5 7.7 38.6 73.3
4 12.0 20.3 99.8
8 4.7 35.7 81.0
9 12.9 11.9 74.3
4 5.2 35.6 75.6
9 7.7 26.7 100.0 e

7 4.6 17.9 78.2

3 7.2 18.7 61.5
3 10.5 25.5 82.9
10 10.9 21.3 92.9
6 6.5 22.5 78.8 d

.. .. 32.1 71.5
12 7.3 19.9 67.8
6 25.7 20.0 99.1
18 16.2 31.0 100.0 e

10 8.4 34.8 53.6

13 9.9 9.8 73.5
22 41.1 22.7 79.0
23 10.3 9.1 69.5 d

17 24.0 12.6 96.3

15 13.4 18.8 64.2 d

8 8.7 18.5 94.5

17 13.1 8.8 73.4
52 62.8 39.5 66.5 d

25 20.7 16.1 96.3

4 14.5 33.1 87.2
12 29.8 22.1 98.3 d

11 39.9 23.8 94.2

7 9.3 23.5 88.0
31 36.2 18.7 87.2
.. .. 13.8 96.9
27 33.6 27.5 94.6 d

4 8.2 3.1 56.8

15 58.7 22.3 57.8
16 26.6 17.4 44.3
80 30.0 21.8 88.0
40 13.4 15.8 79.8 d

.. 62.1 21.2 ..

17 14.7 34.4 85.7

63 30.1 30.1 74.4 d

25 40.6 5.9 67.4

53 25.7 11.6 65.7 d

94 81.8 18.3 74.8 d

25 53.5 45.6 53.8

29 19.6 27.9 93.5
36 46.4 16.0 97.4
30 20.9 5.8 82.6 d

39 51.6 53.2 86.7 d

.. .. 13.3 ..
.. 42.8 31.4 ..
11 9.6 19.3 73.1
38 60.4 48.4 58.4
20 44.9 5.3 43.1
27 29.2 39.3 ..
44 59.1 15.0 61.0
64 66.7 19.0 53.1
25 21.5 18.1 96.9
140 10.1 21.3 39.1 d

8 15.7 38.3 41.6 f

68 56.9 27.7 57.4

27 7.6 24.9 75.4 d

64 79.3 38.0 51.9

25 55.8 16.8 93.9
24 23.7 12.3 94.0 d

92 94.3 24.3 58.6

48 40.5 20.7 49.2
62 7.8 31.3 42.3 d

44 31.0 17.1 91.2

15 14.5 4.7 54.3 g

129 46.1 9.5 89.6 d

45 49.0 13.0 ..
89 52.8 19.0 69.9
95 85.3 22.2 71.7
.. .. 25.0 ..
30 49.4 19.6 78.3 d

132 70.5 16.0 47.3

155 61.7 25.5 61.5
58 25.9 15.4 82.0 d

28 68.5 11.1 78.9

68 7.8 5.9 44.9 d

124 14.7 7.4 94.0 d

114 54.2 29.1 75.6 d

23 22.4 22.8 95.5

42 24.4 24.8 ..
36 23.8 16.4 99.9
9 5.8 16.0 69.4 d

126 47.4 19.8 44.5

51 23.9 10.0 79.1 h

138 67.9 41.8 i

75.0
206 64.9 51.8 52.8
291 96.2 17.4 j
65.6 d

33 53.8 14.9 59.2 d

.. .. 9.1 91.6
54 30.9 26.7 66.2 d

45 52.8 .. 60.0
50 71.7 25.2 39.5 d

121 31.0 18.4 29.0 d

76 32.8 19.2 98.6 d

229 74.4 31.9 70.9 d

54 69.5 31.0 39.9

32 57.1 20.0 98.8 d

42 73.8 20.8 k
28.7
88 70.9 12.7 38.4
150 85.0 45.7 48.3 d

174 13.2 11.7 39.0 d

265 63.6 39.7 40.5 d

215 33.8 33.8 ..

129 72.9 21.1 34.2
90 16.2 6.5 ..
148 20.2 15.3 7.6
176 83.0 20.3 45.3 d

100 13.9 0.0 l

..
156 94.6 14.5 31.5
442 112.2 14.0 46.7 d

389 76.7 12.1 31.3 d

197 65.4 27.5 35.0 d

78 49.4 0.0 l
..
319 66.6 12.7 55.7 d

224 120.1 18.0 39.2 d

342 155.6 18.0 ..

178 28.5 10.2 28.7 d

161 50.2 19.3 15.1 d

510 75.1 23.3 29.8 d

258 65.1 33.5 29.0 d

477 150.5 30.5 23.1

596 105.8 29.3 32.7
443 86.1 34.3 55.9
178 38.8 20.0 26.7
114 78.0 2.0 ..

68 38.6 13.2 37.1 d

215 52.7 0.0 l

9.9 d

335 65.4 6.1 ..

290 39.1 55.7 12.9 d

814 107.3 5.8 ..

398 118.4 37.2 11.9 d

343 118.8 34.3 27.4 d

602 71.0 20.3 12.7 d

353 109.6 19.6 ..

405 86.1 7.2 18.2 d

487 92.7 22.7 32.8 d

645 117.6 9.2 m

17.8 d

315 72.7 41.8 11.1

368 89.1 17.6 27.6 d

311 64.0 31.0 15.3 d

359 51.7 2.7 26.9 d

396 69.0 27.4 j

13.2 d

229 18.8 26.2 ..

634 132.7 16.7 17.6 d

353 66.7 37.3 11.5 n

706 78.2 10.3 30.7 n

679 135.3 21.9 ..

725 136.0 11.7 18.5 d

385 60.4 0.5 19.9 d

549 104.8 13.7 ..

693 124.2 8.2 36.7
489 148.6 39.6 14.0
1,360 112.8 12.3 19.9 d

371 104.3 11.0 6.0 n

501 52.6 22.0 ..

587 169.1 8.8 7.3 f

712 55.6 38.8 7.5 d

789 62.0 26.6 ..

856 161.1 15.3 1.7 n

882 129.1 8.6 13.4 d

553 186.5 17.0 4.3 d

82 0.3 16.3 ..
.. .. 33.3 ..
.. .. 10.5 ..
.. .. 26.7 ..
732 100.1 24.3 ..
.. .. 6.7 ..

15 16.7 27.2 87.0

56 33.6 24.4 68.9
198 34.3 20.8 39.5
557 101.1 21.3 17.8

231 46.8 22.4 55.0

148 46.6 18.3 45.9

62 22.0 20.3 68.8
25 27.8 21.2 78.1
68 63.2 31.0 59.7
176 26.1 17.1 39.9
 550 104.7 23.5 28.8

434 T
94.4 22.5 25.3
192 57.5 24.6 59.0

14 20.5 30.1 84.8

216 T
42.9 24.1 62.8

ultiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 2006-2018.

lth Surveys for 2006-2018.

evement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. See Techn
es per 100,000 live births.
omen ages 15–19.
tional parliament expressed as a percentage of total seats. For countries with a bicameral legislative system, the share of seats
population ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education.
(ages 15 and older) that engages in the labour market, either by working or actively looking for work, expressed as a percentag
 SDG4.6
n with at least some secondary
Labour force participation rate a
education
% ages 25 and older) (% ages 15 and older)

Male Female Male

2010–2018 c
2018 2018

94.8 60.2 66.7

97.2 62.6 74.1
86.3 d
55.1 68.1
96.6 55.3 66.2
82.9 54.1 67.8
90.7 59.7 70.5
100.0 e
72.1 80.6
89.0 61.1 67.6
83.3 60.5 76.3
90.1 58.0 68.9
89.4 58.1 65.9
100.0 55.0 62.2
100.0 e
60.9 69.7
96.6 64.6 75.7
85.7 57.1 67.8
95.5 56.1 68.2
87.1 47.9 58.9
.. .. ..
92.2 d
51.4 70.7
100.0 54.8 65.9
100.0 53.5 62.7
90.5 59.2 69.1
95.6 52.8 73.3
98.3 53.4 62.7
78.4 51.7 63.4
99.8 52.4 68.4
86.3 50.3 60.0
82.2 43.3 66.2
83.0 40.0 58.4
100.0 e
57.0 70.9
82.6 57.3 67.2
73.2 45.3 60.7
88.1 48.9 65.5
97.5 56.4 66.7
65.7 d
51.2 93.4
73.3 .. ..
75.5 23.4 79.2
100.0 52.7 67.4
99.1 e
55.4 68.0
54.8 53.9 64.2
66.1 57.8 94.7
80.9 51.0 74.2
70.6 d
58.2 71.7
98.2 48.3 65.0
57.5 d
44.5 87.3
96.9 45.7 58.2
63.7 31.0 88.7
63.3 d
49.0 72.8
95.7 54.9 70.5
92.5 58.1 70.3
98.9 d
65.2 77.1
96.2 49.5 61.6
97.5 43.6 58.1
93.1 45.6 64.2
97.3 .. ..
91.9 d
61.9 69.6
49.3 57.5 85.3
54.0 55.8 73.8
66.0 33.5 72.6
91.0 67.6 82.0
81.8 d
50.9 77.4
.. .. ..

93.6 46.8 62.1

71.2 d
50.4 71.3
72.0 16.8 71.2
68.1 d
45.0 71.8
68.4 d
52.5 80.5
52.3 45.7 74.6
92.8 47.2 64.9
98.6 57.8 78.7
83.1 d
34.9 72.2
88.9 d
40.0 67.4
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
90.0 35.6 58.6
61.1 43.8 78.9
48.2 59.5 76.2
.. .. ..
57.7 54.0 74.4
50.9 58.6 82.0
97.6 49.6 69.9
38.9 d
14.9 67.4
57.6 f
42.7 67.5
68.5 69.9 84.7
83.0 d
61.3 75.9
51.9 56.6 81.8
97.5 63.1 69.7
95.2 d
46.7 62.8
54.4 50.9 77.6
42.1 60.2 75.3
54.6 d
24.1 69.9
86.3 53.3 66.7
55.6 g
23.5 70.9
90.3 d
66.2 78.6
.. 57.3 79.2
62.4 60.4 73.9
66.6 47.7 77.1
.. .. ..
70.2 d
38.1 76.1
48.3 56.9 84.1
60.1 39.2 64.2
85.9 d
14.1 64.0
78.4 53.3 81.4
49.3 d
41.9 82.0
93.4 d
45.3 74.1
72.4 d
45.7 74.1
97.4 38.9 45.6
.. 52.8 78.2
99.9 53.4 78.0
45.0 d
25.7 79.0
53.2 52.2 82.0
71.6 h
23.7 38.6
78.2 48.9 62.6
65.1 56.6 79.4
49.8 d
43.4 60.2
71.2 d
22.8 73.2

92.5 .. ..
77.7 d
72.7 82.5
62.2 19.3 71.1
56.5 d
12.4 72.6
35.6 d
21.4 70.4
98.3 d
48.0 75.8
55.5 d
41.2 73.6
46.3 46.1 78.9
87.0 d
27.8 59.7
31.2 65.1 73.2
37.2 41.1 85.0
46.6 d
50.7 83.7
63.5 d
23.6 78.6
41.9 d
56.2 65.9
.. 25.0 52.6
32.6 47.2 83.7
.. .. ..
17.5 58.2 74.5
49.2 d
36.0 81.3
.. .. ..
45.8 43.3 76.2
51.3 d
66.9 71.6
33.9 d
41.4 65.9
46.0 d
76.8 79.7
.. 61.5 79.6
71.1 d
63.6 71.5
52.4 d
70.8 79.8
.. 55.2 67.1
22.3 d
47.7 77.3
28.1 d
75.2 87.6
37.3 d
63.6 69.1
44.2 d
81.7 84.4
38.1 75.4 80.1
40.9 71.2 81.4
66.3 78.6 89.0
47.3 23.9 81.5
.. 62.4 80.3

43.4 d
12.0 70.3
15.2 d
46.0 47.6
.. 37.4 50.7
17.9 d
84.2 83.6
.. 50.6 59.8
16.9 d
79.4 87.2
34.7 d
67.2 75.0
24.9 d
29.2 63.2
.. 83.6 89.3
33.6 d
69.2 73.3
25.1 d
59.8 74.9
34.1 d
48.3 66.0
21.4 35.2 58.6
54.0 d
76.1 79.3
19.6 d
24.5 70.3
39.9 d
63.3 72.8
36.9 d
48.7 82.1
.. 54.8 71.1
25.9 d
72.9 82.0
22.0 n
74.2 86.5
43.6 n
51.7 67.7
.. 64.1 65.1
39.6 d
54.7 57.5
35.5 d
6.0 70.8
.. 67.3 78.9
65.8 60.8 66.5
27.3 77.5 79.6
32.9 d
57.7 58.5
12.1 n
58.5 75.1
.. 74.1 87.1
16.4 f
61.3 80.9
11.0 d
80.4 77.6
.. 71.8 74.3
10.3 n
64.8 77.9
31.1 d
64.7 79.8
8.9 d
67.3 90.5

.. 74.3 87.3
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 19.1 74.3
.. .. ..

88.7 52.1 69.0

74.5 53.9 75.6
58.7 32.3 78.9
30.3 58.2 73.1

65.8 46.6 76.6

54.9 20.4 73.8

76.2 59.7 77.0
85.8 45.2 70.1
59.3 51.8 77.2
60.8 25.9 78.8
 39.8 63.5 72.9

34.9 57.3 78.8

61.5 51.0 70.2

87.7 51.6 68.5

71.2 48.0 74.9

labour market. See Technical note 4 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the

system, the share of seats is calculated based on both houses.

expressed as a percentage of the working-age population.

notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Inequality Index is calculated.
Table 6. Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries

Multidimensional Poverty Index a

Year and survey b

Index

Country 2007-2018 Value

Afghanistan 2015/2016 D 0.272 d

Albania 2017/2018 D 0.003

Algeria 2012/2013 M 0.008
Angola 2015/2016 D 0.282
Armenia 2015/2016 D 0.001
Bangladesh 2014 D 0.198
Barbados 2012 M 0.009 f

Belize 2015/2016 M 0.017

Benin 2017/2018 D 0.368
Bhutan 2010 M 0.175 g

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2008 D 0.094

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011/2012 M 0.008 f

Brazil 2015 N h
0.016 d,g,h

Burkina Faso 2010 D 0.519

Burundi 2016/2017 D 0.403
Cambodia 2014 D 0.170
Cameroon 2014 M 0.243
Central African Republic 2010 M 0.465 g

Chad 2014/2015 D 0.533

China 2014 N i
0.016 j,k

Colombia 2015/2016 D 0.020 d

Comoros 2012 D 0.181

Congo 2014/2015 M 0.112
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2013/2014 D 0.389
Côte d'Ivoire 2016 M 0.236
Dominican Republic 2014 M 0.015 d

Ecuador 2013/2014 N 0.018 g

Egypt 2014 D 0.019 l

El Salvador 2014 M 0.032

Eswatini (Kingdom of) 2014 M 0.081
Ethiopia 2016 D 0.489
Gabon 2012 D 0.066
Gambia 2013 D 0.286
Ghana 2014 D 0.138
Guatemala 2014/2015 D 0.134
Guinea 2016 M 0.336
Guinea-Bissau 2014 M 0.372
Guyana 2014 M 0.014
Haiti 2016/2017 D 0.200
Honduras 2011/2012 D 0.090 m

India 2015/2016 D 0.123

Indonesia 2012 D 0.028 d

Iraq 2018 M 0.033

Jamaica 2014 N 0.018 f

Jordan 2017/2018 D 0.002

Kazakhstan 2015 M 0.002 g

Kenya 2014 D 0.178

Kyrgyzstan 2014 M 0.008
Lao People's Democratic Republic 2017 M 0.108
Lesotho 2014 D 0.146
Liberia 2013 D 0.320
Libya 2014 P 0.007
Madagascar 2008/2009 D 0.453
Malawi 2015/2016 D 0.243
Maldives 2016/2017 D 0.003
Mali 2015 M 0.457
Mauritania 2015 M 0.261
Mexico 2016 N n
0.025 f

Moldova (Republic of) 2012 M 0.004

Mongolia 2013 M 0.042
Montenegro 2013 M 0.002 g

Morocco 2011 P 0.085 g

Mozambique 2011 D 0.411

Myanmar 2015/2016 D 0.176
Namibia 2013 D 0.171
Nepal 2016 D 0.148
Nicaragua 2011/2012 D 0.074
Niger 2012 D 0.590
Nigeria 2016/2017 M 0.291
North Macedonia 2011 M 0.010 f

Pakistan 2017/2018 D 0.198

Palestine, State of 2014 M 0.004
Paraguay 2016 M 0.019
Peru 2012 D 0.053
Philippines 2017 D 0.024 d

Rwanda 2014/2015 D 0.259

Saint Lucia 2012 M 0.007 f

Sao Tome and Principe 2014 M 0.092

Senegal 2017 D 0.288
Serbia 2014 M 0.001 g
Sierra Leone 2017 M 0.297
South Africa 2016 D 0.025
South Sudan 2010 M 0.580
Sudan 2014 M 0.279
Suriname 2010 M 0.041 f

Syrian Arab Republic 2009 P 0.029 g

Tajikistan 2017 D 0.029

Tanzania (United Republic of) 2015/2016 D 0.273
Thailand 2015/2016 M 0.003 g

Timor-Leste 2016 D 0.210

Togo 2013/2014 D 0.249
Trinidad and Tobago 2011 M 0.002 g

Tunisia 2011/2012 M 0.005

Turkmenistan 2015/2016 M 0.001
Uganda 2016 D 0.269
Ukraine 2012 M 0.001 d

Vanuatu 2007 M 0.174 g

Viet Nam 2013/2014 M 0.019 d

Yemen 2013 D 0.241

Zambia 2013/2014 D 0.261
Zimbabwe 2015 D 0.137

Developing countries — 0.114

Regions
Arab States — 0.076
East Asia and the Pacific — 0.024
Europe and Central Asia — 0.004
Latin America and the Caribbean — 0.033
South Asia — 0.142
Sub-Saharan Africa — 0.315

Notes
a. Not all indicators were available for all countries, so caution should be used in cross-country comparisons. When
b. D indicates data from Demographic and Health Surveys, M from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, P from Pan A
c. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
d. Missing indicator on nutrition.
e. Value is not reported because it is based on a small number of multidimensionally poor people.
f. Missing indicator on child mortality.
g. Considers child deaths that occurred at any time because the survey did not collect the date of child deaths.
h. The methodology was adjusted to account for missing indicator on nutrition and incomplete indicator on child mor
i. Based on the version of data accessed on 7 June 2016.
j. Given the information available in the data, child mortality was constructed based on deaths that occurred between
k. Missing indicator on housing.
l. Missing indicator on cooking fuel.
m. Missing indicator on electricity.
n. Multidimensional Poverty Index estimates are based on the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Estimates

Definitions
Multidimensional Poverty Index: Percentage of the population that is multidimensionally poor adjusted by the inte
Multidimensional poverty headcount: Population with a deprivation score of at least 33 percent. It is expressed a
Intensity of deprivation of multidimensional poverty: Average deprivation score experienced by people in multid
Inequality among the poor: Variance of individual deprivation scores of poor people. It is calculated by subtracting
Population in severe multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the population in severe multidimensional poverty
Population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the population at risk of suffering multiple dep
Contribution of deprivation in dimension to overall multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the Multidimensio
Population living below national poverty line: Percentage of the population living below the national poverty line,
Population living below PPP $1.90 a day: Percentage of the population living below the international poverty line o

Main data sources

Column 1: Refers to the year and the survey whose data were used to calculate the country's Multidimensional Pove
Columns 2-12: HDRO and OPHI calculations based on data on household deprivations in health, education, and sta
Columns 13 and 14: World Bank (2019a).
SDG 1.2

Population in multidimensional poverty

Intensity of Number of poor (year Number of poor

Headcount
deprivation of the survey) (2017)

(%) (%) (thousands) (thousands)

55.9 d
48.6 d
19,376 d
19,865 d

0.7 39.1 21 21
2.1 38.8 805 868
51.1 55.3 14,725 15,221
0.2 36.2 5 5
41.7 47.5 66,468 68,663
2.5 f
34.2 f
7 f
7 f

4.3 39.8 16 16
66.8 55.0 7,672 7,465
37.3 g
46.8 g
272 g
302 g

20.4 46.0 1,958 2,254

2.2 f
37.9 f
80 f
77 f

3.8 d,g,h
42.5 d,g,h
7,913 d,g,h
8,041 d,g,h

83.8 61.9 13,083 16,091

74.3 54.3 8,067 8,067
37.2 45.8 5,679 5,952
45.3 53.5 10,081 10,903
79.4 g
58.6 g
3,530 g
3,697 g

85.7 62.3 12,002 12,765

3.9 j,k
41.3 j,k
53,688 j,k
54,437 j,k

4.8 d
40.6 d
2,358 d
2,378 d

37.3 48.5 270 303

24.3 46.0 1,212 1,277
74.0 52.5 54,590 60,230
46.1 51.2 10,916 11,192
3.9 d
38.9 d
404 d
418 d

4.5 g
40.0 g
714 g
746 g

5.2 l
37.6 l
4,742 l
5,038 l

7.9 41.3 494 501

19.2 42.3 249 263
83.5 58.5 85,511 87,643
14.8 44.3 261 301
55.2 51.7 1,027 1,160
30.1 45.8 8,109 8,671
28.9 46.2 4,694 4,885
61.9 54.3 7,668 7,867
67.3 55.3 1,161 1,253
3.4 41.8 26 26
41.3 48.4 4,532 4,532
19.3 m
46.4 m
1,642 m
1,788 m

27.9 43.9 369,546 373,735

7.0 d
40.3 d
17,452 d
18,512 d

8.6 37.9 3,397 3,305

4.7 f
38.7 f
134 f
135 f

0.4 35.4 43 42
0.5 g
35.6 g
80 g
82 g

38.7 46.0 17,801 19,223

2.3 36.3 132 138
23.1 47.0 1,582 1,582
33.6 43.4 720 750
62.9 50.8 2,698 2,978
2.0 37.1 124 127
77.8 58.2 15,995 19,885
52.6 46.2 9,520 9,799
0.8 34.4 3 3
78.1 58.5 13,640 14,479
50.6 51.5 2,115 2,235
6.3 f
39.2 f
8,039 f
8,141 f

0.9 37.4 38 38
10.2 41.7 292 313
0.4 g
45.7 g
2 g
2 g

18.6 g
45.7 g
6,101 g
6,636 g

72.5 56.7 18,069 21,496

38.3 45.9 20,263 20,449
38.0 45.1 880 963
34.0 43.6 9,851 9,961
16.3 45.2 956 1,011
90.5 65.2 16,042 19,431
51.4 56.6 98,175 98,175
2.5 f
37.7 f
52 f
53 f

38.3 51.7 76,976 75,520

1.0 37.5 43 47
4.5 41.9 303 307
12.7 41.6 3,818 4,072
5.8 d
41.8 d
6,081 d
6,081 d

54.4 47.5 6,329 6,644

1.9 f
37.5 f
3 f
3 f

22.1 41.7 42 45
53.2 54.2 8,428 8,428
0.3 g
42.5 g
30 g
30 g
 57.9 51.2 4,378 4,378
6.3 39.8 3,505 3,549
91.9 63.2 9,248 11,552
52.3 53.4 19,748 21,210
9.4 f
43.4 f
49 f
53 f

7.4 g
38.9 g
1,539 g
1,350 g

7.4 39.0 664 664

55.4 49.3 30,814 31,778
0.8 g
39.1 g
541 g
542 g

45.8 45.7 581 594

48.2 51.6 3,481 3,755
0.6 g
38.0 g
8 g
9 g

1.3 39.7 144 153

0.4 36.1 23 23
55.1 48.8 22,857 23,614
0.2 d
34.5 d
109 d
106 d

38.8 g
44.9 g
85 g
107 g

4.9 d
39.5 d
4,530 d
4,677 d

47.7 50.5 12,199 13,475

53.2 49.1 8,317 9,102
31.8 42.9 5,018 5,257

23.1 49.4 1,279,663 1,325,994

15.7 48.4 48,885 52,251

5.6 42.3 110,775 113,247
1.1 37.9 1,237 1,240
7.5 43.1 38,067 39,324
31.0 45.6 542,492 548,048
57.5 54.9 538,206 571,884

in cross-country comparisons. When an indicator is missing, weights of available indicators are adjusted to total 100 percent. S
dicator Cluster Surveys, P from Pan Arab Population and Family Health Surveys and N from national surveys (see http://hdr.un

onally poor people.

t collect the date of child deaths.

and incomplete indicator on child mortality (the survey did not collect the date of child deaths).

ased on deaths that occurred between surveys- that is, between 2012 and 2014. Child deaths reported by an adult man in the h
Health and Nutrition Survey. Estimates based on the 2015 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey are 0.010 for Multidimensional Pove

mensionally poor adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations. See Technical note 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr
at least 33 percent. It is expressed as a share of the population in the survey year, the number of poor people in the survey ye
score experienced by people in multidimensional poverty.
people. It is calculated by subtracting the deprivation score of each multidimensionally poor person from the average intensity,
on in severe multidimensional poverty—that is, those with a deprivation score of 50 percent or more.
ulation at risk of suffering multiple deprivations—that is, those with a deprivation score of 20–33 percent.
erty: Percentage of the Multidimensional Poverty Index attributed to deprivations in each dimension.
living below the national poverty line, which is the poverty line deemed appropriate for a country by its authorities. National est
g below the international poverty line of $1.90 (in purchasing power parity terms [PPP] ) a day.

e the country's Multidimensional Poverty Index value and its components.

privations in health, education, and standard of living from various household surveys listed in column 1, using the methodology
 Contribution of deprivation in
verty a
Population
a
multidimensiona
vulnerable to
multidimensional
Population in severe
Inequality among the poverty
multidimensional Health
poor
poverty
Value (%) (%) (%)
0.020 d
24.9 d
18.1 d
10.0 d

.. e
0.1 5.0 28.3
0.006 0.3 5.8 29.9
0.024 32.5 15.5 21.2
.. e
0.0 2.7 33.1
0.016 16.7 21.4 23.5
.. e,f
0.0 f
0.5 f
96.0 f

0.007 0.6 8.4 39.5

0.025 40.9 14.7 20.8
0.016 g
14.7 g
17.7 g
24.2 g

0.014 7.1 15.7 21.6

0.002 f
0.1 f
4.1 f
79.7 f

0.008 d,g,h
0.9 d,g,h
6.2 d,g,h
49.8 d,g,h

0.027 64.8 7.4 20.0

0.022 45.3 16.3 23.3
0.015 13.2 21.1 21.8
0.026 25.6 17.3 23.2
0.028 g
54.7 g
13.1 g
27.8 g

0.026 66.1 9.9 20.1

0.005 j,k
0.3 j,k
17.1 j,k
35.2 j,k

0.009 d
0.8 d
6.2 d
12.0 d

0.020 16.1 22.3 20.8

0.013 9.4 21.3 23.4
0.020 43.9 16.8 26.1
0.019 24.5 17.6 19.6
0.006 d
0.5 d
5.2 d
29.1 d

0.007 g
0.8 g
7.5 g
40.8 g

0.004 l
0.6 l
6.1 l
39.8 l

0.009 1.7 9.9 15.5

0.009 4.4 20.9 29.3
0.024 61.5 8.9 19.7
0.013 4.7 17.5 31.0
0.018 32.0 21.8 28.2
0.016 10.4 22.0 22.3
0.013 11.2 21.1 26.3
0.022 37.7 17.2 18.7
0.025 40.4 19.2 21.3
0.008 0.7 5.8 31.5
0.019 18.5 21.8 18.5
0.013 m
6.5 m
22.3 m
18.5 m

0.014 8.8 19.3 31.9

0.009 d
1.2 d
9.1 d
23.2 d

0.005 1.3 5.2 33.1

.. e,f
0.8 f
6.4 f
42.1 f

.. e
0.0 0.7 37.5
.. e,g
0.0 g
1.8 g
90.4 g

0.014 13.3 34.9 24.9

0.002 0.0 8.3 52.8
0.016 9.6 21.2 21.5
0.010 8.5 24.4 20.6
0.019 32.1 21.4 19.7
0.003 0.1 11.3 39.0
0.023 57.1 11.8 17.5
0.013 18.5 28.5 20.7
.. e
0.0 4.8 80.7
0.024 56.6 10.9 22.0
0.019 26.3 18.6 20.2
0.008 f
1.0 f
4.7 f
67.0 f

.. e
0.1 3.7 9.2
0.007 1.6 19.2 24.0
.. e,g
0.1 g
4.3 g
24.4 g

0.017 g
6.5 g
13.2 g
25.6 g

0.023 49.1 13.6 17.2

0.015 13.8 21.9 18.5
0.012 12.2 20.3 30.3
0.012 11.6 22.3 31.5
0.013 5.5 13.2 11.1
0.026 74.8 5.1 20.3
0.029 32.3 16.8 27.0
0.007 f
0.2 f
2.9 f
62.5 f

0.023 21.5 12.9 27.6

0.003 0.1 5.4 53.3
0.013 1.0 7.2 14.3
0.009 2.9 12.5 20.3
0.010 d
1.3 d
7.3 d
20.3 d

0.013 22.2 25.7 13.6

.. e,f
0.0 f
1.6 f
69.5 f

0.008 4.4 19.4 18.6

0.021 32.8 16.4 22.1
.. e,g
0.1 g
3.4 g
20.6 g
 0.020 30.4 19.6 18.6
0.005 0.9 12.2 39.5
0.023 74.3 6.3 14.0
0.023 30.9 17.7 21.1
0.018 f
2.5 f
4.5 f
45.7 f

0.006 g
1.2 g
7.7 g
40.7 g

0.004 0.7 20.1 47.8

0.016 25.9 24.2 21.1
0.007 g
0.1 g
7.2 g
35.0 g

0.014 16.3 26.1 27.8

0.023 24.3 21.8 21.7
.. e,g
0.1 g
3.7 g
45.5 g

0.006 0.2 3.7 25.7

.. e
0.0 2.4 88.0
0.017 24.1 24.9 22.4
.. d,e
0.0 d
0.4 d
59.7 d

0.012 g
10.2 g
32.3 g
21.4 g

0.010 d
0.7 d
5.6 d
15.2 d

0.021 23.9 22.1 28.3

0.017 24.2 22.5 23.7
0.009 8.0 27.4 27.3

0.018 10.5 15.3 25.8

0.018 6.9 9.4 26.2

0.009 1.0 14.9 27.4
0.004 0.1 3.6 52.8
0.011 2.0 7.7 35.4
0.016 11.3 18.8 29.2
0.022 35.1 17.2 22.2

sted to total 100 percent. See Technical note 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details.
surveys (see http://hdr.undp.org/en/faq-page/multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi for the list of national surveys).

ed by an adult man in the household were taken into account because the date of death was reported.
for Multidimensional Poverty Index value, 2.6 for multidimensional poverty headcount (%), 3,125,000 for multidimensional pove

p.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_ notes.pdf for details on how the Multidimensional Poverty Index is calculated.
or people in the survey year and the projected number of poor people in 2017.

om the average intensity, squaring the differences and dividing the sum of the weighted squares by the number of multidimens

ts authorities. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

1, using the methodology described in Technical note 5 (available at http:// hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_

 SDG 1.2 SDG 1.1

ribution of deprivation in dimension to overall a Population living below income poverty line
multidimensional poverty (%)

Education Standard of living National poverty line PPP $1.90 a day

(%) 2007-2018 c
2007-2017 c

45.0 d
45.0 d
54.5
55.1 16.7 14.3 1.1
46.8 23.2 5.5 0.5
32.1 46.8 36.6 30.1
36.8 30.1 25.7 1.4
29.2 47.3 24.3 14.8
0.7 f
3.3 f

20.9 39.6
36.3 42.9 40.1 49.5
36.6 g
39.2 g
8.2 1.5
26.6 51.8 36.4 5.8
7.2 f
13.1 f
16.9 0.1
22.9 d,g,h
27.3 d,g,h
26.5 4.8
40.6 39.4 40.1 43.7
27.5 49.2 64.9 71.8
31.7 46.6 17.7
28.2 48.6 37.5 23.8
25.7 g
46.5 g
62.0 66.3
34.4 45.5 46.7 38.4
39.2 j,k
25.5 j,k
3.1 0.7
39.5 d
48.5 d
27.0 3.9
31.6 47.6 42.4 17.9
20.2 56.4 46.5 37.0
18.4 55.5 63.9 76.6
40.4 40.0 46.3 28.2
35.8 d
35.0 d
30.5 1.6
23.4 g
35.8 g
23.2 3.2
53.2 l
7.0 l
27.8 1.3
43.4 41.1 29.2 1.9
17.9 52.8 63.0 42.0
29.4 50.8 23.5 27.3
22.2 46.8 33.4 3.4
34.4 37.5 48.6 10.1
30.4 47.2 23.4 13.3
35.0 38.7 59.3 8.7
38.7 42.6 55.2 35.3
33.9 44.7 69.3 67.1
18.7 49.8
24.6 57.0 58.5 25.0
33.0 m
48.5 m
61.9 17.2
23.4 44.8 21.9 21.2
30.0 d
46.8 d
10.6 5.7
60.9 6.0 18.9 2.5
17.5 f
40.4 f
19.9
53.5 9.0 14.4 0.1
3.1 g
6.4 g
2.5 0.0
14.6 60.5 36.1 36.8
13.0 34.3 25.6 1.5
39.7 38.8 23.4 22.7
21.5 57.9 57.1 59.7
28.2 52.1 50.9 40.9
48.6 12.4
31.8 50.7 70.7 77.6
23.1 56.2 51.5 70.3
15.1 4.2 8.2 7.3
41.6 36.3 41.1 49.7
33.1 46.6 31.0 6.0
14.1 f
18.8 f
43.6 2.5
42.4 48.4 9.6 0.1
20.9 55.1 21.6 0.6
46.0 g
29.7 g
24.0 0.0
42.1 g
32.3 g
4.8 1.0
32.5 50.3 46.1 62.4
32.3 49.2 32.1 6.2
14.9 54.9 17.4 13.4
27.2 41.3 25.2 15.0
36.5 52.4 24.9 3.2
37.3 42.4 44.5 44.5
32.2 40.8 46.0 53.5
17.0 f
20.5 f
22.2 5.2
41.3 31.1 24.3 3.9
32.8 13.9 29.2 1.0
38.9 46.8 26.4 1.2
23.7 56.0 21.7 3.4
31.0 d
48.7 d
21.6 7.8
30.5 55.9 38.2 55.5
7.5 f
23.0 f
25.0 4.7
37.4 44.0 66.2 32.3
44.9 33.0 46.7 38.0
42.7 g
36.8 g
25.7 0.1
 28.9 52.4 52.9 52.2
13.1 47.4 55.5 18.9
39.6 46.5 82.3 42.7
29.2 49.8 46.5 14.9
25.5 f
28.8 f

49.0 g
10.2 g
35.2
26.5 25.8 31.3 4.8
22.9 56.0 28.2 49.1
47.4 g
17.6 g
8.6 0.0
24.2 48.0 41.8 30.7
28.4 50.0 55.1 49.2
34.0 g
20.5 g

50.2 24.1 15.2 0.3

4.4 7.6
22.5 55.1 21.4 41.7
28.8 d
11.5 d
2.4 0.1
22.5 g
56.2 g
12.7 13.1
42.6 d
42.2 d
9.8 2.0
30.7 41.0 48.6 18.8
22.5 53.7 54.4 57.5
12.3 60.4 72.3 21.4

29.5 44.7 21.3 14.2

35.3 38.6 25.2 4.6

35.6 37.0 6.6 2.1
23.3 23.9 11.9 0.6
25.7 38.9 31.5 4.1
27.9 42.9 22.9 17.5
29.6 48.1 43.7 44.7

ical_notes.pdf for details.

al surveys).
0 for multidimensional poverty headcount in year of survey, 3,200,000 for multidimensional poverty headcount projected to 2017

Index is calculated.

he number of multidimensionally poor people.

old surveys.

t/files/hdr2019_technical_ notes.pdf) and Alkire, S., U. Kanagaratnam and N. Suppa (2019). Columns 4 and 5 also use populat
adcount projected to 2017, 40.2 for intensity of deprivation, 0.4 for population in severe multidimensional poverty, 6.1 for popul

s 4 and 5 also use population data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2017).
poverty, 6.1 for population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty, 39.9 for contribution of deprivation in health, 23.8 for contrib
health, 23.8 for contribution of deprivation in education and 36.3 for contribution of deprivation in standard of living.
 Table 7. Population trends

Population

Total Average annual growth

HDI rank Country (millions) (%)

2018 2030 b
2005/2010 2015/2020
Very high human development
1 Norway 5.3 c
5.9 c
1.1 c
0.8 c

2 Switzerland 8.5 9.2 1.1 0.8

3 Ireland 4.8 5.2 1.9 1.2
4 Germany 83.1 83.1 -0.2 0.5
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 7.4 8.0 0.6 0.8
6 Australia 24.9 d
28.2 d
1.9 d
1.3 d

6 Iceland 0.3 0.4 1.6 0.7

8 Sweden 10.0 10.6 0.8 0.7
9 Singapore 5.8 6.3 3.7 0.9
10 Netherlands 17.1 17.5 0.4 0.2
11 Denmark 5.8 6.0 0.5 0.4
12 Finland 5.5 e
5.6 e
0.4 e
0.2 e

13 Canada 37.1 40.8 1.2 0.9

14 New Zealand 4.7 5.2 1.1 0.9
15 United Kingdom 67.1 70.5 1.0 0.6
15 United States 327.1 349.6 0.9 0.6
17 Belgium 11.5 11.9 0.7 0.5
18 Liechtenstein 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4
19 Japan 127.2 120.8 0.0 -0.2
20 Austria 8.9 9.2 0.4 0.7
21 Luxembourg 0.6 0.7 2.1 2.0
22 Israel 8.4 10.0 2.4 1.6
22 Korea (Republic of) 51.2 51.2 0.3 0.2
24 Slovenia 2.1 2.1 0.5 0.1
25 Spain 46.7 f
46.2 f
1.3 f
0.0 f

26 Czechia 10.7 10.7 0.5 0.2

26 France 65.0 66.7 0.6 0.3
28 Malta 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
29 Italy 60.6 59.0 0.4 0.0
30 Estonia 1.3 1.3 -0.4 0.2
31 Cyprus 1.2 g
1.3 g
1.6 g
0.8 g

32 Greece 10.5 9.9 -0.6 -0.4

32 Poland 37.9 36.9 0.0 -0.1
34 Lithuania 2.8 2.5 -1.4 -1.5
35 United Arab Emirates 9.6 10.7 12.4 1.3
36 Andorra 0.1 0.1 1.4 -0.2
36 Saudi Arabia 33.7 39.3 2.8 1.9
36 Slovakia 5.5 5.4 0.0 0.1
39 Latvia 1.9 1.7 -1.2 -1.1
40 Portugal 10.3 9.9 0.2 -0.3
41 Qatar 2.8 3.3 15.3 2.3
42 Chile 18.7 19.5 1.1 1.2
43 Brunei Darussalam 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.1
43 Hungary 9.7 9.3 -0.3 -0.2
45 Bahrain 1.6 2.0 6.7 4.3
46 Croatia 4.2 3.9 -0.2 -0.6
47 Oman 4.8 5.9 3.8 3.6
48 Argentina 44.4 49.1 1.0 1.0
49 Russian Federation 145.7 143.3 0.0 0.1
50 Belarus 9.5 9.3 -0.3 0.0
50 Kazakhstan 18.3 20.6 1.1 1.3
52 Bulgaria 7.1 6.4 -0.7 -0.7
52 Montenegro 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.0
52 Romania 19.5 18.3 -0.9 -0.7
55 Palau 0.0 0.0 -1.9 0.5
56 Barbados 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1
57 Kuwait 4.1 4.7 5.5 2.1
57 Uruguay 3.4 3.6 0.2 0.4
59 Turkey 82.3 89.2 1.3 1.4
60 Bahamas 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.0
61 Malaysia 31.5 h
36.1 h
1.9 h
1.3 h

62 Seychelles 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.7

High human development
63 Serbia 8.8 i
8.3 i
-0.4 i
-0.3 i

63 Trinidad and Tobago 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.4

65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 81.8 92.7 1.1 1.4
66 Mauritius 1.3 j
1.3 j
0.4 j
0.2 j

67 Panama 4.2 4.9 1.8 1.7

68 Costa Rica 5.0 5.5 1.3 1.0
69 Albania 2.9 2.8 -0.9 -0.1
70 Georgia 4.0 k
3.9 k
-0.5 k
-0.2 k

71 Sri Lanka 21.2 22.0 0.7 0.5

72 Cuba 11.3 11.1 -0.1 0.0
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.8
74 Antigua and Barbuda 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.9
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 3.1 -0.3 -0.9
76 Mexico 126.2 140.9 1.5 1.1
77 Thailand 69.4 70.3 0.5 0.3
78 Grenada 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
79 Brazil 209.5 223.9 1.0 0.8
 79 Colombia 49.7 53.4 1.2 1.4
81 Armenia 3.0 3.0 -0.7 0.3
82 Algeria 42.2 50.4 1.6 2.0
82 North Macedonia 2.1 2.1 0.1 0.0
82 Peru 32.0 36.0 0.8 1.6
85 China 1,427.6 1,464.3 0.6 0.5
85 Ecuador 17.1 19.8 1.6 1.7
87 Azerbaijan 9.9 l
10.7 l
1.1 l
1.0 l

88 Ukraine 44.2 m
40.9 m
-0.5 m
-0.5 m

89 Dominican Republic 10.6 11.8 1.3 1.1

89 Saint Lucia 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.5
91 Tunisia 11.6 12.8 1.0 1.1
92 Mongolia 3.2 3.7 1.5 1.8
93 Lebanon 6.9 6.2 1.1 0.9
94 Botswana 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.1
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.3
96 Jamaica 2.9 3.0 0.5 0.5
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 28.9 33.6 1.5 -1.1
98 Dominica 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
98 Fiji 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.6
98 Paraguay 7.0 7.9 1.4 1.3
98 Suriname 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.0
102 Jordan 10.0 10.7 4.6 1.9
103 Belize 0.4 0.5 2.6 1.9
104 Maldives 0.5 0.5 2.7 3.4
105 Tonga 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.0
106 Philippines 106.7 123.7 1.7 1.4
107 Moldova (Republic of) 4.1 n
3.9 n
-0.4 n
-0.2 n

108 Turkmenistan 5.9 6.8 1.4 1.6

108 Uzbekistan 32.5 37.4 1.5 1.6
110 Libya 6.7 7.6 1.3 1.4
111 Indonesia 267.7 299.2 1.3 1.1
111 Samoa 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.5
113 South Africa 57.8 66.0 1.3 1.4
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 11.4 13.2 1.7 1.4
115 Gabon 2.1 2.7 3.1 2.7
116 Egypt 98.4 120.8 1.8 2.0
Medium human development
117 Marshall Islands 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6
118 Viet Nam 95.5 104.2 1.0 1.0
119 Palestine, State of 4.9 o
6.3 o
2.5 o
2.4 o

120 Iraq 38.4 50.2 2.0 2.5

121 Morocco 36.0 40.9 1.2 1.3
122 Kyrgyzstan 6.3 7.4 1.3 1.8
123 Guyana 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.5
124 El Salvador 6.4 6.8 0.4 0.5
125 Tajikistan 9.1 11.6 2.1 2.4
126 Cabo Verde 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.2
126 Guatemala 17.2 21.2 2.2 1.9
126 Nicaragua 6.5 7.4 1.4 1.3
129 India 1,352.6 1,503.6 1.5 1.0
130 Namibia 2.4 3.0 1.8 1.9
131 Timor-Leste 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9
132 Honduras 9.6 11.4 2.2 1.7
132 Kiribati 0.1 0.1 2.2 1.5
134 Bhutan 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2
135 Bangladesh 161.4 179.0 1.2 1.1
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.1 0.1 -0.6 1.1
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.2 0.3 2.7 1.9
138 Congo 5.2 7.0 3.3 2.6
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.0
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 7.1 8.2 1.7 1.5
141 Vanuatu 0.3 0.4 2.4 2.5
142 Ghana 29.8 37.8 2.5 2.2
143 Zambia 17.4 24.3 2.8 2.9
144 Equatorial Guinea 1.3 1.9 4.6 3.7
145 Myanmar 53.7 58.5 0.7 0.6
146 Cambodia 16.2 18.8 1.5 1.5
147 Kenya 51.4 66.4 2.8 2.3
147 Nepal 28.1 33.4 1.0 1.5
149 Angola 30.8 44.8 3.7 3.3
150 Cameroon 25.2 33.8 2.7 2.6
150 Zimbabwe 14.4 17.6 1.0 1.5
152 Pakistan 212.2 263.0 2.3 2.0
153 Solomon Islands 0.7 0.9 2.3 2.6
Low human development
154 Syrian Arab Republic 16.9 26.7 3.0 -0.6
155 Papua New Guinea 8.6 10.7 2.4 2.0
156 Comoros 0.8 1.1 2.4 2.2
157 Rwanda 12.3 16.2 2.5 2.6
158 Nigeria 195.9 263.0 2.6 2.6
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 56.3 p
79.2 p
2.9 p
3.0 p

159 Uganda 42.7 59.4 3.2 3.6

161 Mauritania 4.4 6.0 2.9 2.8
162 Madagascar 26.3 35.6 2.9 2.7
163 Benin 11.5 15.7 2.8 2.7
164 Lesotho 2.1 2.3 0.0 0.8
165 Côte d'Ivoire 25.1 33.7 2.2 2.5
166 Senegal 15.9 21.6 2.7 2.8
167 Togo 7.9 10.4 2.7 2.5
168 Sudan 41.8 55.3 2.2 2.4
169 Haiti 11.1 12.7 1.6 1.3
170 Afghanistan 37.2 48.1 2.6 2.5
171 Djibouti 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.6
172 Malawi 18.1 24.8 2.8 2.7
173 Ethiopia 109.2 144.9 2.8 2.6
174 Gambia 2.3 3.2 3.0 2.9
174 Guinea 12.4 17.0 2.2 2.8
176 Liberia 4.8 6.4 3.8 2.5
177 Yemen 28.5 36.4 2.8 2.4
178 Guinea-Bissau 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.5
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 84.1 120.0 3.3 3.2
180 Mozambique 29.5 41.2 2.8 2.9
181 Sierra Leone 7.7 9.6 2.6 2.1
182 Burkina Faso 19.8 27.4 3.0 2.9
182 Eritrea 3.5 4.2 2.3 1.2
184 Mali 19.1 27.0 3.3 3.0
185 Burundi 11.2 15.8 3.3 3.1
186 South Sudan 11.0 13.8 4.7 0.9
187 Chad 15.5 21.7 3.4 3.0
188 Central African Republic 4.7 5.9 1.7 1.4
189 Niger 22.4 34.8 3.8 3.8
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 25.5 26.7 0.5 0.5
Monaco 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8
Nauru 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8
San Marino 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.4
Somalia 15.0 21.2 2.8 2.8
Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.2

Human development groups

Very high human development 1,532.1 1,586.4 0.7 0.5
High human development 2,857.7 3,050.0 0.9 0.8
Medium human development 2,245.3 2,575.6 1.6 1.3
Low human development 923.2 1,255.5 2.8 2.7

Developing countries 6,339.2 7,230.5 1.4 1.3

Regions
Arab States 414.9 512.5 2.5 1.9
East Asia and the Pacific 2,122.7 2,235.6 0.8 0.7
Europe and Central Asia 246.8 261.4 0.7 0.9
Latin America and the Caribbean 637.5 701.5 1.2 1.0
South Asia 1,895.8 2,143.1 1.5 1.2
Sub-Saharan Africa 1,021.5 1,376.3 2.7 2.7
Least developed countries 1,009.7 1,313.8 2.4 2.4
Small island developing states 65.4 73.2 1.5 1.2

Organisation for Economic Co-ope 1,301.4 1,352.7 0.7 0.5

World 7,631.1 T
8,548.5 T
1.2 T
1.1 T

Notes
a. Because data are based on national definitions of what constitutes a city or metropolitan area, cross-co
b. Projections based on medium-fertility variant.
c. Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.
d. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island.
e. Includes Åland Islands.
f. Includes Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla.
g. Includes Northern Cyprus.
h. Includes Sabah and Sarawak.
i. Includes Kosovo.
j. Includes Agalega, Rodrigues and Saint Brandon.
k. Includes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
l. Includes Nagorno-Karabakh.
m. Includes Crimea.
n. Includes Transnistria.
o. Includes East Jerusalem.
p. Includes Zanzibar.
T. From original data source.

Definitions
Total population: De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July.
Population average annual growth: Average annual exponential growth rate for the period specified.
Urban population: De facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used b
Population under age 5: De facto population in a country, area or region under age 5 as of 1 July.
Population ages 15–64: De facto population in a country, area or region ages 15–64 as of 1 July.
Population ages 65 and older: De facto population in a country, area or region ages 65 and older as of
Median age: Age that divides the population distribution into two equal parts—that is, 50 percent of the p
Young age dependency ratio: Ratio of the population ages 0–14 to the population ages 15–64, express
Old-age dependency ratio: Ratio of the population ages 65 and older to the population ages 15–64, exp
Total fertility rate: Number of children who would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of he

Main data sources

Columns 1-4 and 6-13: UNDESA (2019b).
Column 5: UNDESA (2018).
Population Dependency ratio
Ages 65
Under Ages 15– Median (per 100 people ages
Urban a
and Total fertility rate
age 5 64 age 15–64)
older
Old age
Young age
(%) (millions) (years) (65 and (births per woman)
(0–14)
older)
2018 2018 2018 2018 2020 2018 2018 2005/2010

82.2 c
0.3 c
3.5 c
0.9 c
39.8 c
26.8 c
26.1 c
1.9 c

73.8 0.4 5.7 1.6 43.1 22.4 28.0 1.5

63.2 0.3 3.1 0.7 38.2 33.1 21.4 2.0
77.3 3.9 54.0 17.8 45.7 21.0 33.1 1.4
100.0 0.3 5.3 1.2 44.8 16.7 23.7 1.0
86.0 d
1.6 d
16.2 d
3.9 d
37.9 d
29.5 d
24.0 d
2.0 d

93.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 37.5 30.3 22.6 2.1

87.4 0.6 6.2 2.0 41.1 28.2 32.2 1.9
100.0 0.2 4.4 0.7 42.2 16.1 15.0 1.3
91.5 0.9 11.0 3.3 43.3 24.9 29.7 1.7
87.9 0.3 3.7 1.1 42.3 25.8 31.1 1.9
85.4 e
0.3 e
3.4 e
1.2 e
43.1 e
26.0 e
35.0 e
1.8 e

81.4 2.0 24.8 6.4 41.1 23.7 25.8 1.6

86.5 0.3 3.1 0.7 38.0 30.4 24.2 2.1
83.4 4.0 42.9 12.4 40.5 27.7 28.8 1.9
82.3 19.5 214.2 51.7 38.3 28.6 24.1 2.1
98.0 0.6 7.4 2.2 41.9 26.6 29.3 1.8
14.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
91.6 5.1 76.0 35.1 48.4 21.3 46.2 1.3
58.3 0.4 5.9 1.7 43.5 21.4 28.5 1.4
91.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 39.7 22.7 20.3 1.6
92.4 0.8 5.0 1.0 30.5 46.5 19.9 2.9
81.5 2.1 37.2 7.4 43.7 17.9 19.9 1.2
54.5 0.1 1.4 0.4 44.5 23.0 30.0 1.4
80.3 f
2.0 f
30.8 f
9.0 f
44.9 f
22.2 f
29.4 f
1.5 f

73.8 0.5 6.9 2.1 43.2 24.0 29.9 1.4

80.4 3.7 40.3 13.0 42.3 29.0 32.3 2.0
94.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 42.6 21.8 31.1 1.4
70.4 2.4 38.8 13.8 47.3 20.9 35.6 1.4
68.9 0.1 0.8 0.3 42.4 25.6 30.7 1.7
66.8 g
0.1 g
0.8 g
0.2 g
37.3 g
24.2 g
19.7 g
1.5 g

79.1 0.4 6.8 2.3 45.6 21.9 33.7 1.4

60.1 1.8 25.6 6.6 41.7 22.3 26.0 1.4
67.7 0.1 1.8 0.6 45.1 22.8 30.1 1.4
86.5 0.5 8.1 0.1 32.6 17.3 1.3 2.0
 88.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
83.8 3.0 24.1 1.1 31.8 35.0 4.6 3.2
53.7 0.3 3.8 0.9 41.2 22.4 22.7 1.3
68.1 0.1 1.2 0.4 43.9 25.0 31.3 1.5
65.2 0.4 6.6 2.3 46.2 20.8 34.0 1.4
99.1 0.1 2.4 0.0 32.3 15.9 1.6 2.2
87.6 1.2 12.9 2.2 35.3 28.7 16.8 1.9
77.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 32.3 31.9 6.8 1.9
71.4 0.4 6.4 1.9 43.3 21.7 28.8 1.3
89.3 0.1 1.2 0.0 32.5 24.6 3.1 2.3
56.9 0.2 2.7 0.8 44.3 22.3 31.4 1.5
84.5 0.4 3.6 0.1 30.6 29.5 3.2 2.9
91.9 3.7 28.4 4.9 31.5 38.6 17.3 2.4
74.4 9.5 98.2 21.4 39.6 26.6 21.8 1.5
78.6 0.6 6.5 1.4 40.3 24.7 21.7 1.4
57.4 2.0 11.8 1.4 30.7 44.4 11.5 2.5
75.0 0.3 4.5 1.5 44.6 22.7 32.7 1.5
66.8 0.0 0.4 0.1 38.8 27.3 22.4 1.8
54.0 0.9 12.9 3.6 43.2 23.5 27.7 1.5
79.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
31.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 40.5 25.9 23.6 1.8
100.0 0.3 3.1 0.1 36.8 28.4 3.4 2.4
95.3 0.2 2.2 0.5 35.8 31.9 22.9 2.0
75.1 6.7 55.1 7.0 31.5 36.9 12.7 2.2
83.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 32.3 32.0 10.3 1.9
76.0 h
2.6 h
21.9 h
2.1 h
30.3 h
34.6 h
9.6 h
2.2 h

56.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 34.2 34.4 11.0 2.3

56.1 i
0.4 i
5.8 i
1.6 i
41.6 i
23.8 i
27.8 i
1.6 i

53.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 36.2 29.7 15.6 1.8

74.9 7.4 56.7 5.1 32.0 35.3 8.9 1.8
40.8 j
0.1 j
0.9 j
0.1 j
37.5 j
25.2 j
16.2 j
1.7 j

67.7 0.4 2.7 0.3 29.7 41.7 12.5 2.6

79.3 0.4 3.5 0.5 33.5 30.8 13.8 1.9
60.3 0.2 2.0 0.4 36.4 25.8 20.0 1.6
58.6 k
0.3 k
2.6 k
0.6 k
38.3 k
30.3 k
22.8 k
1.8 k

18.5 1.7 13.9 2.2 34.0 37.0 16.0 2.3

77.0 0.6 7.8 1.7 42.2 23.6 22.1 1.6
30.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
24.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 34.0 31.9 12.7 2.0
48.2 0.1 2.3 0.5 43.1 21.5 24.0 1.3
80.2 11.1 83.6 9.1 29.2 40.1 10.9 2.4
49.9 3.7 49.3 8.3 40.1 24.1 16.8 1.6
36.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 32.0 35.3 14.4 2.3
86.6 14.7 146.1 18.7 33.5 30.6 12.8 1.9
80.8 3.7 34.0 4.2 31.3 33.7 12.4 2.1
63.1 0.2 2.0 0.3 35.4 30.3 16.5 1.7
72.6 5.0 26.8 2.7 28.5 47.5 10.0 2.7
58.0 0.1 1.5 0.3 39.1 23.7 19.6 1.5
77.9 2.8 21.2 2.6 31.0 39.0 12.2 2.7
59.2 85.9 1,016.5 155.9 38.4 25.1 15.3 1.6
63.8 1.7 11.1 1.2 27.9 43.2 11.0 2.7
55.7 l
0.9 l
7.0 l
0.6 l
32.3 l
33.2 l
8.8 l
1.8 l

69.4 m
2.3 m
30.0 m
7.3 m
41.2 m
23.3 m
24.3 m
1.4 m

81.1 1.0 6.9 0.8 28.0 43.1 10.9 2.6

18.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 34.5 25.9 13.7 1.6
68.9 1.0 7.8 1.0 32.8 35.8 12.3 2.0
68.4 0.4 2.1 0.1 28.2 46.4 6.2 2.4
88.6 0.6 4.6 0.5 29.6 39.0 10.5 1.9
69.4 0.3 1.4 0.1 24.0 55.3 6.9 3.0
52.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 32.9 33.2 14.1 2.1
55.7 0.2 2.0 0.3 30.7 35.2 13.0 2.3
88.2 2.5 18.8 2.1 29.6 42.5 11.2 2.5
70.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
56.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 27.9 45.4 8.4 2.8
61.6 0.7 4.5 0.4 26.3 45.9 10.0 2.9
66.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 29.0 41.2 10.5 2.7
91.0 1.1 6.2 0.4 23.8 55.3 6.2 3.8
45.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 25.5 46.6 7.3 2.8
39.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 29.9 26.5 4.9 2.3
23.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 22.4 60.4 10.2 4.0
46.9 11.0 68.2 5.5 25.7 48.4 8.0 3.3
42.6 n
0.2 n
2.9 n
0.5 n
37.6 n
21.8 n
15.8 n
1.3 n

51.6 0.7 3.8 0.3 26.9 47.6 6.8 2.7

50.5 3.4 21.7 1.4 27.8 42.9 6.6 2.5
80.1 0.6 4.5 0.3 28.8 42.1 6.5 2.5
55.3 24.4 180.9 15.7 29.7 39.3 8.7 2.5
18.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 21.8 67.4 8.4 4.5
66.4 5.8 37.9 3.1 27.6 44.3 8.1 2.6
69.4 1.2 7.0 0.8 25.6 50.3 11.7 3.4
89.4 0.3 1.3 0.1 22.5 62.3 6.0 4.2
42.7 13.0 60.0 5.1 24.6 55.4 8.6 3.0

77.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
35.9 7.8 66.5 7.0 32.5 33.3 10.5 1.9
76.2 o
0.7 o
2.8 o
0.2 a
20.8 o
67.2 o
5.4 o
4.6 o

70.5 5.4 22.4 1.3 21.0 65.9 5.7 4.4

62.5 3.4 23.7 2.5 29.5 41.4 10.7 2.5
36.4 0.8 4.0 0.3 26.0 51.2 7.1 2.8
26.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 26.7 43.2 9.9 2.7
72.0 0.6 4.1 0.5 27.6 42.0 12.8 2.4
27.1 1.3 5.5 0.3 22.4 61.1 5.0 3.6
65.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 27.6 43.2 6.9 2.7
51.1 2.0 10.5 0.8 22.9 56.7 7.9 3.6
58.5 0.7 4.2 0.3 26.5 46.8 8.1 2.7
34.0 116.4 903.1 83.6 28.4 40.5 9.3 2.8
50.0 0.3 1.5 0.1 21.8 62.1 6.1 3.6
30.6 0.2 0.7 0.1 20.8 65.2 7.5 5.3
57.1 1.0 6.1 0.4 24.3 49.9 7.4 3.2
54.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 23.0 58.7 6.5 3.9
40.9 0.1 0.5 0.0 28.1 37.8 8.8 2.6
36.6 14.5 108.3 8.3 27.6 41.3 7.7 2.5
22.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 24.4 49.3 6.2 3.6
72.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 18.6 77.9 5.4 4.9
66.9 0.8 2.9 0.1 19.2 75.2 4.8 4.8
23.8 0.1 0.7 0.0 20.7 65.9 6.9 3.6
35.0 0.8 4.5 0.3 24.4 51.5 6.4 3.4
25.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 21.1 67.5 6.3 4.2
56.1 4.1 17.7 0.9 21.5 63.4 5.2 4.4
43.5 2.9 9.2 0.4 17.6 84.8 4.0 5.6
72.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 22.3 61.4 4.1 5.4
30.6 4.5 36.4 3.1 29.0 38.9 8.5 2.5
23.4 1.8 10.4 0.7 25.6 48.6 7.1 3.1
27.0 7.0 29.7 1.2 20.1 68.7 4.0 4.7
19.7 2.7 17.9 1.6 24.6 47.6 9.0 2.8
65.5 5.6 15.7 0.7 16.7 91.8 4.3 6.4
56.4 4.0 13.8 0.7 18.7 78.0 5.0 5.3
32.2 2.2 7.9 0.4 18.7 77.6 5.4 3.9
36.7 27.3 128.2 9.2 22.8 58.4 7.1 4.2
23.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 19.9 71.7 6.4 4.4

54.2 1.8 10.9 0.8 25.6 49.0 7.0 3.7

13.2 1.1 5.2 0.3 22.4 59.0 5.7 4.1
29.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 20.4 68.8 5.2 4.9
17.2 1.8 7.0 0.4 20.0 70.0 5.1 4.9
50.3 32.9 104.6 5.4 18.1 82.2 5.1 5.9
33.8 p
9.3 p
30.0 p
1.5 p
18.0 p
82.7 p
4.9 p
5.6 p

23.8 7.5 21.8 0.8 16.7 91.8 3.8 6.4

53.7 0.7 2.5 0.1 20.1 70.6 5.5 5.1
37.2 3.9 14.8 0.8 19.6 72.2 5.3 4.8
47.3 1.8 6.2 0.4 18.8 78.2 6.0 5.5
28.2 0.3 1.3 0.1 24.0 52.4 7.9 3.4
50.8 4.0 13.8 0.7 18.9 76.0 5.2 5.3
47.2 2.6 8.5 0.5 18.5 79.9 5.7 5.1
41.7 1.2 4.4 0.2 19.4 74.1 5.1 5.0
34.6 6.2 23.4 1.5 19.7 72.5 6.4 5.0
55.3 1.3 6.9 0.6 24.0 53.8 8.0 3.6
25.5 5.6 20.2 1.0 18.4 79.3 4.8 6.5
77.8 0.1 0.6 0.0 26.6 44.9 6.9 3.6
16.9 2.8 9.7 0.5 18.1 82.1 4.9 5.7
20.8 16.3 60.9 3.8 19.5 73.2 6.3 5.5
61.3 0.4 1.2 0.1 17.8 83.3 4.9 5.7
36.1 2.0 6.6 0.4 18.0 82.4 5.5 5.5
51.2 0.7 2.7 0.2 19.4 73.9 5.8 5.2
36.6 4.1 16.4 0.8 20.2 68.9 5.0 5.0
43.4 0.3 1.0 0.1 18.8 77.2 5.1 5.2
44.5 15.2 42.7 2.5 17.0 90.8 5.9 6.6
36.0 4.9 15.5 0.9 17.6 85.2 5.5 5.5
42.1 1.1 4.3 0.2 19.4 73.4 5.3 5.6
29.4 3.3 10.4 0.5 17.6 85.4 4.6 6.1
40.1 0.5 1.9 0.2 19.2 78.0 8.4 4.8
42.4 3.5 9.5 0.5 16.3 95.2 5.0 6.7
13.0 2.0 5.8 0.3 17.3 87.1 4.3 6.4
19.6 1.7 6.0 0.4 19.0 76.3 6.2 5.6
23.1 2.8 7.8 0.4 16.6 93.5 4.9 6.9
41.4 0.7 2.5 0.1 17.6 83.8 5.3 5.3
16.4 4.5 10.6 0.6 15.2 105.4 5.5 7.6

61.9 1.7 18.0 2.4 35.3 28.7 13.2 2.0

100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
97.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
45.0 2.7 7.6 0.4 16.7 92.1 5.7 7.1
62.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

79.9 89.3 1,006.8 255.2 40.2 26.8 25.3 1.8

62.4 212.4 1,972.5 263.0 34.5 31.5 13.3 2.0
36.7 219.5 1,461.4 125.2 26.9 45.1 8.6 3.0
36.6 149.1 498.2 27.2 18.5 79.8 5.5 5.7

50.3 607.3 4,144.7 440.1 29.3 42.3 10.6 2.8

59.0 50.2 260.3 19.0 25.4 52.1 7.3 3.5

55.8 146.5 1,486.7 202.2 35.8 29.2 13.6 1.9
63.2 20.2 164.7 24.2 33.3 35.1 14.7 2.1
80.5 52.0 427.2 53.4 31.0 36.7 12.5 2.3
35.7 175.7 1,249.3 111.0 27.7 42.9 8.9 2.9
40.3 162.7 556.4 30.3 18.8 78.1 5.4 5.4
 33.6 145.2 575.8 35.7 20.6 69.1 6.2 4.7
60.0 6.0 42.8 5.1 30.2 40.5 11.9 2.7

80.6 75.1 846.6 222.8 40.1 27.4 26.3 1.8

55.3 T
676.3 T
4,987.6 T
678.1 T
30.9 T
39.4 T
13.6 T
2.6 T

tropolitan area, cross-country comparison should be made with caution.

the period specified.

ng to the criteria used by each country or area as of 1 July.
age 5 as of 1 July.
–64 as of 1 July.
ages 65 and older as of 1 July.
at is, 50 percent of the population is above that age and 50 percent is below it.
on ages 15–64, expressed as the number of dependants per 100 people of working age (ages 15–64).
ulation ages 15–64, expressed as the number of dependants per 100 people of working age (ages 15–64).
e to live to the end of her child-bearing years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility ra
Total fertility rate

(births per woman)

2015/2020

1.7 c

1.5
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.8 d

1.8
1.9
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.5 e

1.5
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
..
1.4
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.1
1.6
1.3 f

1.6
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3 g

1.3
1.4
1.7
1.4
 ..
2.3
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.5
2.0
1.4
2.9
2.3
1.8
1.7
2.8
1.6
1.8
1.6
..
1.6
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.0 h

2.5

1.5 i

1.7
2.2
1.4 j

2.5
1.8
1.6
2.1 k

2.2
1.6
..
2.0
1.3
2.1
1.5
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.8
3.1
1.5
2.3
1.7
2.4
2.1 l

1.4 m

2.4
1.4
2.2
2.9
2.1
2.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
..
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
3.6
2.6
1.3 n

2.8
2.4
2.3
2.3
3.9
2.4
2.8
4.0
3.3

..
2.1
3.7 o

3.7
2.4
3.0
2.5
2.1
3.6
2.3
2.9
2.4
2.2
3.4
4.1
2.5
3.6
2.0
2.1
3.1
4.4
4.5
3.0
2.7
3.8
3.9
4.7
4.6
2.2
2.5
3.5
1.9
5.6
4.6
3.6
3.6
4.4

2.8
3.6
4.2
4.1
5.4
4.9 p

5.0
4.6
4.1
4.9
3.2
4.7
4.7
4.4
4.4
3.0
4.6
2.8
4.3
4.3
5.3
4.7
4.4
3.8
4.5
6.0
4.9
4.3
5.2
4.1
5.9
5.5
4.7
5.8
4.8
7.0

1.9
..
..
..
6.1
..

1.7
2.0
2.5
4.9

2.6

3.2
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.4
4.7
 4.1
2.5

1.7

2.5 T

g age-specific fertility rates.

 Table 8. Health outcomes
SDG3.b SDG3.b SDG2.2

Infants
Infants lacking Child
exclusively
immunization malnutrition
breastfed

Stunting
DPT Measles (moderate or
severe)

(% ages 0–5
HDI rank Country months)
(% of one-year-olds) (% under age 5)

2010-2018 a
2018 2018 2010-2018
Very high human development
1 Norway .. 1 4 ..
2 Switzerland .. 3 4 ..
3 Ireland .. 2 8 ..
4 Germany .. 2 3 ..
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. .. .. ..
6 Australia .. 2 5 2.0
6 Iceland .. 3 7 ..
8 Sweden .. 1 3 ..
9 Singapore .. 2 5 ..
10 Netherlands .. 3 7 ..
11 Denmark .. 3 5 ..
12 Finland .. 1 4 ..
13 Canada .. 5 10 ..
14 New Zealand .. 5 8 ..
15 United Kingdom .. 2 8 ..
15 United States 34.7 3 8 3.5
17 Belgium .. 1 4 ..
18 Liechtenstein .. .. .. ..
19 Japan .. 1 3 7.1
20 Austria .. 10 6 ..
21 Luxembourg .. 1 1 ..
22 Israel .. 1 2 ..
22 Korea (Republic of) .. 2 2 2.5
24 Slovenia .. 3 7 ..
25 Spain .. 3 3 ..
26 Czechia .. 2 4 ..
26 France .. 1 10 ..
28 Malta .. 1 4 ..
29 Italy .. 2 7 ..
30 Estonia .. 7 13 ..
31 Cyprus .. 1 10 ..
32 Greece .. 1 3 ..
32 Poland .. 2 7 2.6
34 Lithuania .. 5 8 ..
35 United Arab Emirates .. 1 1 ..
36 Andorra .. 1 1 ..
36 Saudi Arabia .. 4 2 ..
36 Slovakia .. 1 4 ..
39 Latvia .. 3 2 ..
40 Portugal .. 1 1 ..
41 Qatar 29.3 1 1 ..
42 Chile .. 1 7 1.8
43 Brunei Darussalam .. 1 1 19.7
43 Hungary .. 1 1 ..
45 Bahrain .. 1 1 ..
46 Croatia .. 2 7 ..
47 Oman 32.8 1 1 14.1
48 Argentina 32.0 9 6 ..
49 Russian Federation .. 3 2 ..
50 Belarus 19.0 3 3 ..
50 Kazakhstan 37.8 1 1 8.0
52 Bulgaria .. 6 7 ..
52 Montenegro 16.8 5 42 9.4
52 Romania .. 6 10 ..
55 Palau .. 1 10 ..
56 Barbados 19.7 g
4 15 7.7
57 Kuwait .. 1 1 4.9
57 Uruguay .. 4 3 10.7
59 Turkey 30.1 1 4 9.9
60 Bahamas .. 6 11 ..
61 Malaysia 40.3 1 4 20.7
62 Seychelles .. 1 4 7.9
High human development
63 Serbia 12.8 2 8 6.0
63 Trinidad and Tobago .. 1 10 9.2
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 53.1 1 1 6.8
66 Mauritius .. 2 1 ..
67 Panama 21.5 4 2 19.0
68 Costa Rica 32.5 5 6 5.6
69 Albania 36.5 1 6 11.3
70 Georgia 54.8 e
1 2 11.3
71 Sri Lanka 82.0 1 1 17.3
72 Cuba 32.8 1 1 ..
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. 1 4 ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. 1 4 ..
 75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18.2 11 32 8.9
76 Mexico 30.1 10 3 10.0
77 Thailand 23.0 1 4 10.5
78 Grenada .. 2 16 ..
79 Brazil .. 13 16 7.0
79 Colombia .. 8 5 12.6
81 Armenia 44.5 4 5 9.4
82 Algeria 25.4 4 20 11.7
82 North Macedonia 23.0 3 17 4.9
82 Peru 64.2 10 15 12.9
85 China 18.6 1 1 8.1
85 Ecuador .. 14 17 23.9
87 Azerbaijan 12.1 4 4 17.8
88 Ukraine 19.7 35 9 ..
89 Dominican Republic 4.6 1 5 7.1
89 Saint Lucia 3.5 g
1 14 2.5
91 Tunisia 8.5 2 4 10.1
92 Mongolia 58.3 1 1 7.3
93 Lebanon .. 4 18 ..
94 Botswana 20.3 e
2 3 31.4
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. 1 1 ..
96 Jamaica 23.8 1 11 6.0
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) .. 16 26 13.4
98 Dominica .. 1 16 ..
98 Fiji .. 1 6 ..
98 Paraguay 29.6 9 7 5.6
98 Suriname 2.8 5 2 8.8
102 Jordan 25.4 2 8 7.8
103 Belize 33.2 3 3 15.0
104 Maldives 45.3 e
1 1 18.6
105 Tonga 52.2 14 15 8.1
106 Philippines 33.0 e
34 33 33.4
107 Moldova (Republic of) 36.4 4 7 6.4
108 Turkmenistan 58.3 1 1 11.5
108 Uzbekistan .. 1 4 ..
110 Libya .. 2 3 21.0
111 Indonesia 40.9 15 25 36.4
111 Samoa 70.3 44 69 4.9
113 South Africa 31.6 19 30 27.4
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 58.3 11 11 16.1
115 Gabon 5.1 22 41 17.0
116 Egypt 39.5 4 6 22.3
Medium human development
117 Marshall Islands 42.3 3 17 34.8
118 Viet Nam 24.0 22 3 24.6
119 Palestine, State of 38.1 1 1 7.4
120 Iraq 25.8 8 17 22.1
121 Morocco 27.8 1 1 14.9
122 Kyrgyzstan 40.9 2 4 12.9
123 Guyana 21.1 1 2 11.3
124 El Salvador 46.7 18 19 13.6
125 Tajikistan 35.8 2 2 17.5
126 Cabo Verde .. 1 1 ..
126 Guatemala 53.2 6 13 46.7
126 Nicaragua 31.7 1 1 17.3
129 India 54.9 8 10 37.9
130 Namibia 48.3 6 18 22.7
131 Timor-Leste 50.2 8 23 50.9
132 Honduras 30.7 6 11 22.6
132 Kiribati 69.0 e
2 16 ..
134 Bhutan 51.4 2 3 33.5
135 Bangladesh 55.3 1 3 36.2
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. 3 27 ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 71.7 3 5 17.2
138 Congo 32.9 21 25 21.2
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 63.8 4 11 25.5
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 44.4 27 31 44.2
141 Vanuatu 72.6 7 25 28.5
142 Ghana 52.1 3 8 18.8
143 Zambia 72.0 6 6 40.0
144 Equatorial Guinea 7.4 56 70 26.2
145 Myanmar 51.2 5 7 29.4
146 Cambodia 65.2 6 16 32.4
147 Kenya 61.4 3 11 26.2
147 Nepal 65.2 4 9 36.0
149 Angola 37.4 33 50 37.6
150 Cameroon 28.0 14 29 31.7
150 Zimbabwe 47.1 6 12 27.1
152 Pakistan 47.5 17 24 37.6
153 Solomon Islands 76.2 14 7 31.6
Low human development
154 Syrian Arab Republic 42.6 e
33 37 27.6
155 Papua New Guinea .. 33 39 49.5
156 Comoros 11.4 4 10 31.1
157 Rwanda 86.9 2 1 38.2
158 Nigeria 23.3 30 35 43.6
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 59.0 1 1 34.5
159 Uganda 65.5 1 14 28.9
161 Mauritania 41.1 11 22 27.9
162 Madagascar 41.9 19 38 48.9
163 Benin 41.4 16 29 32.2
164 Lesotho 66.9 2 10 33.4
165 Côte d'Ivoire 23.1 5 29 21.6
166 Senegal 42.1 17 18 16.5
167 Togo 57.2 8 15 27.6
168 Sudan 54.6 3 12 38.2
169 Haiti 39.9 16 31 21.9
170 Afghanistan 43.1 27 36 40.9
171 Djibouti 12.4 9 14 33.5
172 Malawi 59.4 4 13 37.4
173 Ethiopia 56.5 15 39 38.4
174 Gambia 46.8 6 9 24.6
174 Guinea 34.2 37 52 32.4
176 Liberia 54.6 1 9 32.1
177 Yemen 9.7 25 36 46.4
178 Guinea-Bissau 52.5 11 14 27.6
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 47.3 18 20 42.7
180 Mozambique 41.0 10 15 42.9
181 Sierra Leone 47.2 2 20 37.8
182 Burkina Faso 50.1 5 12 21.1
182 Eritrea 68.7 3 1 52.0
184 Mali 37.3 18 30 30.4
185 Burundi 82.3 6 12 55.9
186 South Sudan 44.5 42 49 31.3
187 Chad 0.1 45 63 39.8
188 Central African Republic 33.0 31 51 39.6
189 Niger 23.3 9 23 40.6
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 71.4 1 2 19.1
Monaco .. 1 13 ..
Nauru 67.2 e,g
1 1 24.0
San Marino .. 6 11 ..
Somalia 5.3 e
48 54 25.3
Tuvalu 34.7 e
1 12 10.0

Human development groups

Very high human development 33.8 3 5 6.1
High human development 28.6 7 9 15.0
Medium human development 50.6 9 13 34.8
Low human development 41.7 17 27 38.3

Developing countries 40.7 11 15 28.2

Regions
Arab States 31.6 9 15 24.2
East Asia and the Pacific 26.9 7 8 17.6
Europe and Central Asia 30.7 5 4 10.9
Latin America and the Caribbean 36.6 10 11 12.3
South Asia 53.7 9 12 36.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 42.6 16 26 36.2

Least developed countries 48.5 13 22 36.8

Small island developing states 30.8 12 18 25.2

Organisation for Economic Co-op 32.5 3 6 6.1

World 40.5 10 14 27.0

Notes
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Refers to 2014.
c. Refers to 2016.
d. Refers to 2015.
e. Refers to a year between 2007 and 2009.
f. 0.1 or less.
g. Unweighted sample size is between 25 and 49; interpret with caution.

Definitions
Infants exclusively breastfed: Percentage of children ages 0–5 months who are fed exclusively with bre
Infants lacking immunization against DPT: Percentage of surviving infants who have not received their
Infants lacking immunization against measles: Percentage of surviving infants who have not received
Child malnutrition (stunting moderate or severe): Percentage of children under age 5 who are more th
Infant mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly age 1, expressed per 1,000 live birth
Under-five mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly age 5, expressed per 1,000 live
Adult mortality rate: Probability that a 15-year-old will die before reaching age 60, expressed per 1,000
Mortality rates attributed to noncommunicable diseases: Age-standardized mortality rate attributed to
Malaria incidence: Number of malaria cases, expressed per 1,000 people at risk. People at risk are thos
Tuberculosis incidence: The estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases of all forms, inclu
HIV prevalence, adult: Percentage of the population ages 15–49 that is living with HIV.
Healthy life expectancy at birth: Average number of years that a person can expect to live in full health
Current health expenditure: Spending on healthcare goods and services, expressed as a percentage of

Main data sources

Column 1: UNICEF (2019a).
Columns 2 and 3: WHO and UNICEF (2019).
Column 4: UNICEF, WHO and World Bank (2019).
Columns 5 and 6: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2018).
Columns 7, 8, 13 and 15: World Bank (2019a).
Columns 9 and 10: WHO (2019).
Columns 11 and 12: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Column 14: IHME (2018).
 SDG3.2 SDG3.2 SDG3 SDG3 SDG3.4 SDG3.4 SDG3.3

Mortality rates attributed to

Mortality rates Incidence
noncommunicable diseases

Under-
Infant Female Male Female Male Malaria
five

(per 1,000
(per 1,000 live births) Adult (per 1,000 people) (per 100,000 people) people at
risk)
a
2017 2017 2017 2017 2016 2016 2017

2.1 2.6 43 b
69 b
261.9 365.4 ..
3.7 4.2 36 c
58 c
237.0 343.2 ..
3.0 3.5 47 b
81 b
299.7 404.9 ..
3.1 3.7 50 d
92 d
295.9 445.5 ..
.. .. 35 66 .. .. ..
e
3.0 3.5 45 b
76 b
247.1 342.5 ..
1.6 2.1 38 c
66 c
283.6 351.8 ..
2.3 2.8 40 c
64 c
273.4 369.8 ..
2.2 2.8 38 61 201.7 300.5 ..
3.3 3.9 51 c
66 c
295.1 396.5 ..
3.7 4.3 52 c
82 c
300.6 421.6 ..
1.9 2.3 43 d
94 d
274.8 440.5 ..
4.5 5.1 .. .. 248.7 340.6 ..
4.4 5.3 .. .. 269.7 355.3 ..
3.7 4.3 55 c
86 c
295.1 396.0 ..
5.7 6.6 82 c
138 c
353.5 492.3 ..
3.1 3.8 54 d
89 d
270.7 409.5 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 2.6 37 c
68 c
180.1 320.2 ..
2.9 3.6 42 79 272.2 411.4 ..
2.1 2.6 38 b
79 b
247.7 371.9 ..
2.9 3.6 40 c
71 c
255.5 366.4 ..
2.8 3.3 37 83 197.6 358.0 0.1
1.7 2.1 44 b
95 b
274.6 447.5 ..
2.6 3.1 38 c
75 c
225.7 384.3 ..
2.6 3.3 53 c
109 c
331.3 541.2 ..
3.5 4.2 48 c
98 c
222.7 369.1 ..
5.6 6.4 39 66 287.5 410.8 ..
2.9 3.4 37 b
65 b
250.2 375.9 ..
2.1 2.7 56 155 335.1 659.7 ..
 2.1 2.7 33 66 306.0 487.3 ..
4.3 5.3 40 85 265.0 424.9 ..
4.0 4.7 62 c
161 c
347.2 628.1 ..
3.4 4.3 79 213 390.9 800.1 ..
7.8 9.1 55 78 460.0 517.2 0.0
3.2 3.3 .. .. .. .. ..
6.3 7.4 76 95 508.5 609.5 0.1
4.6 5.6 63 b
154 b
367.9 635.0 ..
3.6 4.2 85 229 413.4 790.3 ..
3.1 3.7 42 d
104 d
245.0 424.7 ..
6.5 7.6 46 64 425.5 488.2 ..
6.3 7.4 65 106 309.8 471.9 ..
e
9.0 10.5 71 100 497.2 562.8 ..
3.8 4.5 81 168 444.6 773.4 ..
6.3 7.3 57 72 430.1 449.5 ..
3.9 4.6 55 128 358.6 618.8 ..
9.7 11.3 66 105 404.6 528.8 0.0
9.2 10.4 73 149 334.5 552.4 0.0
6.5 7.6 120 b
322 b
485.8 926.6 ..
2.8 3.7 83 c
235 c
446.4 906.7 ..
8.9 10.0 115 292 626.1 1,030.9 0.0
6.3 7.5 .. .. 483.8 806.0 ..
3.2 3.5 64 121 474.9 673.4 ..
6.6 7.8 78 182 442.6 747.2 ..
13.2 15.3 .. .. .. .. ..
11.5 12.4 72 121 436.7 638.5 ..
6.9 8.1 56 92 541.4 603.6 ..
7.0 8.2 75 132 340.2 580.1 ..
10.0 11.6 69 135 414.3 676.3 0.0
5.8 7.2 116 195 351.9 511.2 ..
6.7 7.9 83 155 446.4 551.0 0.1
12.2 14.2 88 230 434.2 755.4 ..

5.0 5.7 76 147 478.7 717.7 ..

23.1 26.1 120 213 519.2 755.7 ..
12.8 14.9 59 98 532.5 587.3 0.1
11.6 13.1 92 188 457.0 696.1 ..
e
13.9 16.1 78 146 311.3 430.8 0.2
e
7.8 9.0 58 107 310.7 429.4 0.0
7.8 8.8 50 77 462.5 651.7 ..
e
9.7 10.8 77 221 577.7 981.9 0.0
7.5 8.8 72 193 431.9 612.7 0.0
4.1 5.4 69 104 337.0 470.5 ..
11.6 13.7 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 7.4 104 150 464.8 667.5 ..
 4.9 5.7 63 124 433.5 628.5 ..
11.5 13.4 78 138 399.5 525.8 0.3
8.2 9.5 91 199 348.2 521.5 0.8
15.3 16.7 95 182 525.6 707.1 ..
e
13.2 14.8 92 189 370.3 555.8 5.1
12.7 14.7 87 187 396.2 547.3 7.4
11.3 12.6 73 172 489.0 778.3 0.0
20.6 24.0 82 104 430.7 462.8 0.0
12.0 13.7 66 123 525.9 736.9 ..
11.6 15.0 92 150 361.7 477.6 5.6
8.0 9.3 66 91 476.6 613.1 0.0
12.5 14.5 84 157 361.3 455.7 2.6
20.5 23.0 84 173 541.5 804.4 0.0
7.5 8.8 .. .. 514.3 923.6 ..
25.0 29.9 117 201 427.6 560.8 0.1
14.9 16.6 105 161 422.2 565.3 ..
11.2 13.0 68 108 460.6 630.4 ..
14.8 17.2 125 291 649.3 1,053.9 ..
6.7 7.8 49 67 516.4 635.7 ..
e
30.8 37.6 163 251 579.3 720.8 2.0
14.9 16.2 126 179 541.3 790.1 ..
13.1 15.2 98 162 395.4 480.3 ..
e
25.7 30.9 88 189 381.7 593.4 47.6
31.5 34.0 .. .. .. .. ..
21.4 25.3 133 231 646.4 984.9 ..
17.9 21.0 124 164 464.1 552.8 0.0
17.5 19.6 116 218 503.6 759.9 0.5
14.6 17.0 90 125 542.4 693.0 ..
12.2 14.2 124 216 617.7 808.4 0.0
e
6.8 7.9 53 75 404.4 497.0 ..
13.7 16.0 98 163 484.9 817.5 ..
22.2 28.1 134 259 556.8 824.3 0.3
13.3 15.5 97 239 619.1 974.1 ..
40.6 47.3 129 245 684.6 1,005.0 0.0
20.0 22.5 100 179 576.1 828.9 0.0
e
10.6 12.4 95 170 567.9 766.0 ..
21.4 25.4 141 203 671.6 872.5 5.8
14.2 16.5 79 134 412.2 697.4 ..
28.8 37.1 258 379 580.0 907.8 4.0
28.0 34.9 146 212 456.4 539.7 1.3
35.1 48.3 205 248 484.2 525.7 168.9
18.8 22.1 107 184 711.8 965.7 0.0

28.0 34.0 .. .. .. .. ..
16.7 20.9 65 178 319.6 593.5 0.1
 17.9 20.9 92 133 .. .. ..
25.3 30.4 126 193 604.5 695.5 0.0
20.0 23.3 63 74 483.8 580.1 0.0
17.9 20.0 107 245 610.4 990.2 0.0
26.0 31.3 167 245 778.1 886.9 32.0
12.5 14.5 100 254 412.3 594.2 0.0
29.4 33.6 102 163 618.5 803.5 0.0
15.0 17.4 98 144 517.1 627.3 3.0
23.1 27.6 110 209 409.2 502.6 0.4
14.8 17.2 101 187 412.3 548.0 5.1
32.0 39.4 136 210 524.9 672.5 7.7
31.8 44.2 242 338 606.7 762.8 44.6
40.8 47.6 119 170 549.0 633.6 0.1
15.6 18.2 117 170 401.1 493.2 0.2
42.7 54.6 153 236 676.1 962.7 ..
25.6 30.8 199 201 590.3 572.7 0.0
26.9 32.4 104 146 475.6 549.6 1.9
26.7 32.2 145 179 724.7 846.5 ..
25.2 32.4 161 217 614.3 659.5 11.0
34.7 47.5 230 265 535.9 531.9 197.6
40.8 53.9 350 486 740.2 892.8 1.9
48.6 63.4 166 210 739.4 829.9 5.8
22.6 26.9 101 152 575.3 769.9 8.2
35.7 49.3 218 258 735.5 669.3 270.7
41.5 60.0 237 342 523.8 590.5 203.3
65.3 89.6 313 349 692.7 758.5 343.3
38.5 48.6 162 224 691.6 853.8 3.7
25.1 29.2 135 202 623.2 743.2 18.4
33.6 45.6 174 252 357.4 418.2 70.8
27.8 33.7 125 167 563.2 723.1 0.5
53.8 81.1 200 273 511.8 572.2 155.0
55.1 84.0 317 341 660.9 739.7 303.8
36.5 50.3 300 362 581.3 599.6 95.2
61.2 74.9 139 177 681.0 744.4 4.9
17.6 20.6 122 160 632.9 758.0 171.0

e
14.0 17.0 77 265 594.7 723.1 0.0
41.8 53.4 189 254 620.2 820.6 181.9
52.2 69.0 197 248 627.5 742.7 4.0
28.9 37.9 165 219 508.6 597.9 505.6
64.6 100.2 328 368 830.6 793.3 281.1
38.3 54.0 186 230 518.8 562.7 113.0
35.4 49.0 264 340 587.1 701.9 200.7
53.3 79.0 178 223 635.9 669.1 53.9
32.7 44.2 184 235 594.7 660.4 90.9
 63.5 98.3 214 261 617.5 671.2 367.9
66.5 85.9 459 549 736.5 827.9 ..
64.2 88.8 364 406 935.2 955.0 138.9
32.7 45.4 147 219 583.4 683.0 64.6
49.2 72.9 248 281 782.8 812.0 370.9
43.7 63.2 189 247 700.1 795.5 37.4
53.9 71.7 207 269 701.6 812.4 3.3
51.5 67.9 198 240 805.3 904.5 23.0
51.5 61.7 224 271 565.5 658.7 31.9
38.5 55.4 218 331 488.2 611.9 231.1
41.0 58.5 189 240 522.9 589.8 37.4
41.4 63.6 228 284 690.6 767.0 56.7
56.4 85.7 237 264 762.2 765.3 336.7
55.9 74.7 210 250 599.1 633.6 192.6
43.2 55.4 193 240 819.7 951.6 41.9
55.6 84.2 237 288 669.1 690.5 58.0
70.0 91.1 227 276 575.3 594.6 307.6
53.3 72.4 273 344 502.7 546.5 337.9
81.7 110.5 383 396 1,017.3 951.7 379.7
51.2 81.2 233 265 716.8 754.5 412.0
32.1 43.1 207 281 594.7 718.8 22.9
65.8 106.0 249 267 817.0 795.6 386.2
42.5 61.2 257 315 625.0 708.7 194.5
62.5 96.4 304 329 540.7 589.3 141.7
73.4 123.2 335 380 710.9 796.7 188.6
87.6 121.5 364 402 638.1 680.3 387.3
48.3 84.5 227 255 648.3 681.8 358.6

14.4 19.0 97 164 521.6 954.6 0.2

2.7 3.3 .. .. .. .. ..
e
27.3 33.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
e
79.7 127.2 272 328 624.7 666.9 36.7
e
21.0 24.9 .. .. .. .. ..

5.4 6.2 67 132 330.4 515.7 ..

13.7 16.1 87 137 491.3 655.5 ..
35.5 44.5 136 203 533.3 663.4 19.1
52.8 76.6 242 294 672.3 717.4 195.3

31.4 41.3 123 180 529.5 666.8 ..

26.5 34.4 111 158 606.3 730.7 ..

 13.6 16.3 84 126 501.9 663.0 ..
14.2 16.0 84 174 505.6 812.6 ..
14.8 17.5 90 171 384.9 541.7 5.4
35.7 43.8 130 196 543.1 670.8 6.6
51.3 74.7 249 305 633.6 684.3 202.2

46.8 65.7 189 240 595.2 668.7 128.1

32.1 41.2 126 180 491.2 623.4 ..

5.7 6.7 60 110 303.2 453.5 ..

28.8 37.7 114 172 491.9 638.3 ..

ed exclusively with breast milk in the 24 hours prior to the survey.

have not received their first dose of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine.
who have not received the first dose of measles vaccine.
age 5 who are more than two standard deviations below the median height-for-age of the reference population, according to th
sed per 1,000 live births.
pressed per 1,000 live births.
expressed per 1,000 people.
rtality rate attributed to noncommunicable diseases calculated as a weighted average of the age-specific mortality rates per 10
People at risk are those who live in an area where malaria transmission occurs.
cases of all forms, including cases in people living with HIV, expressed per 100,000 people.

ect to live in full health by taking into account years lived in less than full health because of disease and injury.
sed as a percentage of GDP. It excludes capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, information technology and
 SDG3.3 SDG3.3 SDG3.c

Incidence

HIV Healthy life Current

Tuberculosis prevalence, expectancy health
adult at birth expenditure

(per 100,000 (% ages 15–

(years) (% of GDP)
people) 49)

2017 2017 2017 2016

5.1 0.1 70.2 10.5

7.2 .. 72.0 12.2
7.3 0.2 70.4 7.4
7.5 0.2 69.5 11.1
67.0 .. .. ..
6.8 0.1 70.4 9.3
4.5 .. 71.3 8.3
5.7 .. 70.9 10.9
47.0 0.2 74.2 4.5
5.2 0.2 70.2 10.4
5.1 0.1 69.6 10.4
4.9 .. 69.8 9.5
5.5 .. 70.5 10.5
7.5 0.1 69.1 9.2
8.9 .. 69.3 9.8
3.1 .. 66.6 17.1
9.2 .. 69.6 10.0
.. .. .. ..
15.0 0.1 f
73.1 10.9
7.4 0.1 70.4 10.4
6.3 0.3 69.7 6.2
3.2 .. 71.4 7.3
70.0 .. 71.7 7.3
6.2 0.1 f
68.7 8.5
11.0 0.4 72.1 9.0
5.4 0.1 f
67.4 7.1
9.0 0.5 71.7 11.5
11.0 .. 69.8 9.3
7.4 0.2 71.9 8.9
15.0 0.7 67.0 6.7
 5.1 0.1 70.7 6.9
4.5 0.2 69.9 8.5
17.0 .. 66.8 6.5
50.0 0.2 64.3 6.7
0.8 .. 63.1 3.5
1.5 .. 71.2 10.4
10.0 .. 66.3 5.7
4.8 0.1 f
66.3 7.1
32.0 .. 64.6 6.2
20.0 0.6 70.1 9.1
26.0 0.1 68.4 3.1
17.0 0.6 68.7 8.5
64.0 .. 66.2 2.3
7.7 0.1 f
65.8 7.4
12.0 0.1 f
67.8 4.9
10.0 .. 67.4 7.2
6.7 .. 65.8 4.3
26.0 0.4 66.8 7.5
60.0 1.2 62.2 5.3
37.0 0.4 63.9 6.3
66.0 0.2 62.7 3.5
25.0 0.1 f
64.9 8.2
14.0 0.1 f
66.0 7.6
72.0 0.1 64.7 5.0
106.0 .. .. 11.7
0.0 1.6 67.9 7.0
27.0 0.1 f
70.7 3.9
31.0 0.6 67.2 9.1
17.0 .. 67.9 4.3
15.0 1.9 65.1 6.4
93.0 0.4 66.0 3.8
19.0 .. 65.0 3.9

19.0 0.1 f
65.3 9.1
17.0 1.1 65.0 6.5
14.0 0.1 65.7 8.1
12.0 .. 64.8 5.7
54.0 1.0 69.4 7.3
9.7 0.4 69.8 7.6
20.0 0.1 f
67.5 6.7
86.0 0.4 63.8 8.4
64.0 0.1 f
67.9 3.9
7.1 0.4 69.1 12.2
2.1 .. .. 5.7
1.1 .. 67.3 4.3
 27.0 .. 65.7 9.2
22.0 0.3 66.2 5.5
156.0 1.1 68.5 3.7
3.2 .. 65.2 5.2
44.0 0.6 65.4 11.8
33.0 0.5 70.4 5.9
36.0 0.2 65.8 9.9
70.0 0.1 f
66.5 6.6
13.0 0.1 f
66.0 6.3
116.0 0.3 70.3 5.1
63.0 .. 68.1 5.0
43.0 0.3 67.2 8.4
67.0 0.1 62.0 6.9
84.0 0.9 61.0 6.7
45.0 0.9 64.2 6.2
7.7 .. 66.3 5.3
34.0 0.1 f
67.3 7.0
428.0 0.1 f
60.3 3.8
12.0 0.1 f
66.3 8.0
300.0 22.8 58.9 5.5
2.1 .. 63.5 3.6
5.1 1.8 65.6 6.1
42.0 .. 66.2 3.2
1.6 .. 64.1 5.3
49.0 .. 59.1 3.5
44.0 0.5 66.0 8.0
29.0 1.3 63.1 6.1
6.8 .. 67.7 5.5
36.0 1.9 64.9 6.1
39.0 .. 71.1 10.6
12.0 .. 62.3 5.3
554.0 0.1 61.0 4.4
95.0 0.6 63.0 9.0
43.0 .. 61.7 6.6
73.0 0.3 61.6 6.3
40.0 .. 62.1 ..
319.0 0.4 62.7 3.1
18.0 .. 63.3 5.5
567.0 18.8 57.1 8.1
111.0 0.3 63.6 6.9
529.0 4.2 58.7 3.1
13.0 0.1 f
60.8 4.6

480.0 .. 56.4 23.3

129.0 0.3 65.8 5.7
 1.0 .. 65.1 ..
42.0 .. 64.4 3.3
99.0 0.1 f
63.1 5.8
144.0 0.2 63.4 6.6
86.0 1.7 60.4 4.2
72.0 0.6 65.0 7.0
85.0 0.3 61.3 7.0
134.0 0.6 65.9 5.2
25.0 0.4 63.7 5.8
45.0 0.2 68.8 8.7
204.0 0.2 59.4 3.7
423.0 12.1 57.1 9.1
498.0 .. 61.2 4.0
38.0 0.3 64.9 8.4
413.0 .. 54.0 11.9
134.0 .. 64.1 3.5
221.0 0.1 f
63.1 2.4
165.0 .. 58.2 12.6
118.0 .. 60.9 6.0
376.0 3.1 54.0 4.6
308.0 27.4 51.3 7.7
168.0 0.3 59.5 2.4
51.0 .. 56.3 3.7
152.0 1.7 57.0 4.4
361.0 11.5 55.1 4.5
191.0 6.5 56.3 3.4
358.0 0.7 59.9 5.1
326.0 0.5 60.7 6.1
319.0 4.8 57.6 4.5
152.0 0.2 61.1 6.3
359.0 1.9 55.0 2.9
194.0 3.7 54.5 4.7
221.0 13.3 53.2 9.4
267.0 0.1 58.0 2.8
76.0 .. 57.2 5.2

19.0 .. 59.8 ..
432.0 0.9 50.8 2.0
35.0 0.1 f
60.0 7.6
57.0 2.7 59.6 6.8
219.0 2.8 55.1 3.6
269.0 4.5 58.2 4.1
201.0 5.9 57.0 6.2
97.0 0.3 60.9 4.2
238.0 0.3 55.4 6.0
 58.0 1.0 55.8 3.9
665.0 23.8 47.0 8.1
148.0 2.8 54.2 4.4
122.0 0.4 58.8 5.5
41.0 2.1 55.8 6.6
77.0 0.2 60.0 5.7
181.0 1.9 56.3 5.4
189.0 .. 53.0 10.2
269.0 1.3 59.3 3.5
131.0 9.6 55.0 9.8
164.0 0.9 59.5 4.0
174.0 1.6 56.7 4.4
176.0 1.5 52.8 5.5
308.0 1.4 54.3 9.6
48.0 .. 56.7 5.6 d

374.0 3.4 52.0 6.1

322.0 0.7 53.3 3.9
551.0 12.5 50.6 5.1
301.0 1.4 52.1 16.5
49.0 0.8 53.4 6.8
67.0 0.6 54.4 3.0
55.0 1.2 53.1 3.8
114.0 1.1 53.8 6.2
146.0 2.4 50.6 ..
154.0 1.3 51.5 4.5
423.0 4.0 44.8 4.3
90.0 0.3 54.2 6.2

513.0 .. 63.5 ..
0.0 .. .. 1.7
91.0 .. .. 11.1
0.0 .. .. 6.4
266.0 0.1 51.2 ..
236.0 .. .. 15.5

20.1 0.4 68.2 12.1

111.3 1.2 66.2 5.8
209.3 0.6 59.8 3.9
197.2 2.6 55.6 4.5

156.9 1.1 62.4 5.4

48.0 0.1 62.4 4.9

 143.6 0.4 66.5 4.8
52.1 0.4 64.2 5.1
42.3 0.5 66.4 8.6
201.6 0.2 59.8 4.1
243.9 4.3 55.6 5.1

217.4 1.9 57.4 4.4

128.1 1.0 62.4 6.0

12.3 0.3 69.0 12.6

133.6 1.0 63.4 10.0

population, according to the 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.

ecific mortality rates per 100,000 people, where the weights are the proportions of persons in the corresponding age groups of

nformation technology and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

orresponding age groups of the World Health Organization standard population. Noncommunicable diseases include cardiovasc
ses include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease.
 Table 9. Education achievements

SDG4.6 SDG4.6
Literacy rate

Adult
Youth
(% ages 15 and
(% ages 15–24)
older)

HDI rank Country Female

2008-2018 a
2008-2018 a

VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1 Norway .. ..
2 Switzerland .. ..
3 Ireland .. ..
4 Germany .. ..
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. ..
6 Australia .. ..
6 Iceland .. ..
8 Sweden .. ..
9 Singapore 97.0 99.9
10 Netherlands .. ..
11 Denmark .. ..
12 Finland .. ..
13 Canada .. ..
14 New Zealand .. ..
15 United Kingdom .. ..
15 United States .. ..
17 Belgium .. ..
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan .. ..
20 Austria .. ..
21 Luxembourg .. ..
22 Israel .. ..
22 Korea (Republic of) .. ..
24 Slovenia 99.7 99.9
25 Spain 98.3 99.6
26 Czechia .. ..
26 France .. ..
28 Malta 93.3 99.4
29 Italy 98.8 99.9
30 Estonia 99.9 100.0
31 Cyprus 98.7 99.8
32 Greece 97.4 98.9
32 Poland 98.7 99.8
34 Lithuania 99.8 99.9
35 United Arab Emirates .. ..
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 94.4 99.1
36 Slovakia .. ..
39 Latvia 99.9 99.9
40 Portugal 94.5 99.5
41 Qatar 93.1 97.3
42 Chile 96.9 99.4
43 Brunei Darussalam 96.1 99.5
43 Hungary 99.1 99.0
45 Bahrain 94.9 94.9
46 Croatia 99.1 99.7
47 Oman 96.1 99.0
48 Argentina 99.1 99.6
49 Russian Federation 99.7 99.8
50 Belarus 99.6 99.8
50 Kazakhstan 99.8 99.9
52 Bulgaria 98.4 97.7
52 Montenegro 98.4 99.1
52 Romania 98.6 99.0
55 Palau 96.6 99.2
56 Barbados 99.6 99.9
57 Kuwait 96.1 99.5
57 Uruguay 98.6 99.3
59 Turkey 96.2 99.4
60 Bahamas .. ..
61 Malaysia 93.7 97.9
62 Seychelles 94.0 99.4
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 98.8 99.7
63 Trinidad and Tobago 98.7 99.6
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 85.5 97.9
66 Mauritius 93.2 98.6
67 Panama 94.1 97.3
68 Costa Rica 97.4 99.3
69 Albania 97.2 99.0
70 Georgia 99.6 99.7
71 Sri Lanka 91.9 99.1
72 Cuba 99.8 99.9
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda 99.0 ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 97.0 99.7
76 Mexico 94.9 99.2
77 Thailand 92.9 98.3
78 Grenada 98.6 99.5
 79 Brazil 92.0 99.3
79 Colombia 94.7 99.0
81 Armenia 99.7 99.9
82 Algeria 75.1 91.7
82 North Macedonia 97.8 98.5
82 Peru 94.1 98.9
85 China 95.1 99.6
85 Ecuador 94.4 99.1
87 Azerbaijan 99.8 99.9
88 Ukraine 100.0 100.0
89 Dominican Republic 93.8 98.9
89 Saint Lucia .. ..
91 Tunisia 79.0 95.8
92 Mongolia 98.3 98.9
93 Lebanon 91.2 99.3
94 Botswana 87.7 99.4
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. ..
96 Jamaica 88.1 98.8
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 97.1 99.1
98 Dominica .. ..
98 Fiji .. ..
98 Paraguay 94.7 98.7
98 Suriname 92.9 97.3
102 Jordan 97.9 99.2
103 Belize .. ..
104 Maldives 98.6 99.4
105 Tonga 99.4 99.5
106 Philippines 96.4 98.8
107 Moldova (Republic of) 99.1 99.6
108 Turkmenistan 99.7 99.9
108 Uzbekistan 100.0 100.0
110 Libya .. ..
111 Indonesia 95.4 99.7
111 Samoa 99.0 99.5
113 South Africa 94.4 99.2
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 92.5 99.4
115 Gabon 82.3 89.4
116 Egypt 71.2 86.8
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 98.3 98.8
118 Viet Nam 93.5 96.8
119 Palestine, State of 96.9 99.3
120 Iraq 43.7 48.6
121 Morocco 69.4 87.8
122 Kyrgyzstan 99.2 99.8
123 Guyana 85.6 97.0
124 El Salvador 88.5 98.1
125 Tajikistan 99.8 99.9
126 Cabo Verde 86.8 98.7
126 Guatemala 81.3 93.3
126 Nicaragua .. ..
129 India 69.3 81.8
130 Namibia 88.3 95.3
131 Timor-Leste 58.3 78.6
132 Honduras 89.0 97.2
132 Kiribati .. ..
134 Bhutan 57.0 84.5
135 Bangladesh 72.9 94.4
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 90.1 96.4
138 Congo 79.3 76.9
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 83.1 94.7
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 84.7 90.5
141 Vanuatu 84.7 95.6
142 Ghana 71.5 83.2
143 Zambia 83.0 86.5
144 Equatorial Guinea 95.0 98.7
145 Myanmar 75.6 84.4
146 Cambodia 80.5 92.6
147 Kenya 78.7 86.1
147 Nepal 59.6 80.2
149 Angola 66.0 70.6
150 Cameroon 71.3 76.4
150 Zimbabwe 88.7 93.2
152 Pakistan 57.0 65.5
153 Solomon Islands .. ..
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic .. ..
155 Papua New Guinea 61.6 71.4
156 Comoros 49.2 69.6
157 Rwanda 70.8 86.3
158 Nigeria 51.1 58.0
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 77.9 84.6
159 Uganda 70.2 81.7
161 Mauritania .. ..
162 Madagascar 71.6 75.3
163 Benin 32.9 40.9
164 Lesotho 76.6 94.0
165 Côte d'Ivoire 43.9 47.0
166 Senegal 51.9 63.5
167 Togo 63.7 78.4
168 Sudan 53.5 62.7
169 Haiti .. ..
170 Afghanistan 31.7 32.1
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Malawi 62.1 73.4
173 Ethiopia .. ..
174 Gambia 42.0 56.1
174 Guinea 32.0 37.2
176 Liberia .. ..
177 Yemen .. ..
178 Guinea-Bissau 45.6 49.8
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 77.0 79.7
180 Mozambique 56.0 62.7
181 Sierra Leone 32.4 50.9
182 Burkina Faso 34.6 44.0
182 Eritrea 64.7 82.6
184 Mali 33.1 39.2
185 Burundi 61.6 75.0
186 South Sudan 26.8 29.6
187 Chad 22.3 22.4
188 Central African Republic 36.8 27.0
189 Niger 30.6 31.6
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 100.0 100.0
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
San Marino .. ..
Somalia .. ..
Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development .. ..
High human development 93.7 98.7
Medium human development 70.3 81.7
Low human development 54.8 61.2

Developing countries 81.9 86.2

Regions
Arab States 72.3 81.1
East Asia and the Pacific 94.4 98.5
Europe and Central Asia 98.5 99.7
Latin America and the Caribbean 93.8 99.0
South Asia 68.7 80.5
Sub-Saharan Africa 63.4 68.9

Least developed countries 63.5 72.3

Small island developing states 88.1 89.8
Small island developing states (w 86.8 88.8

Organisation for Economic Co-op .. ..

World 83.0 86.6

NOTES
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Based on Barro and Lee (2018).
c. Based on data from OECD (2018).
d. Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surve
e. Based on cross-country regression.
f. Based on data from the national statistical office.
g. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006–2018.

DEFINITIONS
Adult literacy rate: Percentage of the population ages 15 and older that can, with understanding, both re
Youth literacy rate: Percentage of the population ages 15–24 that can, with understanding, both read an
Population with at least some secondary education: Percentage of the population ages 25 and older
Gross enrolment ratio: Total enrolment in a given level of education (pre-primary, primary, secondary or
Primary school dropout rate: Percentage of students from a given cohort who have enrolled in primary
Survival rate to the last grade of lower secondary general education: Percentage of a cohort of stud
Government expenditure on education: Current, capital and transfer spending on education, expresse

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1–3 and 5–10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019).
Column 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019) and Barro and Lee (2018).
Column 11: World Bank (2019a).
 SDG4.6 SDG4.6 SDG4.2 SDG4.1
rate Gross enrolment ratio

Population with at
Youth
least some secondary Pre-primary Primary
(% ages 15–24)
education

(% of preschool-age (% of primary school–

Male (% ages 25 and older)
children) age population)

2008-2018 a
2010-2018 a
2013-2018 a
2013-2018 a

.. 95.4 95 100
.. 96.5 105 104
.. 88.3 b
116 101
.. 96.3 108 103
.. 79.4 107 107
.. 90.4 166 101
.. 100.0 c
95 100
.. 88.9 94 125
99.9 79.6 .. 101
.. 88.3 95 103
.. 89.3 96 102
.. 100.0 83 100
.. 100.0 c
.. 101
.. 96.9 95 100
.. 84.5 111 101
.. 95.6 72 101
.. 84.8 116 103
.. .. 103 105
.. 93.6 b
87 98
.. 100.0 105 104
.. 100.0 93 101
.. 89.1 110 104
.. 95.2 98 97
99.8 97.6 92 99
99.6 75.8 95 104
.. 99.8 105 100
.. 83.5 105 102
98.4 78.2 112 105
99.9 79.6 98 100
99.9 100.0 c
.. 97
99.8 80.3 80 99
98.7 64.8 46 94
99.8 85.3 70 110
99.8 94.9 87 103
 .. 70.7 b
82 111
.. 72.3 .. ..
99.3 72.8 21 116
.. 99.3 93 98
99.8 99.2 c
96 99
99.4 54.2 93 105
94.8 67.5 61 104
99.3 79.3 86 101
99.2 70.1 b
69 105
98.7 97.2 82 102
93.6 59.6 b
55 101
99.7 95.7 63 95
98.5 66.4 54 107
99.4 64.8 b
75 109
99.7 95.9 89 102
99.8 92.2 99 102
99.9 98.6 b
58 105
98.1 95.1 81 95
99.4 91.6 62 98
99.0 90.0 87 89
98.2 97.1 75 115
99.9 92.9 b
79 92
98.8 51.5 65 97
98.6 56.0 91 105
99.9 53.1 30 101
.. 88.4 32 95
97.4 80.8 b
97 103
98.6 .. 100 110

99.7 89.5 61 100

99.6 73.4 b
.. ..
98.3 69.8 52 108
97.7 66.9 b
101 102
97.9 72.2 b
61 93
99.0 52.9 78 110
99.4 92.9 83 110
99.7 98.0 .. 103
98.5 82.8 b
101 102
99.9 87.4 b
101 102
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 65 88
99.7 81.2 .. ..
99.0 59.7 72 104
98.0 44.8 74 100
99.0 .. 92 102
98.6 59.5 96 114
98.3 52.0 .. 113
99.8 97.2 52 94
95.7 38.9 b
.. 112
98.8 49.8 d
36 94
99.3 62.2 91 102
99.7 78.6 b
86 102
99.0 51.9 72 104
100.0 95.6 36 103
100.0 94.6 b
84 100
98.8 56.6 51 108
.. 46.0 82 ..
96.6 51.8 b
44 115
98.0 88.8 87 104
99.2 54.9 e
85 93
95.9 90.0 b
20 105
.. .. 103 103
93.9 66.3 82 ..
98.4 69.2 67 93
.. .. 84 112
.. 76.9 b
.. 105
98.2 47.8 45 ..
98.1 60.5 95 116
99.0 84.0 b
.. ..
.. 78.6 48 113
99.1 47.1 b
91 102
99.4 93.7 b
42 107
97.4 73.2 b
96 111
99.3 96.4 86 91
99.8 .. 58 88
100.0 99.9 27 103
.. 57.4 b
.. ..
99.7 48.8 62 103
99.0 74.5 f
51 109
98.7 76.5 25 102
99.4 58.8 75 99
87.4 57.6 b
.. ..
89.5 65.3 b
29 105

98.2 92.1 40 89
97.4 69.4 b
95 108
99.5 61.1 54 95
57.0 48.0 b
.. ..
94.6 32.2 b
54 112
99.7 98.4 b
39 108
96.3 63.3 b
.. ..
97.8 42.8 65 97
99.9 93.1 b
10 99
97.6 29.9 71 96
95.5 37.8 49 101
.. 47.5 b
.. ..
90.0 51.6 b
14 115
93.5 41.1 b
33 119
80.5 .. 18 101
94.9 33.5 43 95
.. .. .. 100
90.4 12.0 25 93
91.5 46.7 b
40 111
.. .. 33 96
97.1 40.8 51 110
85.7 48.8 b
.. ..
92.2 32.6 b
.. 105
94.4 40.4 b
43 107
95.1 .. 102 120
88.3 63.1 b
112 102
91.2 44.3 b
8 100
97.7 .. 43 62
85.1 25.8 b
10 113
91.9 21.3 b
22 108
86.9 35.2 b
77 105
89.9 35.9 b
86 134
84.9 30.2 40 113
85.4 37.2 37 113
87.6 58.7 42 99
79.8 37.2 80 96
.. .. 111 114

.. 41.0 b
6 76
64.6 12.5 b
44 112
73.8 .. 20 99
83.8 16.3 b
21 133
75.6 .. .. 85
87.0 14.3 b
42 85
85.8 32.1 b
14 99
.. 18.8 b
10 95
78.4 .. 38 144
63.9 26.5 b
25 127
79.6 30.0 b
33 105
59.1 26.1 b
8 99
75.6 17.6 16 84
89.7 40.5 b
21 123
68.7 17.5 b
47 77
.. 33.2 b
.. ..
61.9 26.1 b
.. 104
.. .. 8 65
72.5 21.8 b
81 140
.. 17.1 g
30 102
66.0 36.8 g
39 100
57.0 11.7 .. 92
.. 29.0 b
157 94
.. 28.0 b
2 92
71.3 .. .. ..
91.0 50.7 4 108
79.1 19.3 .. 105
64.5 26.3 b
12 121
57.0 8.8 g
4 94
91.3 .. 15 49
60.5 13.1 d
5 80
85.3 9.3 b
14 126
44.1 33.2 10 67
40.7 6.0 g
1 88
48.9 22.1 b
3 106
48.6 6.6 b
8 75

100.0 .. .. 88
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 69 107
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 107 107

.. 87.9 80 102
98.8 71.3 74 104
88.7 49.1 31 111
73.7 24.1 21 96

91.1 60.1 45 105

85.3 50.9 30 99
98.5 71.9 80 104
99.9 81.3 43 101
 98.6 59.5 77 106
88.6 50.6 25 111
78.9 34.0 28 99

79.8 29.8 25 103

89.3 60.2 .. 106
88.2 57.4 59 107

.. 86.2 80 102

91.3 66.7 51 104

ultiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 2006–2018.

lth Surveys for 2006–2018.

n, with understanding, both read and write a short simple statement on everyday life.
h understanding, both read and write a short simple statement on everyday life.
opulation ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education.
rimary, primary, secondary or tertiary), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population for th
who have enrolled in primary school but who drop out before reaching the last grade of primary education. It is calculated as 10
ercentage of a cohort of students enrolled in the first grade of a lower secondary general education in a given school year who
nding on education, expressed as a percentage of GDP.
 SDG4.1 SDG4.3
ross enrolment ratio
Survival rate to the
Primary school last grade of lower
Secondary Tertiary
dropout rate secondary general
education

(% of secondary (% of tertiary school– (% of primary school

(%)
school–age population) age population) cohort)

2013-2018 a
2013-2018 a
2007-2017 a
2007-2017 a

117 82 0.9 99
102 58 0.6 99
117 78 .. 99
102 68 3.5 54
104 74 1.2 99
151 114 .. ..
118 74 2.1 99
145 64 0.4 99
108 84 1.3 100
133 80 .. ..
129 81 0.2 100
152 87 0.2 100
113 67 .. ..
115 82 .. ..
152 59 2.4 ..
99 89 .. ..
161 76 .. 97
116 35 2.7 85
102 .. 0.1 100
102 86 0.4 100
104 20 17.1 98
104 63 1.4 98
100 94 0.6 99
115 78 1.1 98
128 91 0.7 92
105 64 0.5 96
103 64 .. 100
96 49 3.4 99
103 63 0.8 99
115 71 0.8 99
100 60 2.4 100
100 126 4.0 97
107 67 2.0 98
107 71 1.8 97
96 .. 8.0 97
.. .. 30.7 90
117 69 25.8 82
91 48 1.3 88
111 88 3.6 98
118 63 .. ..
86 16 3.8 96
100 91 0.5 99
92 33 6.8 98
103 48 1.6 96
103 46 3.4 97
98 67 2.6 99
103 45 1.9 98
108 89 2.5 87
105 82 2.8 98
103 87 2.1 99
113 53 0.8 99
100 71 6.5 46
90 58 2.0 99
89 48 6.0 93
115 64 .. ..
107 .. 6.6 96
98 33 7.7 91
115 62 0.5 84
103 104 12.0 90
90 .. 10.5 97
86 42 3.6 94
92 22 3.2 94

95 66 1.5 96
.. .. 10.6 86
89 69 4.0 94
96 39 5.0 99
82 47 14.0 77
126 56 5.6 67
96 57 6.8 94
107 58 1.2 98
98 19 1.6 97
104 40 4.2 95
.. .. 4.6 93
93 .. 8.7 84
.. .. 1.6 96
100 38 1.3 92
117 49 7.8 90
99 94 .. 86
102 50 .. 74
99 60 8.3 72
86 52 6.4 95
.. 48 5.2 75
82 41 2.6 96
98 70 6.9 94
95 51 .. 92
107 46 6.3 91
.. 27 5.4 94
97 83 1.8 98
80 60 21.0 90
88 20 7.5 97
93 32 6.8 78
.. 65 2.7 96
63 38 6.0 85
.. 23 6.0 99
109 .. 12.2 94
82 27 6.6 96
84 .. 17.0 75
100 .. 20.5 96
.. .. 8.8 86
.. .. 15.9 84
79 .. 31.6 74
65 32 2.1 90
84 25 7.0 69
.. 14 6.7 96
94 .. .. ..
89 35 12.5 89
87 41 5.0 93
86 8 .. ..
93 9 0.8 98
.. .. .. ..
88 36 2.4 94
84 .. 13.2 97
100 20 20.3 93
92 .. 5.3 95
.. .. .. ..
86 34 3.6 87

73 .. 16.5 97
.. 28 4.0 91
85 42 1.1 85
.. .. .. ..
80 34 4.9 84
98 44 2.4 96
.. .. 7.8 88
72 29 25.7 78
87 31 1.0 97
83 22 9.9 78
53 22 21.6 80
.. .. 51.6 64
75 28 12.3 94
.. 21 9.4 78
79 .. 19.5 96
54 21 17.3 85
.. .. .. 94
86 11 11.3 85
67 18 33.8 85
.. .. .. ..
90 13 7.3 81
.. 9 29.7 81
72 5 19.7 70
68 16 18.9 75
55 .. 28.5 71
72 16 18.4 88
.. .. 44.5 89
.. .. 27.9 84
64 16 24.6 84
.. 13 23.8 68
.. 12 7.0 81
71 12 26.5 95
51 9 68.1 ..
62 19 58.8 89
47 8 23.1 94
45 10 22.7 86
.. .. 30.1 85

49 39 6.8 10
49 .. .. ..
56 9 29.1 67
38 8 42.9 84
42 .. 35.6 ..
26 4 35.7 58
.. 5 64.5 63
32 5 28.8 73
37 5 64.9 65
59 13 52.5 71
56 9 30.7 68
50 9 26.7 89
45 11 37.9 68
62 13 45.9 82
47 17 24.8 97
.. .. .. ..
55 10 .. 83
47 .. 15.6 95
38 .. 45.9 31
35 8 61.8 68
.. .. 24.9 96
40 11 34.1 76
36 .. 32.2 92
51 .. 30.5 85
.. .. .. ..
46 7 54.7 90
35 7 66.8 75
41 .. 53.0 84
38 6 34.4 76
31 2 26.9 80
41 5 38.4 67
50 6 56.8 72
10 .. .. ..
23 3 71.4 57
18 .. 53.4 40
25 4 35.6 47

93 27 .. ..
.. .. .. 97
78 .. .. ..
.. .. 3.8 98
.. .. .. ..
86 .. 48.2 74

107 79 4.1 91
95 46 .. 89
70 23 18.1 91
40 9 44.6 70

75 34 22.4 88

75 37 12.4 79
92 44 .. 91
99 65 5.6 95
 97 51 .. 82
71 25 15.3 93
44 9 43.2 76

47 11 46.1 78
78 .. .. ..
77 .. .. ..

107 75 .. ..

79 39 20.9 89

chool-age population for the same level of education.

ation. It is calculated as 100 minus the survival rate to the last grade of primary education and assumes that observed flow rate
n a given school year who are expected to reach the last grade, regardless of repetition.
 SDG1.a

Government
expenditure on
education

(% of GDP)

2013-2018 a

7.6
5.1
3.8
4.8
3.3
5.3
7.7
7.6
2.9
5.4
7.6
7.1
..
6.3
5.5
5.0
6.6
..
3.5
5.5
3.9
5.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
5.8
5.5
5.3
4.1
5.2
6.4
..
4.8
4.2
 ..
3.2
..
4.6
5.3
4.9
2.9
5.4
4.4
4.6
2.3
4.6
6.7
5.6
3.8
4.8
2.9
4.1
..
3.1
..
4.7
..
..
4.3
..
4.7
4.4

3.9
..
3.8
5.0
..
7.4
4.0
3.8
2.8
..
2.8
..
..
5.2
4.1
10.3
6.2
4.4
2.8
..
..
3.9
..
5.0
2.9
5.0
..
5.7
6.6
4.1
2.5
..
5.8
5.3
..
3.4
3.9
4.5
..
3.6
7.1
4.3
..
..
6.7
..
6.4
..
3.6
4.1
6.1
7.3
2.7
..

..
5.7
5.3
..
..
7.2
6.3
3.8
5.2
5.2
2.8
4.3
3.8
3.1
2.7
6.0
..
7.1
1.5
12.5
4.9
4.6
7.1
2.9
4.7
4.5
..
..
2.2
1.9
5.2
5.1
..
3.1
7.5
2.8
..

..
..
4.3
3.2
..
3.5
2.6
2.6
2.8
4.0
6.4
4.4
6.2
5.1
..
2.4
3.9
..
4.0
4.7
3.1
2.2
3.8
..
2.1
1.5
6.5
4.6
4.2
..
3.1
4.3
1.0
2.9
..
3.5

..
1.4
..
..
..
..

4.9
..
3.8
3.8

..

..
..
4.2
 5.5
3.6
4.8

2.8
..
..

5.0

4.8

es that observed flow rates remain unchanged throughout the cohort life and that dropouts do not re-enter school.
re-enter school.
 Table 10. National income and composition of resources

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Total Per capita

HDI rank Country (2011 PPP $ billions) (2011 PPP $)

2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 347.8 65,441
2 Switzerland 502.6 59,019
3 Ireland 341.5 70,361
4 Germany 3,811.3 45,959
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 427.1 57,322
6 Australia 1,135.6 45,439
6 Iceland 17.2 48,606
8 Sweden 480.6 47,194
9 Singapore 508.0 90,091
10 Netherlands 858.2 49,804
11 Denmark 276.4 47,673
12 Finland 231.2 41,899
13 Canada 1,632.5 44,051
14 New Zealand 177.6 36,355
15 United Kingdom 2,670.1 40,158
15 United States 18,217.0 55,681
17 Belgium 493.6 43,218
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan 4,971.8 39,294
20 Austria 411.2 46,473
21 Luxembourg 57.0 93,734
22 Israel 299.0 33,661
22 Korea (Republic of) 1,899.0 36,777
24 Slovenia 67.7 32,743
25 Spain 1,637.9 35,056
26 Czechia 355.1 33,414
26 France 2,649.7 39,556
28 Malta 18.4 38,147
29 Italy 2,159.8 35,739
30 Estonia 40.9 30,991
31 Cyprus 29.6 33,048 b

32 Greece 269.7 25,141

32 Poland 1,091.9 28,752
34 Lithuania 86.7 31,065
35 United Arab Emirates 641.6 66,616
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 1,651.1 48,996
36 Slovakia 170.6 31,326
39 Latvia 50.9 26,437
40 Portugal 295.0 28,687
41 Qatar 313.0 112,532
42 Chile 428.4 22,874
43 Brunei Darussalam 30.8 71,802
43 Hungary 275.9 28,243
45 Bahrain 65.9 41,973
46 Croatia 96.7 23,637
47 Oman 177.9 36,831
48 Argentina 813.5 18,282
49 Russian Federation 3,763.2 24,791 b

50 Belarus 168.3 17,742

50 Kazakhstan 452.1 24,738
52 Bulgaria 135.7 19,321
52 Montenegro 10.8 17,278
52 Romania 478.0 24,544
55 Palau 0.3 17,202
56 Barbados 4.8 b
16,839 b

57 Kuwait 271.1 65,515

57 Uruguay 72.1 20,916
59 Turkey 2,081.6 25,287
60 Bahamas 11.0 b
28,705 b

61 Malaysia 888.4 28,176

62 Seychelles 2.6 27,114
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 112.0 16,035
63 Trinidad and Tobago 39.8 28,647
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1,540.7 b
19,098 b

66 Mauritius 26.7 21,075

67 Panama 94.7 22,674
68 Costa Rica 78.4 15,685
69 Albania 35.3 12,306
70 Georgia 37.9 10,152
71 Sri Lanka 259.1 11,955
72 Cuba .. ..
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.5 28,295
74 Antigua and Barbuda 2.3 23,768
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 42.4 12,756
76 Mexico 2,284.3 18,102
77 Thailand 1,173.7 16,905
78 Grenada 1.6 13,970
79 Brazil 2,991.8 14,283
79 Colombia 662.0 13,333
81 Armenia 27.1 9,178
82 Algeria 586.4 13,886
82 North Macedonia 28.1 13,483
82 Peru 409.3 12,794
85 China 22,543.8 16,187
85 Ecuador 177.9 10,412
87 Azerbaijan 159.2 16,011
88 Ukraine 346.9 7,907 b

89 Dominican Republic 168.1 15,821

89 Saint Lucia 2.2 12,344
91 Tunisia 128.3 11,096
92 Mongolia 38.7 12,209
93 Lebanon 79.5 11,607
94 Botswana 37.2 16,518
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.2 10,940
96 Jamaica 24.3 8,266
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 514.7 c
17,131 c

98 Dominica 0.7 9,467

98 Fiji 8.6 9,781
98 Paraguay 83.9 12,063
98 Suriname 7.9 13,776
102 Jordan 82.7 8,309
103 Belize 3.0 7,810
104 Maldives 7.0 13,611
105 Tonga 0.6 5,696
106 Philippines 847.1 7,943
107 Moldova (Republic of) 23.0 6,490
108 Turkmenistan 100.2 17,129
108 Uzbekistan 205.7 6,240
110 Libya 122.9 18,406
111 Indonesia 3,106.5 11,606
111 Samoa 1.2 6,089
113 South Africa 701.6 12,143
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 79.3 6,986
115 Gabon 33.7 15,922
116 Egypt 1,084.0 11,014
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 0.2 3,599
118 Viet Nam 631.4 6,609
119 Palestine, State of 20.9 4,576
120 Iraq 598.2 15,565
121 Morocco 279.3 7,509 b

122 Kyrgyzstan 21.8 3,447

123 Guyana 5.9 7,617
124 El Salvador 47.5 7,393
125 Tajikistan 27.9 3,061
126 Cabo Verde 3.6 6,662
126 Guatemala 129.5 7,509
126 Nicaragua 31.7 4,910
129 India 9,332.0 6,899
130 Namibia 24.2 9,898
131 Timor-Leste 8.6 6,796
132 Honduras 43.7 4,560
132 Kiribati 0.2 2,035
134 Bhutan 7.1 9,348
135 Bangladesh 625.9 3,879
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.4 3,196
137 Sao Tome and Principe 0.6 3,033
138 Congo 26.3 5,024
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 10.8 9,530
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 46.7 6,614
141 Vanuatu 0.8 2,846
142 Ghana 125.4 4,212
143 Zambia 65.0 3,748
144 Equatorial Guinea 27.3 20,865
145 Myanmar 318.1 5,922
146 Cambodia 62.9 3,870
147 Kenya 158.1 3,077
147 Nepal 76.5 2,724
149 Angola 176.4 5,725
150 Cameroon 84.5 3,352
150 Zimbabwe 38.8 2,688
152 Pakistan 1,045.8 4,928
153 Solomon Islands 1.4 2,142
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic .. ..
155 Papua New Guinea 32.9 3,821
156 Comoros 2.1 2,514
157 Rwanda 24.6 2,003
158 Nigeria 1,041.2 5,316
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 156.8 2,809 b

159 Uganda 77.2 1,807

161 Mauritania 16.4 3,724
162 Madagascar 38.1 1,453
163 Benin 24.7 2,152
164 Lesotho 6.0 2,865
165 Côte d'Ivoire 93.6 3,733
166 Senegal 53.2 3,356
167 Togo 12.4 1,565
168 Sudan 176.8 4,436 b

169 Haiti 18.4 1,656

170 Afghanistan 64.5 1,735
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Malawi 21.1 1,163
173 Ethiopia 196.0 1,794
174 Gambia 3.5 1,517
174 Guinea 29.0 2,338
176 Liberia 5.6 1,161
177 Yemen 65.1 2,285
178 Guinea-Bissau 3.0 1,596
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 69.5 827
180 Mozambique 34.8 1,180
181 Sierra Leone 10.9 1,425
182 Burkina Faso 34.7 1,756
182 Eritrea .. ..
184 Mali 39.2 2,056
185 Burundi 7.4 660
186 South Sudan 18.2 d
1,678 d

187 Chad 27.0 1,746

188 Central African Republic 3.6 775
189 Niger 20.9 932
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
Monaco .. ..
Nauru 0.2 13,373
San Marino 1.9 b
57,297 b

Somalia .. ..
Tuvalu 0.0 3,593

Human development groups

Very high human development 61,524.7 40,019
High human development 41,156.7 14,669
Medium human development 14,105.7 6,279
Low human development 2,428.6 2,704

Developing countries 66,284.4 10,676

Regions
Arab States 6,344.8 16,613
East Asia and the Pacific 30,251.4 14,699
Europe and Central Asia 3,880.1 15,872
Latin America and the Caribbean 9,235.4 14,715
South Asia 12,958.6 6,844
Sub-Saharan Africa 3,614.0 3,552

Least developed countries 2,651.3 2,688

Small island developing states 967.7 18,086

Organisation for Economic Co-op 52,777.2 40,492

World 119,217.8 15,893

NOTES
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Refers to 2017.
c. Refers to 2014.
d. Refers to 2016.
e. Refers to 2010.
f. Refers to 2012.
g. Refers to 2013.
h. Refers to 2015.
i. Refers to 2011.

DEFINITIONS
Gross domestic product (GDP): Sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy pl
GDP per capita: GDP in a particular period divided by the total population in the same period.
GDP per capita, annual growth: Annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant l
Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers: Total compensation of em
Gross fixed capital formation: Value of acquisitions of new or existing fixed assets by the business sec
General government final consumption expenditure: All government current expenditures for purcha
Total tax revenue: Compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes, expressed as a
Taxes on income, profits and capital gains: Taxes levied on the actual or presumptive net income of i
Domestic credit provided by financial sector: Credit to various sectors on a gross basis (except credi
Total debt service: Sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods or
Consumer price index: Index that reflects changes in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a b

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1–3 and 5–12: World Bank (2019a).
Column 4: ILO (2019).
 SDG8.1 SDG10.4
roduct (GDP)

Labour share of GDP,

comprising wages and Gross fixed capital General government final consump
Per capita
social protection formation expenditure
transfers

Total
Annual growth (%) (%) (% of GDP)
(% of GDP)
2018 2008-2018 a
2015-2018 a
2013-2018 a

0.7 49.3 24.1 23.5

1.8 64.5 24.5 11.8
5.6 34.3 24.9 11.9
1.1 56.9 20.8 19.5
2.2 .. 21.5 9.9
1.2 52.0 24.2 18.8
1.6 58.3 22.2 23.6
1.1 49.5 25.5 26.2
2.7 .. 24.1 10.5
2.1 57.3 20.9 24.0
0.9 55.9 22.2 24.6
2.1 52.7 22.5 22.7
0.5 55.3 22.5 20.9
0.9 52.3 23.2 18.0
0.7 58.2 17.0 18.2
2.2 56.5 20.5 14.0
1.0 59.7 24.0 23.3
.. .. .. ..
1.0 57.9 23.8 19.7
2.2 54.3 23.9 19.2
0.7 53.4 17.5 17.1
1.3 .. 20.3 22.6
2.3 61.0 30.1 16.1
4.4 61.2 19.7 17.8
2.3 53.9 21.2 18.4
2.6 50.7 26.2 19.9
1.5 58.3 22.9 23.4
3.1 45.9 18.8 16.3
1.0 52.8 18.0 18.8
3.6 54.4 23.9 19.7
2.7 48.9 19.4 15.1
2.2 49.6 11.1 19.1
5.1 49.0 18.2 17.7
4.9 50.6 19.3 16.5
-0.1 .. 19.4 13.1
1.6 .. .. ..
0.4 .. 21.4 23.2
4.0 47.4 22.0 19.5
5.6 53.6 22.8 17.7
2.3 52.1 17.1 17.3
-0.6 18.8 .. 17.0
2.6 44.7 21.3 14.2
-1.0 .. 40.9 24.1
5.1 48.2 25.5 19.1
-3.1 .. 28.7 17.5
3.5 52.7 20.1 19.7
-1.3 .. 25.1 23.4
-3.5 .. 14.4 16.2
2.3 48.1 21.4 17.4
3.2 .. 25.9 15.6
2.7 .. 21.9 10.8
3.8 58.2 19.0 16.5
4.9 .. 29.6 18.7
4.7 .. 21.2 16.6
4.4 .. 28.1 30.2
0.8 b
.. 18.1 13.4
-0.7 41.4 .. 25.1
1.2 .. 16.5 14.6
1.0 47.4 29.7 14.4
0.4 b
.. 26.3 13.0
3.3 34.8 24.4 11.9
2.6 .. .. 29.5

4.9 41.7 18.7 16.7

0.3 .. .. ..
2.3 b
.. 19.7 13.4
3.7 .. 18.7 15.3
1.9 .. 39.7 11.0
1.6 .. 17.3 17.0
4.3 .. 24.2 11.2
4.6 .. 29.4 16.6
2.1 .. 25.7 9.0
1.7 b
.. 9.9 31.0
2.2 .. .. ..
4.0 .. .. ..
3.9 .. 18.6 20.0
0.9 35.5 22.1 11.6
3.8 .. 22.8 16.2
4.3 .. .. ..
 0.3 .. 15.8 19.7
1.1 33.5 21.2 15.3
5.0 .. 16.7 12.8
0.1 .. 41.4 19.2
2.6 44.0 22.0 15.2
2.2 23.6 20.9 13.5
6.1 .. 42.6 14.5
-0.4 .. 25.0 14.6
0.5 22.1 20.6 10.2
3.9 38.9 17.2 20.8
5.8 .. 24.2 12.3
0.1 .. .. 12.2
1.3 .. 18.7 20.8
5.0 27.6 29.1 11.6
-0.3 .. 17.2 13.7
2.2 .. 30.2 18.7
2.2 .. 25.9 21.2
1.4 .. 22.1 13.4
-4.7 c
29.6 21.6 c
14.6
0.3 .. .. ..
4.3 .. .. ..
2.3 .. 18.6 11.2
1.0 .. 37.5 e
..
0.1 .. 16.7 15.5
1.1 .. 18.4 16.4
2.1 .. .. ..
-0.9 .. 33.0 f
..
4.8 36.3 26.8 11.9
4.1 41.9 24.3 15.0
4.5 .. 47.2 f
7.8
3.3 .. 29.8 15.0
6.3 .. .. ..
4.0 .. 32.3 9.0
0.3 .. .. ..
-0.7 .. 18.3 21.4
2.8 .. 20.2 17.5
-1.4 .. 21.4 13.2
3.2 .. 16.3 8.4

1.9 .. 22.5 58.1

6.0 .. 25.0 6.3
-1.6 .. 23.2 26.2
-1.7 37.7 14.4 21.0
1.6 .. 29.1 19.3
1.6 .. 31.2 16.5
2.9 .. 31.1 17.2
2.0 .. 16.5 16.1
4.7 .. 26.6 17.8
4.3 .. 34.5 c
16.9
1.2 .. 12.0 9.7
-5.0 .. 22.5 15.4
5.9 .. 28.9 11.2
-1.9 .. 12.6 23.5
0.8 .. 21.4 35.2
2.0 .. 24.3 13.7
0.5 .. .. ..
1.1 .. 51.4 16.4
6.7 .. 31.2 6.4
0.3 .. .. ..
0.7 .. .. ..
-1.5 .. 17.8 8.3
-0.4 .. 11.7 24.5
4.9 .. 29.0 12.9
0.7 .. 25.9 c
14.9
4.0 .. 20.6 8.8
0.8 .. 36.4 16.1
-6.4 .. 15.0 22.0
5.6 .. 31.5 19.0
5.9 .. 22.6 4.9
3.9 .. 17.3 12.9
4.5 .. 34.1 11.7
-5.3 .. 23.2 12.9
1.2 .. 22.4 11.5
4.7 50.0 12.5 15.9
3.3 .. 14.8 12.4
0.7 .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..
-1.5 .. .. ..
0.5 .. 17.5 9.9
5.8 .. 23.7 14.9
-0.7 .. 14.7 4.6
2.1 .. 35.5 8.5
2.2 .. 24.1 7.0
0.8 .. 57.4 21.7
2.4 .. 15.2 10.9
4.0 .. 25.8 12.6
0.7 .. 23.6 34.4
4.7 .. 20.8 13.8
3.8 .. 25.0 13.6
 2.3 .. 25.3 20.7
-4.6 .. 18.7 6.0
0.2 .. .. ..
-1.4 .. 19.2 12.6
4.3 .. 24.2 31.5
0.8 .. 13.4 13.7
4.0 .. 34.1 10.2
3.5 .. 17.0 12.0
5.6 14.9 19.5 18.5
-1.2 .. 18.4 16.7
-5.0 .. .. ..
1.2 .. 10.8 9.7
2.4 .. 25.6 6.3
0.3 .. 25.7 29.3
1.5 .. 18.0 10.4
3.5 .. 22.8 25.0
.. .. 10.0 i
..
1.8 .. 20.0 16.6
-1.6 .. 9.4 23.5
-12.1 d
.. 1.5 38.3
-0.4 .. 20.9 4.3
2.8 .. 10.8 7.2
1.2 .. 33.7 15.8

.. .. .. ..
-4.3 b
.. .. ..
-2.2 .. .. ..
1.0 b
49.5 .. ..
.. .. 10.9 5.4
1.3 .. .. ..

2.3 55.4 21.5 17.2

2.4 .. 34.7 14.7
4.1 .. 26.1 11.8
3.4 .. 20.8 8.7

2.9 .. 31.5 14.3

-0.7 .. 21.7 18.5

5.0 .. 39.8 13.9
4.2 .. 26.8 14.5
2.0 .. 18.9 15.9
2.3 .. 26.8 11.2
 0.9 .. 20.4 12.9

4.4 .. 28.0 11.0

2.3 .. .. ..

2.3 55.5 21.5 17.2

2.8 .. 25.2 16.2

producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products, expressed
n the same period.
er capita based on constant local currency.
s: Total compensation of employees, expressed as a percentage of GDP, which measures total output. Total compensation is
d assets by the business sector, governments and households (excluding their unincorporated enterprises) less disposals of fix
rent expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees and most expenditures on nation
ic purposes, expressed as a percentage of GDP.
presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises and on capital gains, whether realized or
n a gross basis (except credit to the central government, which is net), expressed as a percentage of GDP.
n foreign currency, goods or services on long-term debt; interest paid on short-term debt; and repayments (repurchases and ch
ge consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly.
 Debts

Taxes on income, Domestic credit

overnment final consumption
Total tax revenue profits and capital provided by financial
expenditure
gains sector

Average annual growth

(% of GDP) (% of total tax revenue) (% of GDP)
(%)
2013-2018 a
2008-2018 a
2008-2018 a
2013-2018 a

1.2 22.5 22.3 147.6

1.0 10.5 25.2 179.3
5.8 18.6 40.9 73.5
1.0 11.4 17.8 125.9
4.2 .. .. 252.0
3.9 22.1 64.4 176.8
3.3 24.2 32.5 96.7
0.9 27.9 16.3 154.7
4.1 14.2 33.5 136.6
1.4 23.1 29.6 176.8
0.8 33.3 44.9 200.6
1.4 20.9 16.0 137.7
2.9 12.5 54.8 ..
2.8 27.8 52.7 154.8
0.4 25.7 33.7 166.5
-0.1 11.9 50.0 235.6
0.9 23.7 34.0 136.8
.. .. .. ..
0.3 11.6 48.6 348.6
0.2 25.4 27.0 123.9
4.0 26.0 30.8 189.7
3.4 24.6 34.2 80.3
5.6 15.4 28.3 176.9
2.6 18.4 11.5 64.2
2.1 13.8 34.1 166.6
3.7 14.9 15.2 63.1
0.8 23.8 25.9 160.0
11.7 26.4 34.6 116.2
0.2 23.2 31.1 162.9
0.3 21.1 19.9 71.3
4.3 24.5 23.3 176.4
-2.5 26.3 19.0 91.9
4.7 16.8 12.5 73.5
0.8 16.7 16.6 47.7
 3.4 0.1 .. 91.3
.. .. .. ..
-1.8 3.4 2.0 38.8
1.9 17.7 18.7 79.4
4.0 23.4 10.3 44.5
0.8 22.6 24.1 149.6
-6.1 14.7 40.2 132.8
2.2 17.4 36.6 131.8
1.6 .. .. 28.4
-0.5 23.2 17.4 55.4
0.8 1.1 0.5 90.9
2.9 21.6 7.3 75.2
0.3 2.5 2.6 66.8
-3.3 11.0 12.9 38.9
0.3 10.3 2.1 53.9
-1.0 13.0 2.9 40.7
1.9 10.6 26.4 38.2
4.7 20.1 16.9 54.3
2.5 .. .. ..
1.8 15.5 19.9 32.9
-1.3 19.6 9.5 ..
.. 26.1 29.7 ..
1.7 1.4 0.6 79.9
0.8 19.7 22.3 36.0
3.6 17.9 18.1 83.3
9.6 15.1 .. 85.5
3.3 13.1 47.7 143.1
8.0 31.7 29.4 41.1

3.6 18.6 7.6 51.5

.. 26.4 36.6 48.5
3.9 7.4 19.3 77.6
4.2 18.5 20.8 111.0
6.2 .. .. 82.6
0.5 13.8 17.4 82.7
-1.1 18.9 15.5 58.8
2.0 23.8 33.7 71.9
-5.5 12.4 14.9 71.3
2.2 .. .. ..
.. 18.6 16.1 37.7
.. .. .. 57.8
0.6 20.3 8.2 62.0
1.4 13.0 35.8 54.4
1.8 14.8 30.1 167.0
.. 19.4 14.9 45.4
 0.0 12.7 22.6 113.7
5.9 15.2 24.2 55.5
-6.4 20.8 36.9 62.5
1.3 37.2 60.2 72.7
6.2 17.2 15.6 58.7
3.4 13.2 31.0 37.5
.. 9.2 21.2 218.3
2.9 .. .. 39.8
.. 13.2 13.5 13.2
0.3 20.0 14.5 50.6
2.8 13.7 26.5 50.3
.. 20.1 22.7 67.2
10.3 21.1 26.7 93.3
0.5 13.6 13.3 65.5
0.4 15.3 25.5 199.0
3.4 22.1 24.5 19.8
0.4 25.6 24.7 55.1
1.2 26.2 28.1 53.6
0.6 .. .. 61.9
.. .. .. 55.5
.. 25.0 27.9 116.2
6.0 10.0 12.8 35.9
.. 19.5 31.9 45.2
0.1 15.0 12.6 109.2
0.6 26.0 24.4 71.4
.. 19.5 20.4 64.9
.. 22.3 10.9 31.6
13.0 14.2 41.5 69.1
0.0 17.4 11.2 20.9
.. .. .. ..
.. 12.2 23.3 ..
.. .. .. 43.4
4.8 9.9 38.8 47.2
.. 24.3 19.0 76.5
1.3 27.0 49.4 180.4
5.1 .. .. 83.6
-1.3 11.5 22.6 23.1
1.7 12.5 24.1 91.8

3.5 18.2 10.2 ..

6.3 19.1 35.5 141.9
0.9 6.4 4.6 56.6
3.3 2.0 4.8 7.0
1.8 21.8 32.9 110.2
-0.1 17.0 10.7 22.4
 .. .. .. 68.9
0.8 17.8 27.1 88.9
1.1 .. .. 15.6
2.2 20.1 19.5 82.6
4.0 10.4 35.8 41.1
-2.8 16.5 35.9 49.2
8.9 11.2 44.2 72.1
0.0 30.1 36.4 77.3
-5.8 12.9 23.9 -10.9
2.1 17.3 23.4 64.1
.. 22.2 7.2 ..
4.4 12.0 24.5 64.0
15.4 8.8 25.2 64.1
.. 11.3 15.9 -46.8
.. 14.6 12.8 25.4
1.3 15.1 8.4 28.8
2.2 .. .. 27.8
-1.3 .. .. ..
-1.1 17.7 .. 52.7
-35.9 18.3 24.7 24.5
.. 15.2 33.1 22.3
-2.7 5.9 21.5 20.8
.. 6.0 12.9 42.5
6.5 15.8 20.7 85.7
1.0 15.7 35.0 39.1
9.4 21.0 22.5 102.2
0.3 9.2 39.4 24.8
7.1 12.2 20.4 19.3
9.2 15.8 33.8 ..
14.2 9.2 27.4 58.3
.. 27.6 22.3 27.9

.. .. .. ..
.. 12.9 46.1 37.5
-3.9 .. .. 17.9
3.3 13.6 21.7 19.6
-8.0 .. .. 21.2
1.1 11.6 26.3 17.0
-19.4 13.7 30.2 25.5
3.8 .. .. 42.9
2.4 .. .. 21.0
-1.5 .. .. 27.0
2.9 29.1 23.4 17.3
3.4 16.2 23.2 39.1
5.1 15.0 22.9 35.4
13.7 17.5 14.1 48.8
-1.1 8.0 5.9 31.1
.. .. .. 34.0
.. 9.3 4.5 -5.3
3.0 .. .. 37.2
6.0 17.0 42.0 19.6
3.6 7.6 22.0 ..
8.5 .. .. 37.6
8.3 .. .. 23.1
-4.4 12.9 31.2 26.1
.. .. .. 30.1
-32.1 10.3 14.0 21.4
8.4 8.4 11.9 8.0
15.2 23.2 44.2 32.9
-4.8 8.6 28.1 23.2
8.7 17.4 20.5 34.0
.. .. .. ..
3.5 15.9 22.8 32.3
9.4 13.5 14.5 43.0
3.0 .. .. 46.5
-11.8 .. .. 22.5
15.3 6.9 6.3 28.1
2.5 .. .. 22.0

.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 21.7 7.8 ..
.. 15.7 15.4 ..
.. 0.0 1.4 ..
.. .. .. ..

0.9 15.1 37.0 191.1

.. 11.0 26.8 167.1
7.6 11.5 38.6 67.7
-2.4 .. .. 23.6

3.1 11.0 28.1 137.4

0.4 8.2 34.6 70.2

.. 9.9 25.2 196.9
2.6 16.7 17.7 66.2
1.0 13.3 26.4 77.0
8.8 10.5 39.0 70.9
 -2.0 17.8 38.6 63.0

6.2 10.4 24.5 40.9

.. .. .. 105.2

0.9 15.6 38.2 200.1

1.4 13.8 35.0 176.2

of the products, expressed in 2011 international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates.

ut. Total compensation is the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work
prises) less disposals of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of GDP. No adjustment is made for depreciation of fixed asse
ost expenditures on national defence and security but excluding government military expenditures that are part of government c

gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities and other assets.

ments (repurchases and charges) to the International Monetary Fund, expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GN
ntervals, such as yearly.
 SDG17.4
Debts Prices

Total debt service Consumer price index

(% of GNI) (2010=100)

2017 2018

.. 118
.. 99
.. 106
.. 111
.. 131
.. 118
.. 125
.. 109
.. 114
.. 113
.. 110
.. 111
.. 115
.. 112
.. 118
.. 115
.. 115
.. ..
.. 105
.. 116
.. 113
.. 107
.. 115
.. 109
.. 110
.. 113
.. 109
.. 112
.. 110
.. 119
.. 102
.. 102
.. 112
.. 116
 .. 117
.. ..
.. 121
.. 112
.. 114
.. 110
.. 116 b

.. 129
.. 99
.. 118
.. 118
.. 109
.. 113
.. ..
7.7 173
8.4 ..
19.3 169 b

14.8 111
6.3 116
10.0 119
.. 118 b

.. 124 b

.. 125 b

.. 188
10.3 204
.. 113
.. 121
.. 128

12.0 141
.. 140 b

0.1 337 b

20.1 129
.. 123
5.4 126
3.7 117
17.9 ..
4.8 150
.. ..
.. 106 b

.. 112 b

6.8 104 b

5.5 137
3.5 112
5.5 107 b
 4.7 161
7.3 136
12.1 127
0.1 148
8.1 113
5.8 127
1.7 122
6.3 124
5.8 152
12.0 261
4.2 133
2.7 108 b

8.0 146
39.4 184
28.5 126
1.0 146
4.0 107 b

9.8 156
4.8 c
2,740 d

5.9 103 b

1.2 130
4.7 140
.. ..
4.6 125
5.9 ..
2.7 136
3.2 121 b

2.9 126
4.2 159
0.1 ..
3.2 ..
.. 126 g

6.9 147
3.1 116
4.0 153
2.7 146
4.4 120
2.9 231 b

.. ..
6.4 161
.. 111 b

.. 119 b

3.6 111
10.6 152 b
2.7 114
6.3 111
8.6 149 d

3.0 109
5.7 138
8.4 154
1.9 168
.. 152
0.0 142 b

8.5 144
.. 100 h

3.4 163
0.8 170
.. 112 b

0.9 185
2.9 121 b

1.1 163
4.9 131
1.2 111 b

3.8 255
6.7 195
.. 122
1.2 155
3.1 125 b

2.1 181
1.0 172 b

4.0 337
2.1 116
2.0 106 b

2.1 165
2.1 127 b

.. ..
12.9 144 b

0.2 104 g

0.9 146
1.0 240
1.4 181
0.7 171
5.5 132
1.2 161 b

1.1 110
1.9 148
6.1 113
2.9 107
1.9 113
0.2 350 h

0.3 181 b

0.3 146 b

3.4 116
1.1 383
1.7 249 b

3.0 161
0.6 240
0.5 223
0.4 158 c

0.7 112 b

1.1 134 d

2.3 ..
1.6 205
1.1 110
0.9 i
..
1.0 110 b

1.1 183
.. 4,584 b

1.6 116 h

1.1 187 h

2.6 112

.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. 111 b

0.0 ..
.. ..

.. —
3.0 —
2.5 —
1.7 —

3.1 —

4.3 —
2.2 —
10.6 —
5.3 —
1.7 —
 2.7 —

1.6 —
.. —

.. —

3.5 —

mployee in return for work done by the employee during the accounting period.
depreciation of fixed assets.
at are part of government capital formation), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

gross national income (GNI).

 Table 11. Work and employment

Employment

Employment to a Labour force a

population ratio participation rate

HDI rank Country (% ages 15 and older)

2018 2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 61.0 63.5
2 Switzerland 64.9 68.3
3 Ireland 58.0 61.5
4 Germany 58.5 60.6
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 58.6 60.3
6 Australia 61.5 65.0
6 Iceland 74.1 76.3
8 Sweden 60.2 64.3
9 Singapore 65.7 68.3
10 Netherlands 60.9 63.4
11 Denmark 58.9 62.0
12 Finland 54.0 58.5
13 Canada 61.4 65.2
14 New Zealand 66.8 70.0
15 United Kingdom 59.9 62.3
15 United States 59.6 62.0
17 Belgium 49.9 53.3
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan 59.3 60.7
20 Austria 57.3 60.2
21 Luxembourg 54.9 58.1
22 Israel 61.5 64.1
22 Korea (Republic of) 60.6 63.0
24 Slovenia 54.8 58.0
25 Spain 48.5 57.3
26 Czechia 58.8 60.2
26 France 50.0 55.1
28 Malta 52.2 54.7
29 Italy 43.9 48.9
30 Estonia 59.9 63.4
31 Cyprus 57.1 62.2
32 Greece 42.7 52.8
32 Poland 54.8 56.9
34 Lithuania 57.4 61.0
35 United Arab Emirates 80.9 83.0
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 53.2 56.5
36 Slovakia 55.7 59.7
39 Latvia 56.3 61.1
40 Portugal 54.7 58.7
41 Qatar 86.8 86.9
42 Chile 57.9 62.4
43 Brunei Darussalam 59.1 65.2
43 Hungary 54.1 56.2
45 Bahrain 72.1 72.8
46 Croatia 47.1 51.7
47 Oman 69.4 71.6
48 Argentina 54.8 60.5
49 Russian Federation 59.1 62.0
50 Belarus 60.1 63.7
50 Kazakhstan 67.3 70.8
52 Bulgaria 52.4 55.4
52 Montenegro 42.8 50.7
52 Romania 52.1 54.5
55 Palau .. ..
56 Barbados 59.3 65.5
57 Kuwait 72.4 73.9
57 Uruguay 59.2 64.3
59 Turkey 46.8 52.5
60 Bahamas 65.7 74.6
61 Malaysia 62.4 64.6
62 Seychelles .. ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 46.9 54.2
63 Trinidad and Tobago 58.9 60.6
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 38.8 44.1
66 Mauritius 54.2 58.2
67 Panama 63.8 66.4
68 Costa Rica 55.2 60.1
69 Albania 48.3 56.1
70 Georgia 58.0 67.6
71 Sri Lanka 50.2 52.5
72 Cuba 52.4 53.6
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 37.1 46.8
76 Mexico 59.1 61.1
77 Thailand 67.1 67.5
 78 Grenada .. ..
79 Brazil 55.9 64.0
79 Colombia 63.6 70.0
81 Armenia 48.4 58.8
82 Algeria 36.3 41.3
82 North Macedonia 43.2 55.0
82 Peru 75.0 77.2
85 China 65.7 68.7
85 Ecuador 66.4 69.1
87 Azerbaijan 62.9 66.3
88 Ukraine 48.9 54.0
89 Dominican Republic 60.3 64.0
89 Saint Lucia 53.4 67.5
91 Tunisia 39.3 46.5
92 Mongolia 56.1 59.9
93 Lebanon 44.4 47.3
94 Botswana 59.3 72.3
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 54.8 68.3
96 Jamaica 60.7 67.1
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 57.0 62.2
98 Dominica .. ..
98 Fiji 54.9 57.3
98 Paraguay 67.3 70.6
98 Suriname 47.7 51.6
102 Jordan 33.4 39.3
103 Belize 60.9 67.2
104 Maldives 61.4 65.4
105 Tonga 58.9 59.5
106 Philippines 58.3 59.8
107 Moldova (Republic of) 40.6 42.1
108 Turkmenistan 62.7 65.1
108 Uzbekistan 62.1 65.5
110 Libya 43.3 52.4
111 Indonesia 64.2 67.1
111 Samoa 28.8 31.4
113 South Africa 40.6 55.5
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 65.7 67.9
115 Gabon 41.9 52.1
116 Egypt 42.6 48.1
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. ..
118 Viet Nam 76.0 77.4
119 Palestine, State of 31.7 45.4
120 Iraq 39.2 42.6
121 Morocco 41.3 45.4
122 Kyrgyzstan 57.2 61.6
123 Guyana 50.5 57.4
124 El Salvador 58.3 61.0
125 Tajikistan 38.9 43.6
126 Cabo Verde 60.6 69.1
126 Guatemala 60.6 62.3
126 Nicaragua 63.7 66.7
129 India 50.6 51.9
130 Namibia 46.8 60.8
131 Timor-Leste 37.8 39.0
132 Honduras 62.6 65.2
132 Kiribati .. ..
134 Bhutan 65.5 67.0
135 Bangladesh 56.2 58.7
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 51.6 59.5
138 Congo 62.1 69.2
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 41.1 53.0
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 77.7 78.2
141 Vanuatu 66.7 70.5
142 Ghana 63.0 67.5
143 Zambia 69.8 75.2
144 Equatorial Guinea 56.4 62.1
145 Myanmar 61.1 62.0
146 Cambodia 80.3 81.1
147 Kenya 60.1 66.3
147 Nepal 81.9 83.0
149 Angola 72.0 77.7
150 Cameroon 73.7 76.3
150 Zimbabwe 79.4 83.6
152 Pakistan 51.7 53.3
153 Solomon Islands 70.1 71.4
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 37.8 41.2
155 Papua New Guinea 45.7 46.8
156 Comoros 42.5 44.1
157 Rwanda 83.1 83.9
158 Nigeria 51.9 55.2
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 81.6 83.2
159 Uganda 69.8 71.0
161 Mauritania 41.5 46.3
162 Madagascar 85.0 86.4
163 Benin 69.7 71.2
164 Lesotho 51.2 67.0
165 Côte d'Ivoire 55.9 57.3
166 Senegal 43.4 46.4
167 Togo 76.4 77.7
168 Sudan 41.1 47.2
169 Haiti 58.7 67.9
170 Afghanistan 64.9 66.0
171 Djibouti 56.0 63.0
172 Malawi 73.1 77.3
173 Ethiopia 78.9 80.3
174 Gambia 54.2 59.5
174 Guinea 62.3 64.6
176 Liberia 54.9 56.1
177 Yemen 33.5 38.5
178 Guinea-Bissau 70.0 73.0
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 61.0 63.6
180 Mozambique 76.0 78.5
181 Sierra Leone 55.6 58.1
182 Burkina Faso 62.6 66.6
182 Eritrea 75.3 80.6
184 Mali 64.2 71.0
185 Burundi 77.8 79.0
186 South Sudan 63.8 73.0
187 Chad 69.7 71.3
188 Central African Republic 67.4 72.1
189 Niger 78.5 78.7
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 77.9 80.6
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
San Marino .. ..
Somalia 39.9 46.4
Tuvalu .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 57.1 60.4
High human development 61.0 64.8
Medium human development 54.1 55.9
Low human development 62.8 65.6

Developing countries 58.6 61.7

Regions
Arab States 43.5 48.3
East Asia and the Pacific 65.7 68.4
Europe and Central Asia 52.0 57.1
Latin America and the Caribbean 59.1 64.3
South Asia 51.3 53.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 64.2 68.2

Least developed countries 65.2 67.9

Small island developing states 56.9 60.6
Organisation for Economic Co-op 56.7 59.9

World 58.4 61.4

NOTES
a. Estimates modelled by the International Labour Organization.
b. Because statutory pension ages differ by country, cross-country comparisons should be made with ca
c. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
d. Refers to 2004.
e. Refers to 2005.

DEFINITIONS
Employment to population ratio: Percentage of the population ages 15 years and older that is employe
Labour force participation rate: Percentage of a country’s working-age population that engages active
Employment in agriculture: Share of total employment that is employed in agriculture.
Employment in services: Share of total employment that is employed in services.
Total unemployment rate: Percentage of the labour force population ages 15 and older that is not in pa
Youth unemployment rate: Percentage of the labour force population ages 15–24 that is not in paid em
Youth not in school or employment: Percentage of people ages 15–24 who are not in employment or
Child labour: Percentage of children ages 5–11 who, during the reference week, engaged in at least on
Working poor at PPP$3.20 a day: Proportion of employed people who live on less than $3.20 (in purch
Proportion of informal employment in nonagricultural employment: Share of informal employment i
High-skill to low-skill ratio: The ratio of total employment in high-skill occupations (skill levels 3 and 4:
Old-age pension recipients: Proportion of people older than the statutory pensionable age receiving an

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1–7, 9 and 10: ILO (2019).
Columns 8 and 12: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Column 11: HDRO calculations based on ILO (2019).
 SDG9.2 SDG9.2 SDG8.5 SDG8.5

Employment Unemployment

Employment in Employment in
a a
Total a
Youth a
agriculture services

(% of total employment) (% of labour force) (% ages 15-24)

2018 2018 2018 2018

2.0 78.7 3.9 9.7

3.1 76.6 4.9 7.9
5.0 76.5 5.7 13.5
1.3 71.6 3.4 6.4
0.2 88.0 2.8 8.0
2.6 78.1 5.4 12.2
3.7 79.0 2.9 7.3
1.8 80.2 6.4 17.0
0.5 82.9 3.8 8.6
2.3 81.4 3.9 7.0
2.2 79.2 5.0 9.2
3.7 74.3 7.8 17.3
1.5 79.0 5.9 11.6
6.2 73.4 4.5 12.2
1.2 80.8 4.0 11.2
1.4 79.1 3.9 8.2
1.2 78.2 6.3 17.6
.. .. .. ..
3.4 72.1 2.5 3.7
3.9 71.4 4.8 9.2
1.4 88.1 5.5 14.7
1.0 81.7 4.0 6.9
4.7 70.3 3.8 10.1
5.5 61.4 5.5 10.2
4.3 75.8 15.5 34.3
2.8 59.4 2.4 8.0
2.6 77.1 9.2 20.9
1.0 79.4 4.6 10.2
3.8 70.4 10.2 31.5
3.5 66.7 5.5 11.5
2.5 80.5 8.1 18.1
12.0 72.7 19.2 39.5
10.1 58.4 3.7 11.4
7.7 67.3 6.0 12.5
3.7 72.9 2.6 7.8
.. .. .. ..
4.9 70.7 5.9 25.8
2.7 60.3 6.8 18.2
6.8 70.1 7.9 14.7
6.3 69.1 6.9 20.3
1.2 44.3 0.1 0.6
9.2 68.1 7.2 18.2
1.3 82.6 9.2 29.3
5.0 63.7 3.7 10.3
1.0 63.7 1.0 5.0
6.9 66.8 8.9 25.5
4.7 59.0 3.1 8.3
0.1 77.5 9.5 25.2
5.8 67.2 4.7 15.3
10.6 58.7 5.7 9.8
15.0 63.7 4.9 4.1
6.9 63.3 5.3 13.5
7.9 75.1 15.5 29.1
22.6 47.3 4.3 15.3
.. .. .. ..
2.8 78.0 9.6 28.0
2.3 72.3 2.1 13.9
8.7 71.6 8.0 24.7
19.2 54.5 10.9 20.0
2.6 81.3 11.9 25.1
11.1 61.6 3.4 11.2
.. .. .. ..

17.1 57.7 13.5 32.1

3.2 69.5 2.8 6.6
17.4 50.6 12.0 28.4
7.1 65.8 6.9 23.5
14.3 67.1 3.9 10.1
12.5 69.1 8.1 21.0
38.0 42.7 13.9 31.0
42.9 43.9 14.1 30.4
25.9 45.8 4.4 23.2
18.3 64.9 2.3 5.7
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
16.5 53.7 20.8 46.7
13.0 61.1 3.3 6.8
30.7 45.8 0.7 3.5
 .. .. .. ..
9.4 70.2 12.5 28.6
16.4 64.3 9.1 19.0
33.3 51.0 17.7 36.8
9.3 60.0 12.2 30.0
16.1 53.4 21.6 44.7
27.5 56.9 2.8 5.6
26.8 44.6 4.4 10.6
27.5 54.0 3.9 8.9
36.1 49.5 5.2 13.8
15.3 60.4 9.4 19.6
9.5 71.1 5.8 13.4
10.0 67.8 20.9 45.2
15.0 52.1 15.5 34.8
28.7 52.2 6.3 16.6
12.1 65.6 6.2 17.4
23.0 59.0 17.9 37.1
13.5 66.0 19.8 41.4
16.6 67.8 9.5 25.6
7.2 71.7 8.4 17.0
.. .. .. ..
39.5 47.5 4.2 14.6
20.0 59.9 4.7 11.1
7.0 68.3 7.6 15.9
3.5 71.8 15.0 37.2
17.6 67.8 9.4 19.8
9.0 72.4 6.1 17.3
30.5 39.8 1.0 3.4
25.2 56.5 2.5 6.8
32.2 51.2 3.4 10.0
22.8 43.5 3.8 7.4
33.4 36.3 5.2 9.7
7.9 65.5 17.3 41.9
30.5 47.5 4.3 15.8
5.2 80.1 8.3 17.9
5.2 71.6 27.0 52.9
28.1 50.2 3.3 7.4
37.6 52.5 19.5 35.1
24.9 48.6 11.4 32.6

.. .. .. ..
39.8 34.4 1.9 7.0
6.7 62.3 30.2 46.8
18.9 57.7 7.9 16.6
38.1 40.3 9.0 21.9
26.5 51.3 7.2 15.0
18.5 55.9 12.2 22.6
18.5 59.7 4.4 9.8
51.1 32.2 10.9 20.6
13.5 64.6 12.3 23.1
29.3 50.0 2.7 5.7
31.0 52.3 4.5 8.6
43.9 31.5 2.6 10.4
19.7 61.0 23.1 44.4
50.0 40.5 3.0 10.5
31.9 47.6 4.1 7.9
.. .. .. ..
56.8 33.5 2.2 9.6
40.2 39.4 4.3 12.0
.. .. .. ..
23.7 58.5 13.3 20.3
35.8 41.9 10.4 22.8
13.0 62.5 22.5 44.2
68.0 22.9 0.6 1.6
61.1 32.3 5.4 10.9
33.9 47.5 6.7 13.7
53.9 35.4 7.2 16.1
41.4 42.1 9.2 18.6
50.1 33.9 1.6 3.9
30.4 42.7 1.1 1.3
57.5 35.0 9.3 18.5
70.1 17.0 1.3 2.1
49.1 42.7 7.3 17.1
46.3 39.6 3.4 5.8
67.2 25.6 4.9 8.2
41.7 34.7 3.0 6.0
61.4 29.6 1.8 4.5

14.7 56.4 8.1 19.5

67.7 27.4 2.4 4.3
56.9 29.1 3.7 8.5
66.6 24.6 1.0 1.6
36.6 51.8 6.0 19.7
66.4 26.6 1.9 3.5
70.8 21.9 1.7 2.6
55.4 33.5 10.3 16.0
68.2 24.4 1.7 2.7
41.4 39.2 2.1 4.2
66.9 23.1 23.6 33.2
48.0 45.8 2.5 3.5
32.0 54.4 6.5 8.0
34.5 46.0 1.7 2.5
43.1 41.9 12.9 26.7
49.8 39.9 13.5 29.5
38.6 43.8 1.5 2.6
49.9 42.0 11.1 21.3
71.9 19.8 5.4 7.2
66.2 21.8 1.8 2.8
29.7 54.4 8.9 12.3
66.5 26.6 3.6 4.4
46.2 42.6 2.0 2.9
35.5 53.9 12.9 23.7
68.0 23.2 4.1 7.4
68.7 20.9 4.2 7.8
71.7 20.4 3.2 6.8
58.9 35.4 4.3 8.5
28.7 38.3 6.1 8.0
62.7 29.0 6.5 11.6
65.3 28.2 9.6 24.8
92.0 6.0 1.5 2.9
49.6 35.0 12.7 19.6
81.6 15.3 2.2 4.0
72.8 18.0 6.5 11.5
75.9 16.0 0.3 0.4

59.9 23.1 3.3 7.3

.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
72.4 21.1 14.0 24.9
.. .. .. ..

4.4 72.4 5.6 13.5

24.1 49.9 6.1 15.8
43.6 33.9 3.3 10.4
56.8 32.2 4.8 10.4

34.0 43.1 5.1 12.8

21.1 54.5 10.4 26.3

28.9 44.6 3.9 10.3
22.5 52.5 9.2 17.5
14.0 65.0 8.0 17.6
42.7 33.3 3.2 10.4
55.0 33.9 6.3 12.4

57.0 30.0 4.3 8.8

25.6 58.6 5.8 14.6
 4.6 72.7 5.5 11.9

28.4 48.7 5.1 12.7

ons should be made with caution.

ars and older that is employed.

pulation that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. It provides an indication of the relative
agriculture.

15 and older that is not in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work and has taken steps to seek paid employ
s 15–24 that is not in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work and has taken steps to seek paid employment
ho are not in employment or in education or training.
week, engaged in at least one hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores; children ages 12–14 who, dur
on less than $3.20 (in purchasing power parity terms) a day, expressed as a percentage of the total employed population ages
are of informal employment in total employment in the non-agricultural sector.
pations (skill levels 3 and 4: managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals) to total employment in low-skill
pensionable age receiving an old-age pension (contributory, noncontributory or both), expressed as a percentage of the eligible
 SDG8.6 SDG8.7 SDG1.1 SDG8.3

ment Work that is a risk to human development

Proportion of
informal
Youth not in school or Working poor at
Child labour a
employment in
employment PPP$3.20 a day
nonagricultural
employment

(% of total employment
(% ages 15-24) (% ages 5-17) (% of total employment)
in nonagriculture)

2013-2018 c
2010-2017 c
2018 2011-2018 c

4.9 .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. ..
10.1 .. .. ..
5.9 .. .. ..
6.1 .. 0.1 ..
8.9 .. .. ..
4.9 .. .. ..
6.1 .. .. ..
4.3 .. 0.1 ..
4.2 .. .. ..
6.8 .. .. ..
8.5 .. .. ..
12.8 .. .. ..
11.9 .. .. ..
10.5 .. .. ..
13.7 .. .. ..
9.2 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
3.3 .. .. ..
6.8 .. .. ..
5.3 .. .. ..
14.9 .. .. ..
.. .. 0.1 ..
6.6 .. .. ..
12.4 .. .. ..
5.6 .. .. ..
11.1 .. .. ..
7.3 .. .. ..
19.2 .. .. ..
9.9 .. .. ..
13.2 .. .. ..
14.1 .. .. ..
8.7 .. .. ..
8.0 .. .. ..
11.3 .. 0.5 ..
.. .. .. ..
16.1 .. 0.1 ..
10.2 .. .. ..
7.8 .. .. ..
8.4 .. .. ..
2.3 .. 0.1 ..
15.9 5.9 0.8 27.7
20.0 .. 0.2 32.4
10.7 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
13.6 .. .. ..
.. .. 0.3 ..
19.3 .. 0.6 47.9
12.4 .. 0.1 ..
.. 1.0 0.3 ..
9.5 .. 0.1 ..
15.0 .. .. ..
16.2 9.4 0.3 ..
14.5 .. .. ..
12.9 .. .. ..
.. 1.4 0.5 ..
.. .. 0.7 ..
18.0 4.2 0.1 23.5
24.4 .. 0.4 ..
.. .. 0.2 ..
11.7 .. 0.1 ..
.. .. .. ..

17.0 7.0 0.3 14.0

52.1 0.8 0.6 ..
.. .. 0.5 ..
19.9 .. 0.6 52.2
17.2 2.6 2.9 42.7
19.0 1.7 1.1 ..
32.8 3.3 0.9 33.1
24.8 1.6 11.2 ..
27.1 .. 6.7 65.9
.. .. 0.9 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
24.3 .. 0.2 17.1
18.4 4.9 8.8 60.7 d

15.0 .. 0.1 ..
 .. .. .. ..
24.2 5.4 2.8 38.3
22.9 3.6 6.2 56.3
36.6 4.1 7.9 ..
21.0 4.3 1.2 ..
24.1 7.6 0.7 40.8
17.7 14.5 10.3 59.0
.. .. 5.9 ..
17.7 .. 8.2 64.8
.. .. 0.1 ..
16.5 3.2 0.1 ..
24.3 7.0 3.6 ..
.. 3.3 .. ..
.. 2.3 3.2 ..
19.8 16.6 1.9 32.5
.. .. 0.2 ..
.. .. 22.3 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 2.9 3.5 ..
.. .. 17.3 ..
.. .. .. ..
20.1 .. 8.0 ..
18.1 17.9 2.8 ..
.. 3.8 14.5 ..
.. 1.7 1.8 ..
27.3 3.3 9.2 ..
23.5 .. 12.1 47.0
.. .. .. ..
21.7 .. 23.3 ..
27.8 .. 0.3 ..
.. 0.3 24.2 ..
.. .. 49.8 ..
.. .. 0.4 ..
21.5 .. 24.2 78.5
37.9 .. .. 21.3
31.6 3.6 17.1 35.2
11.6 .. 9.1 ..
.. 19.6 5.6 ..
26.9 4.8 12.4 52.9

.. .. .. ..
9.7 13.1 7.4 56.1
33.5 9.4 1.4 50.8
.. 5.6 8.4 ..
.. .. 5.7 ..
21.0 16.2 14.3 60.7
35.2 10.8 6.3 53.7
28.4 10.0 6.2 64.2
.. .. 16.4 ..
31.4 .. 12.9 57.8
27.3 .. 12.7 ..
1.4 .. 22.8 74.9
.. .. 46.7 74.8
31.8 .. 13.6 47.0
21.0 .. 67.3 53.7
27.7 .. 25.1 71.3
46.9 .. .. ..
.. 3.5 12.6 ..
27.4 .. 44.8 91.3
23.7 .. .. ..
.. 18.2 .. ..
.. 14.1 60.1 ..
35.5 7.8 11.7 53.4
42.1 12.3 42.5 75.5
.. 15.6 .. ..
30.5 19.9 16.8 ..
43.5 23.0 69.4 65.4
.. .. 22.7 ..
17.4 .. 19.6 78.1
0.1 12.6 59.9 90.6
.. .. 59.3 ..
35.4 21.7 35.4 77.6
2.6 18.7 54.0 68.1
17.0 38.9 37.8 82.4
48.5 .. 42.9 62.5
31.0 .. 30.3 71.2
2.3 17.9 51.9 ..

.. .. 58.3 ..
.. .. 50.8 ..
.. 28.5 31.1 ..
30.8 19.0 74.5 68.2
21.4 31.5 69.1 ..
14.9 24.3 70.3 71.8
33.5 18.1 66.3 83.2
.. 17.4 16.7 ..
6.8 .. 88.2 83.9
.. 41.3 69.4 94.5
.. .. 64.3 ..
36.0 29.1 53.1 87.7
36.2 22.8 61.3 90.4
9.9 22.6 64.4 91.8
.. 18.1 25.7 77.3
.. 35.5 42.2 88.1
42.0 21.4 70.3 ..
.. .. .. ..
32.9 19.4 85.7 95.5
10.5 48.6 56.1 ..
.. .. 32.1 68.2
.. 24.2 67.3 ..
13.2 14.0 71.4 ..
44.8 .. 83.6 68.4
.. 36.2 80.6 ..
.. 26.7 87.7 96.3 e

.. .. 76.3 86.7
10.1 38.8 77.2 ..
.. 42.0 71.1 ..
.. .. 73.7 ..
34.0 37.1 78.5 90.5
6.2 30.9 89.6 89.4
.. .. .. ..
.. 39.0 64.2 ..
.. 30.5 85.9 ..
25.2 34.4 73.0 86.4

.. 4.3 51.2 ..
.. .. .. ..
36.4 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 81.6 ..
29.0 .. .. ..

12.6 .. .. ..
.. .. 8.5 ..
.. .. 40.0 74.5
.. 30.6 68.4 ..

.. .. 25.9 ..

.. .. 14.9 ..
.. .. 10.1 ..
21.6 .. 9.2 ..
21.2 6.9 6.8 ..
.. .. 43.0 76.1
21.8 29.4 63.1 ..

23.2 28.8 59.7 84.4

.. .. 17.7 ..
 13.2 .. .. ..

.. .. 25.0 ..

an indication of the relative size of the supply of labour available to engage in the production of goods and services.

steps to seek paid employment or self-employment.

to seek paid employment or self-employment.

dren ages 12–14 who, during the reference week, engaged in at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 28 hours of hou
employed population ages 15 and older.

al employment in low-skill occupations (skill level 1: elementary occupations).

percentage of the eligible population.
 SDG1.3

Skill-level Employment-related
employment social security

High-skill to low- Old-age pension b

skill ratio recipients

(% of statutory pension
(employment ratio)
age population)

2008-2018 c
2009-2018 c

14.44 98.8
12.97 99.7
5.19 71.3
5.79 100.0
1.93 ..
5.66 71.3
9.90 69.2
11.29 100.0
7.58 ..
5.48 99.0
4.24 99.2
7.83 100.0
5.47 100.0
7.70 100.0
5.75 100.0
4.81 88.2
4.92 100.0
.. ..
3.54 100.0
5.08 100.0
7.32 100.0
8.27 85.0
2.94 100.0
5.96 100.0
2.59 66.3
7.01 100.0
4.65 100.0
5.37 81.0
3.29 90.5
5.78 100.0
2.70 94.3
4.39 77.4
6.47 100.0
4.64 100.0
1.86 ..
.. ..
.. ..
4.14 100.0
3.19 100.0
3.61 82.2
0.96 18.0
1.18 78.6
2.38 81.7
3.51 100.0
0.62 40.1
4.75 57.6
1.02 24.7
1.44 89.3
5.34 100.0
4.93 100.0
1.87 82.6
2.79 100.0
4.58 52.3
2.46 100.0
3.00 48.0
1.82 68.3
0.83 ..
1.18 76.5
1.48 100.0
2.00 84.2
2.10 19.8
2.14 100.0

3.15 46.1
1.68 98.4
1.37 17.0
1.53 100.0
1.35 ..
0.75 68.8
2.68 77.0
3.72 91.9
0.91 21.5
3.99 ..
.. 44.7
.. 83.5
2.07 29.6
0.99 78.6
1.27 83.0
 .. 34.0
1.35 78.3
1.20 51.7
3.71 68.5
0.84 63.6
2.08 71.4
1.00 19.3
.. 100.0
0.54 52.0
1.50 81.1
1.90 96.0
0.78 11.1
.. ..
0.95 54.0
3.21 100.0
.. ..
0.59 100.0
.. 76.6
1.59 30.3
46.84 59.4
.. 38.5
1.69 10.6
0.87 22.2
3.33 ..
.. 42.2
0.77 64.6
3.40 99.7
.. 1.0
0.95 39.8
2.58 75.2
.. ..
.. 100.0
.. ..
0.63 14.0
2.75 49.5
0.79 81.4
2.15 100.0
.. 38.8
3.57 ..

.. 64.2
0.31 39.9
1.34 ..
1.30 ..
0.45 39.8
0.68 100.0
0.83 100.0
0.41 18.1
0.94 92.8
0.51 85.8
0.30 26.2
0.39 23.7
0.50 25.2
0.66 98.4
0.82 89.7
0.48 7.5
1.20 ..
4.08 3.2
0.48 33.4
1.75 ..
0.89 52.5
.. 22.1
1.00 86.0
2.77 5.6
0.77 3.5
2.12 16.9
0.83 8.8
.. ..
0.24 0.9
0.45 5.0
.. 24.8
0.68 62.5
1.49 14.5
1.71 13.0
0.52 ..
0.72 2.3
5.09 13.1

1.64 ..
0.25 0.9
.. ..
0.15 6.5
6.68 7.0
0.32 3.2
0.67 7.8
.. ..
0.08 4.6
.. 11.0
0.24 94.0
0.86 7.7
0.45 23.5
3.52 19.0
.. 11.0
.. ..
0.39 10.7
.. ..
0.19 2.3
0.16 15.3
0.58 17.0
.. ..
0.75 ..
1.53 8.5
.. ..
0.90 15.0
0.88 17.3
2.93 ..
.. 2.7
.. ..
2.07 2.7
5.31 4.0
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. 5.8

.. ..
.. ..
1.00 56.5
2.33 ..
.. ..
.. ..

4.02 93.3
1.13 83.4
0.50 25.0
0.86 10.1

0.78 61.6

1.50 ..
0.66 85.0
1.80 90.2
1.16 68.8
0.54 23.9
0.89 20.4

0.39 18.0
1.64 ..
 3.70 93.0

1.36 72.3

s and services.

or at least 28 hours of household chores; children ages 15–17 who, during the reference week, engaged in at least 43 hours of
ged in at least 43 hours of economic activity or household chores; or children ages 5–17 who, during the reference week, engag
he reference week, engaged in hazardous working conditions.
 Table 12. Human security

SDG16.9 SDG1.5,11.5

Refugees by country
Birth registration
of origin

HDI rank Country (% under age 5) (thousands)

2006-2018 a
2018 b

VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1 Norway 100 c
0.0
2 Switzerland 100 c
0.0
3 Ireland 100 c
0.0
4 Germany 100 0.1
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. 0.0
6 Australia 100 c
0.0
6 Iceland 100 c
0.0
8 Sweden 100 c
0.0
9 Singapore .. 0.0
10 Netherlands 100 c
0.0
11 Denmark 100 c
0.0
12 Finland 100 c
0.0
13 Canada 100 c
0.1
14 New Zealand 100 c
0.0
15 United Kingdom 100 c
0.1
15 United States 100 c
0.3
17 Belgium 100 c
0.1
18 Liechtenstein 100 c
..
19 Japan 100 c
0.0
20 Austria 100 c
0.0
21 Luxembourg 100 c
0.0
22 Israel 100 c
0.5
22 Korea (Republic of) .. 0.3
24 Slovenia 100 c
0.0
25 Spain 100 c
0.0
26 Czechia 100 c
1.2
26 France 100 c
0.1
28 Malta 100 c
0.0
29 Italy 100 c
0.1
 SDG1.5,11.5 SDG1.5,11.5,13.1 SDG1.5,11.5,13.1

Number of deaths
Homeless people
Internally displaced and missing Orphaned
due to natural
persons persons attributed children
disaster
to disasters

(average annual per

(thousands) (per 100,000 population) (thousands)
million people)

2018 2008/2018 2008-2018 a

2018

.. 0 4.4 ..
.. 0 3.5 ..
.. 0 0.1 34
.. 0 .. 490
.. 0 .. ..
.. 29 0.0 140
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. 0
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 0.1 ..
.. 18 .. ..
.. 6 0.0 ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 51 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 17 0.1 ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. 65
.. 4 0.1 ..
.. 0 0.6 ..
.. 29 0.1 250
.. 0 0.1 ..
.. 1 0.8 560
.. .. .. ..
.. 115 0.1 300
 SDG16.3 SDG16.1 SDG3.4 SDG2.1
Justification of wife Depth of food
Suicide rate
beating deficit

Average
dietary
Prison Homicide
(per 100,000 people) (% ages 15-49) energy
population rate
supply
adequacy
(per 100,000 (per 100,000
people) people)
Female Male Female Male (%)
2010- 2010-
2012-2017 a
2012-2017 a
2016 2016 a a
2016/2018
2016 2016

64 0.5 6.5 13.6 .. .. 135

77 0.5 6.9 15.8 .. .. 131
78 0.9 4.2 17.6 .. .. 147
77 1.0 4.8 13.6 .. .. 139
113 0.3 .. .. .. .. 134
169 0.8 6.0 17.4 .. .. 132
39 0.9 4.7 21.7 .. .. 137
58 1.1 7.4 15.8 .. .. 126
205 0.2 4.9 11.1 .. .. ..
61 0.8 6.4 12.9 .. .. 126
63 1.2 5.2 13.2 .. .. 129
56 1.2 6.8 20.8 .. .. 133
113 1.8 5.8 15.1 .. .. 141
222 0.7 6.2 17.3 .. .. 129
141 d
1.2 3.5 11.9 .. .. 135
671 5.3 6.4 21.1 .. .. 148
88 1.7 9.4 22.2 .. .. 147
192 0.0 .. .. .. .. ..
41 0.2 8.1 20.5 .. .. 114
100 0.7 5.7 17.5 .. .. 148
111 0.3 5.8 15.0 .. .. 134
232 1.4 2.4 8.2 .. .. 160
108 0.6 11.6 29.6 .. .. 135
63 0.9 4.5 22.4 .. .. 126
127 0.7 3.1 9.3 .. .. 130
209 0.6 4.2 17.2 .. .. 127
106 1.3 6.5 17.9 .. .. 138
136 0.9 2.8 10.3 .. .. 135
100 0.7 2.6 8.4 .. .. 144
30 Estonia 100 c
0.3
31 Cyprus 100 c
0.0
32 Greece 100 c
0.1
32 Poland 100 1.1
34 Lithuania 100 c
0.1
35 United Arab Emirates 100 0.2
36 Andorra 100 c
0.0
36 Saudi Arabia .. 1.5
36 Slovakia 100 1.2
39 Latvia 100 c
0.2
40 Portugal 100 c
0.0
41 Qatar 100 0.0
42 Chile 99 0.5
43 Brunei Darussalam .. 0.0
43 Hungary 100 c
3.9
45 Bahrain .. 0.5
46 Croatia 100 24.1
47 Oman 100 0.0
48 Argentina 100 0.1
49 Russian Federation 100 c
61.5
50 Belarus 100 3.5
50 Kazakhstan 100 2.5
52 Bulgaria 100 0.6
52 Montenegro 99 0.7
52 Romania .. 1.2
55 Palau .. 0.0
56 Barbados 99 0.2
57 Kuwait .. 1.3
57 Uruguay 100 0.0
59 Turkey 99 68.9
60 Bahamas .. 0.4
61 Malaysia .. 0.8
62 Seychelles .. 0.0
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 99 32.3
63 Trinidad and Tobago 94 0.3
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 99 128.7
66 Mauritius .. 0.2
67 Panama 96 0.0
68 Costa Rica 100 0.2
69 Albania 98 13.5
70 Georgia 100 7.0
71 Sri Lanka 97 114.0
72 Cuba 100 5.5
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. 0.1
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. 0.1
 .. 0 0.8 ..
228.0 0 0.1 ..
.. 3 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 30 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 28 .. 81
.. 0 .. ..
.. 4,428 0.3 170
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 0.6 ..
.. 0 .. ..
.. 4 0.2 650
2.3 4 .. ..
.. 0 .. 130
.. 47 0.0 510
.. 16 0.0 ..
.. 0 3.1 ..
.. 0 6.3 230
.. 6,356 .. ..
.. 0 1.4 ..
.. 0 0.0 ..
.. 0 0.1 41
1,097.0 41 0.2 ..
.. 0 .. 6
.. 0 0.1 450
.. 0 2.3 ..

.. 15 0.0 ..
.. 0 0.1 ..
.. 31 0.0 730
.. 0 0.8 22
.. 0 1.1 66
.. 0 0.1 ..
.. 5 0.7 ..
293.0 134 0.1 ..
37.0 5,257 1.3 ..
.. 1,311 .. 85
.. 0 3.7 1
.. 1,395 3.0 2
197 2.2 4.4 25.6 .. .. 127
50 0.6 1.9 7.2 .. .. 106
90 0.7 1.5 6.1 .. .. 134
195 0.8 3.4 23.9 .. .. 138
228 4.5 6.7 47.5 .. .. 138
108 0.5 0.8 3.5 .. .. 128
68 0.0 .. .. .. .. ..
207 1.3 1.7 4.6 .. .. 130
192 1.5 2.6 18.4 .. .. 116
193 4.2 5.1 31.0 .. .. 130
132 0.7 3.8 14.3 .. .. 139
51 0.4 1.1 7.3 7 16 ..
231 4.3 3.8 16.0 .. .. 126
135 0.5 2.8 6.2 .. .. 122
178 2.5 6.2 22.2 .. .. 126
233 0.5 2.1 7.9 .. .. ..
74 1.1 5.1 18.8 .. .. 125
35 0.5 0.9 4.8 8 .. 121
193 5.1 3.5 15.0 2 .. 134
418 9.2 7.5 48.3 .. .. 138
343 3.6 6.2 39.3 4 4 133
187 5.0 7.7 40.1 14 17 138
99 1.5 3.2 13.1 .. .. 115
178 2.4 3.6 12.6 3 5 141
119 1.5 2.4 13.9 .. .. 145
395 .. .. .. .. .. ..
306 10.5 0.3 0.8 3 .. 120
145 1.8 1.7 2.5 .. .. 136
320 8.2 7.1 26.8 2 .. 131
322 4.3 3.2 11.3 13 .. 157
447 30.9 0.5 2.8 .. .. 114
175 2.1 3.6 8.7 .. .. 125
445 12.7 2.1 15.0 .. .. 99

123 1.1 5.2 17.3 4 7 e

110
292 30.9 4.3 21.9 8 f
.. 128
283 2.5 3.1 4.9 .. .. 131
202 1.8 2.2 12.5 .. .. 124
394 9.7 1.2 7.6 6 .. 119
290 12.3 2.3 12.8 4 .. 119
194 2.3 4.3 7.0 30 f
36 f
127
255 1.0 1.9 12.3 7 f
.. 116
99 2.3 6.2 23.3 53 e,f
.. 115
504 5.0 4.1 16.4 4 e
7 e
139
400 34.2 .. .. .. .. 100
299 10.3 0.9 0.0 .. .. 96
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 16.9
76 Mexico 95 12.9
77 Thailand 100 0.2
78 Grenada .. 0.1
79 Brazil 96 1.0
79 Colombia 97 79.8
81 Armenia 99 11.0
82 Algeria 100 4.2
82 North Macedonia 100 1.7
82 Peru 98 2.6
85 China .. 212.1
85 Ecuador 82 1.4
87 Azerbaijan 94 10.7
88 Ukraine 100 93.0
89 Dominican Republic 88 0.5
89 Saint Lucia 92 1.0
91 Tunisia 99 2.0
92 Mongolia 99 2.3
93 Lebanon 100 5.6
94 Botswana 88 0.3
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. 1.3
96 Jamaica 98 2.5
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 81 21.0
98 Dominica .. 0.0
98 Fiji .. 0.7
98 Paraguay 69 0.1
98 Suriname 99 0.0
102 Jordan 99 2.4
103 Belize 96 0.1
104 Maldives 93 0.1
105 Tonga 93 0.0
106 Philippines 92 0.5
107 Moldova (Republic of) 100 2.4
108 Turkmenistan 100 0.5
108 Uzbekistan 100 3.3
110 Libya .. 13.9
111 Indonesia 72 6.7
111 Samoa 59 0.0
113 South Africa 89 0.5
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 92 0.5
115 Gabon 90 0.3
116 Egypt 99 24.9
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 84 0.0
118 Viet Nam 96 334.5
119 Palestine, State of 96 100.7 h
 99.0 0 .. ..
338.0 38 0.4 1,710
41.0 24 0.1 1,040
.. 0 .. 1
.. 76 .. ..
5,761.0 27 1.0 790
8.4 g
0 10.3 ..
2.5 g
6 .. 430
0.1 0 .. ..
59.0 193 0.5 510
.. 144 0.0 ..
.. 84 0.0 270
344.0 67 .. ..
800.0 4 0.0 860
.. 199 .. 270
.. 0 2.8 2
.. 0 0.2 ..
.. 0 6.6 ..
11.0 0 0.2 ..
.. 0 0.0 100
.. 501 11.0 2
.. 0 0.0 61
.. 6 0.1 ..
.. 857 2.8 1
.. 0 1.0 ..
.. 28 0.1 130
.. 0 .. 14
.. 0 0.1 ..
.. 0 0.3 9
.. 0 1.1 ..
.. 0 0.9 ..
301.0 136 0.2 2,930
.. 0 .. 77
.. 0 .. ..
.. 0 .. 540
221.0 0 .. 92
16.0 40 1.8 5,630
.. 0 0.5 ..
.. 22 0.5 3,090
.. 44 0.3 280
.. 40 .. 74
97.0 1 1.4 1,760

.. 0 .. ..
.. 431 0.1 1,280
238.0 10 1.4 ..
 80 1.2 2.5 10.6 5 6 130
141 24.8 2.3 8.2 5 .. 132
540 3.2 4.8 21.4 9 9 116
426 11.1 1.0 2.1 .. .. 98
335 30.5 2.8 9.7 .. .. 131
244 24.9 2.8 11.5 .. .. 132
121 2.4 2.0 10.1 10 23 120
145 1.4 1.8 4.9 59 e
.. 146
146 1.5 3.0 9.7 15 .. 120
278 7.7 2.7 7.6 .. .. 117
111 0.6 8.3 7.9 .. .. 132
226 5.8 3.8 10.7 .. .. 114
237 2.0 1.0 4.3 28 58 f
131
129 6.2 4.7 34.5 3 9 119
244 11.3 3.2 17.9 2 8 f
115
294 29.6 2.1 12.7 7 .. 94
180 3.0 2.2 4.4 30 .. 144
126 6.2 3.8 23.3 10 9 e
113
106 4.0 2.2 4.2 10 e,f
.. 114
189 .. 5.7 18.3 .. .. 99
426 36.5 0.9 3.9 .. .. 121
133 57.0 0.9 3.2 5 .. 114
179 56.3 1.2 6.6 .. .. 99
287 25.7 .. .. .. .. 119
203 2.3 2.5 8.8 .. .. 126
206 8.9 6.2 12.3 .. .. 112
183 5.5 10.9 36.1 13 .. 115
162 1.4 2.7 4.7 70 e
.. 114
346 37.9 2.0 9.9 5 5 120
425 0.8 1.6 3.6 31 e,f
14 e,f
117
166 1.0 2.9 5.2 29 21 ..
165 8.4 2.3 5.2 13 .. 120
185 3.2 3.8 24.1 11 13 106
529 .. 3.7 11.0 26 .. 121
144 1.1 4.6 10.3 70 f
61 f
117
100 .. 2.3 8.7 .. .. 139
93 0.4 2.2 5.2 35 18 e
126
204 3.1 2.2 8.7 37 30 131
279 35.9 5.1 21.7 .. .. 125
162 6.3 8.9 16.9 16 f
.. 105
175 .. 4.3 15.0 50 40 122
111 2.5 1.7 7.2 36 e
.. 153

66 .. .. .. 56 f
58 f
..
136 .. 3.4 10.8 28 .. 126
170 0.7 .. .. .. .. ..
120 Iraq 99 369.4
121 Morocco 96 3.9
122 Kyrgyzstan 98 2.9
123 Guyana 89 0.3
124 El Salvador 99 32.6
125 Tajikistan 96 1.7
126 Cabo Verde 91 0.0
126 Guatemala 96 19.1
126 Nicaragua 85 1.7
129 India 80 9.6
130 Namibia 78 1.3
131 Timor-Leste 60 0.0
132 Honduras 94 18.9
132 Kiribati 94 0.0
134 Bhutan 100 7.1
135 Bangladesh 20 20.9
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 95 0.0
138 Congo 96 13.4
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 54 0.2
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 73 6.9
141 Vanuatu 43 0.0
142 Ghana 71 18.1
143 Zambia 11 0.3
144 Equatorial Guinea 54 0.1
145 Myanmar 81 1,096.2
146 Cambodia 73 12.1
147 Kenya 67 7.5
147 Nepal 56 8.6
149 Angola 25 8.3
150 Cameroon 66 45.1
150 Zimbabwe 38 15.6
152 Pakistan 34 131.7
153 Solomon Islands 88 0.0
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 96 6,632.5
155 Papua New Guinea .. 0.4
156 Comoros 87 0.6
157 Rwanda 56 247.5
158 Nigeria 47 276.9
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 26 0.7
159 Uganda 32 7.0
161 Mauritania 66 37.1
162 Madagascar 83 0.3
163 Benin 85 0.7
164 Lesotho 43 0.0
1,962.0 7 .. ..
.. 0 0.0 350
.. 101 0.1 140
.. 0 0.4 19
.. 259 0.3 160
.. 17 0.1 170
.. 0 0.2 ..
242.0 361 2.7 470
.. 2 0.7 120
479.0 471 .. ..
.. 0 1.5 130
.. 157 0.2 ..
190.0 83 5.4 210
.. 72 .. ..
.. 0 2.1 ..
426.0 133 0.4 2,390
.. 0 9.6 ..
.. 0 .. 8
107.0 147 .. 250
.. 0 0.1 76
.. 1 0.8 180
.. 0 4.2 ..
5.0 17 0.6 1,020
.. 122 0.0 1,080
.. 0 1.4 69
401.0 29 1.4 1,350
.. 350 0.6 420
162.0 12 0.0 2,270
0.0 j
14 1.6 660
.. 331 0.3 1,590
668.0 148 .. 1,410
.. 91 .. 880
119.0 67 0.1 4,090
.. 157 3.8 ..

6,119.0 0 0.3 ..
12.0 0 0.4 270
.. 0 2.8 ..
.. 83 0.3 440
2,216.0 7 .. 10,800
.. 52 0.0 2,400
32.0 12 0.1 2,480
.. 55 .. 130
2.0 1,723 0.4 910
3.5 1,383 .. 480
.. 116 .. 180
145 i
9.9 3.4 4.7 51 .. 109
233 2.1 3.6 2.5 64 f
.. 150
175 4.2 3.7 14.8 33 50 120
286 14.8 14.2 46.6 10 10 119
601 61.8 4.3 24.8 8 .. 118
.. .. 1.7 5.0 60 .. 92
282 11.5 7.7 24.1 17 e,f
16 e,f
113
144 26.1 1.7 4.4 11 7 116
176 7.4 5.0 19.2 14 e,f
.. 116
32 3.2 14.5 18.5 47 f
42 f
109
298 17.1 4.9 19.4 28 22 ..
51 3.9 3.7 9.0 86 81 103
209 41.7 1.7 5.3 12 10 119
113 7.5 5.4 25.9 76 f
60 f
141
144 1.6 8.9 13.8 68 .. ..
54 2.2 6.7 5.5 28 e
36 e,f
110
127 .. 6.2 16.2 .. .. ..
123 .. 2.1 4.2 19 14 118
25 .. 5.0 13.9 54 40 91
274 9.5 9.6 25.4 20 17 103
123 .. 6.1 12.9 58 49 106
71 .. 2.7 8.1 60 60 128
51 2.1 2.9 15.8 28 13 136
146 5.3 6.2 17.5 47 32 91
43 .. 10.8 31.3 53 52 ..
149 2.3 9.8 6.3 51 49 118
194 .. 3.2 9.0 50 e
27 e
109
103 5.0 2.1 9.7 42 36 98
64 2.2 8.0 11.4 43 22 f
119
83 4.8 4.6 14.0 25 20 106
125 1.4 12.5 26.9 36 39 123
118 6.7 11.1 29.1 39 33 85
42 4.2 3.1 3.0 42 e
32 e
109
78 .. 3.2 8.5 77 57 118

.. .. 1.1 3.8 .. .. 127

61 .. 3.8 10.2 .. .. 101
23 .. 5.4 17.6 39 17 105
500 2.5 6.0 16.9 41 18 99
40 .. 17.1 17.5 35 25 116
64 6.2 5.4 14.3 58 40 108
126 11.0 18.7 21.2 58 44 95
45 .. 3.6 12.1 27 e
21 e
124
82 .. 3.6 10.5 45 46 e
89
70 1.1 9.6 22.6 36 17 127
97 41.2 32.6 22.7 37 f
40 113
165 Côte d'Ivoire 72 38.3
166 Senegal 77 18.2
167 Togo 78 8.0
168 Sudan 67 722.5 k

169 Haiti 85 27.5

170 Afghanistan 42 2,676.6
171 Djibouti 92 2.1
172 Malawi 6 0.5
173 Ethiopia 3 92.2
174 Gambia 72 17.3
174 Guinea 75 23.5
176 Liberia 25 5.5
177 Yemen 31 31.2
178 Guinea-Bissau 24 2.0
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 25 716.4
180 Mozambique 55 0.1
181 Sierra Leone 81 4.8
182 Burkina Faso 77 11.5
182 Eritrea .. 492.8
184 Mali 87 158.3
185 Burundi 84 387.9
186 South Sudan 35 2,285.3 l

187 Chad 12 10.9

188 Central African Republic 61 590.9
189 Niger 64 2.7
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 100 0.8
Monaco 100 c
0.0
Nauru 96 ..
San Marino 100 c
0.0
Somalia 3 949.5
Tuvalu 50 0.0

Human development groups

Very high human development 100 178.7 m

High human development .. 842.7 m

Medium human development 68 2,288.8 m

Low human development 44 15,530.5 m

Developing countries 67 19,693.7 m

Regions
Arab States 83 8,868.3 m

East Asia and the Pacific .. 1,674.3 m

Europe and Central Asia 99 272.6 m

 302.0 41 .. 1,410
18.0 0 0.0 500
1.5 g
0 0.1 360
2,072.0 383 0.1 1,510
.. 719 .. 440
2,598.0 207 0.1 1,310
.. 0 3.2 33
.. 136 6.9 1,070
2,137.0 2 0.0 3,160
.. 18 0.1 93
.. 33 0.5 580
.. 7 0.9 180
2,324.0 4 0.7 920
.. 41 0.1 79
3,081.0 50 .. 3,890
14.0 507 0.2 2,520
3.0 30 12.6 490
47.0 172 0.0 840
.. 0 .. 150
120.0 14 0.1 850
49.0 168 2.0 630
1,869.0 0 2.4 620
90.0 84 .. 970
641.0 397 .. 350
156.0 184 2.1 1,030

.. 300 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
2,648.0 140 .. 840
.. 0 .. ..

1,327.3 m
77 .. ..
8,429.0 m
139 0.4 ..
4,999.0 m
334 .. ..
23,907.0 m
147 .. 3,838

41,080.0 m
218 .. ..

15,694.5 m
48 .. ..
771.0 m
136 0.3 ..
2,641.5 m
26 0.3 ..
57 .. 13.0 32.0 48 42 123
59 .. 5.2 20.3 57 25 114
62 .. 10.9 22.7 29 18 113
52 .. 4.6 14.5 34 .. 111
81 9.5 6.4 18.3 17 15 91
84 7.1 2.1 10.6 80 e
72 e
96
64 .. 5.3 11.9 .. .. 109
79 1.7 3.2 13.7 16 13 115
117 .. 4.7 18.7 63 28 105
58 .. 7.3 12.8 58 33 119
25 .. 8.4 12.7 92 66 119
47 3.2 13.0 13.8 43 24 101
55 6.7 6.2 13.4 49 .. 91
32 1.1 6.1 8.9 42 29 100
27 .. 4.9 15.0 75 61 87
61 .. 4.1 14.0 23 20 106
60 1.7 14.2 18.2 63 34 110
41 1.3 9.1 22.4 44 34 124
.. .. 6.1 22.4 51 45 ..
31 .. 4.7 13.5 73 51 141
93 6.0 7.7 23.1 73 44 ..
55 13.9 4.1 8.3 79 .. ..
57 .. 13.8 17.1 74 51 98
17 19.8 6.0 18.0 80 75 81
43 4.4 6.7 11.5 60 27 124

.. .. 8.0 14.8 .. .. 84
74 0.0 .. .. .. .. ..
126 .. .. .. .. .. ..
9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 5.4 11.5 76 e,f
.. 94
101 18.6 .. .. 70 f
73 f
..

279 3.1 5.6 19.8 .. .. 138

160 6.5 5.6 8.9 .. .. 130
59 3.9 10.6 14.5 43 39 111
69 .. 8.8 16.4 51 36 108

114 5.4 7.7 12.2 40 .. 120

131 3.3 2.8 6.9 46 .. 131

129 1.2 6.8 8.1 .. .. 128
230 3.8 4.1 18.3 22 .. 133
Latin America and the Caribbean 94 232.3 m

South Asia 67 3,097.2 m

Sub-Saharan Africa 46 5,549.0 m

Least developed countries 39 10,692.4 m

Small island developing states 84 44.6 m

Organisation for Economic Co-op 99 92.2 m

World 71 19,791.0 m

NOTES
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Data refer to people recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention, the 1967 UN Protoco
c. Estimates of 100 percent are assumed given the completeness of the civil registration system, whi
d. HDRO calculations based on data from UNODC (2019).
e. Differs from standard definition or refers to only part of the country.
f. Refers to years or periods other than those specified.
g. Refers to 2016.
h. Refers to Palestinian refugees under the UNHCR mandate only. Another 5,545,540 Palestinian ref
i. Refers to Central Iraq.
j. Refers to 2017.
k. May include citizens of South Sudan.
l. An unknown number of refugees and asylum-seekers from South Sudan may be included under da
m. Unweighted sum of national estimates.

DEFINITIONS
Birth registration: Percentage of children under age 5 who were registered at the moment of the su
Refugees by country of origin: Number of people who have fled their country of origin because of a
Internally displaced persons: Number of people who have been forced to leave their homes or plac
Homeless people due to natural disaster: Average annual number of people who lack a shelter for
Number of deaths and missing persons attributed to disasters: Number of people who died durin
Orphaned children: Number of children (ages 0–17) who have lost one or both parents due to any c
Prison population: Number of adult and juvenile prisoners—including pretrial detainees, unless othe
Homicide rate: Number of unlawful deaths purposefully inflicted on a person by another person, exp
Suicide rate: Number of deaths from purposely self-inflicted injuries, expressed per 100,000 people
Justification of wife beating: Percentage of women and men ages 15–49 who consider a husband
Average dietary energy supply adequacy: Average supply of calories for food consumption expres

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1 and 5: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Column 2: UNHCR (2019).
Column 3: IDMC (2019).
Column 4: CRED EM-DAT (2019) and UNDESA (2019b).
Columns 6, 11 and 12: UNICEF (2019b).
Columns 7 and 8: UNODC (2019).
 6,590.0 m
232 .. ..
3,659.0 m
419 .. ..
11,724.0 m
122 .. 3,706

18,733.0 m
175 0.7 1,859
12.0 m
.. .. ..

1,435.0 m
92 .. ..

41,310.3 m
186 .. ..

ion, the 1967 UN Protocol and the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention. In the absence of government figures, th
l registration system, which registers all vital events (including births).

5,545,540 Palestinian refugees are under the responsibility of United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refu

may be included under data for Sudan.

d at the moment of the survey. It includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer and children whose m
ntry of origin because of a well founded fear of persecution due to their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membe
leave their homes or places of habitual residence—in particular, as a result of or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situa
ople who lack a shelter for living quarters as a result of natural disasters, who carry their few possessions with them and who
r of people who died during the disaster, or directly after, as a direct result of the hazardous event or people whose whereab
both parents due to any cause.
ial detainees, unless otherwise noted—expressed per 100,000 people.
n by another person, expressed per 100,000 people.
ssed per 100,000 people in the reference population.
who consider a husband to be justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of the following reasons: if his wife burns
food consumption expressed as a percentage of the Average Dietary Energy Requirement (ADER). ADER is the amount of
 249 23.8 3.0 10.6 .. .. 126
48 3.2 11.6 14.9 45 41 110
87 .. 8.6 17.4 49 33 109

81 .. 6.6 13.3 50 38 106

217 10.5 4.3 14.5 14 .. 113

266 4.6 5.4 16.7 .. .. 138

143 5.0 7.4 13.7 .. .. 123

ence of government figures, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has estimated the refugee po

rks Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA 2019).

erviewer and children whose mother or caretaker says the birth has been registered.
ality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group and who cannot or do not want to return to their country of o
e effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters
possessions with them and who sleep in the streets, in doorways or on piers, or in any other space, on a more or less rando
event or people whose whereabouts is unknown since the hazardous event. It includes people who are presumed dead, for

owing reasons: if his wife burns the food, argues with him, goes out without telling him, neglects the children or refuses sexu
ADER). ADER is the amount of dietary energy that would be needed to ensure that, if properly distributed, hunger would be
stimated the refugee population in many industrialized countries based on 10 years of individual asylum-seeker recognition.

turn to their country of origin.

human-made disasters—and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border.
on a more or less random basis, expressed per million people.
are presumed dead, for whom there is no physical evidence such as a body, and for which an official/legal report has been

children or refuses sexual relations.

buted, hunger would be eliminated.
dual asylum-seeker recognition.

an official/legal report has been filed with competent authorities.

Columns 9 and 10: WHO (2019).
Column 13: FAO (2019a).
 Table 13. Human and capital mobility

SDG 17.3 SDG 17.2

Trade Financial flows

Net
Foreign official
Private
Exports direct develop
capital
and investme ment
flows
imports nt, net assistan
inflows ce
received

HDI rank Country (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GNI) (% of GDP)

2018 a
2018 a
2018 a
2017 b

Very high human development

1 Norway 70.6 -4.6 11.4 ..
2 Switzerland 118.8 -9.6 17.8 ..
3 Ireland 209.8 5.7 17.9 ..
4 Germany 87.2 2.6 4.7 ..
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 376.0 23.8 12.3 ..
6 Australia 43.0 4.1 -3.2 ..
6 Iceland 91.3 -1.9 5.1 ..
8 Sweden 90.9 1.1 -0.3 ..
9 Singapore 326.2 22.5 -5.8 ..
10 Netherlands 155.3 -17.9 7.0 ..
11 Denmark 104.0 1.5 12.9 ..
12 Finland 78.5 -2.0 -5.3 ..
13 Canada 65.9 2.5 0.1 ..
14 New Zealand 54.2 0.7 0.0 ..
15 United Kingdom 61.3 2.1 -13.4 ..
15 United States 27.1 1.3 -2.1 ..
17 Belgium 175.6 -12.0 -0.4 ..
18 Liechtenstein .. .. .. ..
19 Japan 34.6 0.5 4.5 ..
20 Austria 105.5 2.5 -1.1 ..
21 Luxembourg 415.5 10.6 -130.6 ..
22 Israel 56.8 5.9 -1.8 ..
22 Korea (Republic of) 83.0 0.9 4.2 ..
24 Slovenia 160.9 2.8 -1.0 ..
25 Spain 66.6 3.2 0.0 ..
26 Czechia 151.5 3.5 -1.3 ..
26 France 63.4 2.4 2.0 ..
28 Malta 267.8 32.7 -54.5 ..
29 Italy 61.0 1.5 6.8 ..
30 Estonia 147.0 3.4 -1.0 ..
31 Cyprus 130.3 -1.4 -10.3 ..
32 Greece 72.5 2.0 -2.1 ..
32 Poland 107.2 1.9 -1.1 ..
34 Lithuania 162.0 1.6 3.5 ..
35 United Arab Emirates 161.8 2.7 .. ..
36 Andorra .. .. .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 66.5 0.4 3.1 ..
36 Slovakia 192.3 0.0 -1.0 ..
39 Latvia 118.4 3.7 6.5 ..
40 Portugal 87.0 2.0 2.8 ..
41 Qatar 88.3 -1.1 5.7 ..
42 Chile 57.5 2.0 -1.9 0.0
43 Brunei Darussalam 93.9 3.9 -4.4 ..
43 Hungary 168.3 -48.3 -3.3 ..
45 Bahrain 159.2 1.5 9.9 ..
46 Croatia 101.1 2.1 -0.1 0.2
47 Oman 108.1 4.1 -9.9 0.0
48 Argentina 30.8 2.3 -3.3 0.0
49 Russian Federation 51.5 0.5 1.9 ..
50 Belarus 139.3 2.5 -1.4 -0.5 k

50 Kazakhstan 60.6 0.1 -1.3 0.0

52 Bulgaria 128.1 4.0 0.1 ..
52 Montenegro 110.6 8.9 -10.0 2.4
52 Romania 86.5 2.9 -4.0 ..
55 Palau 124.2 9.5 -9.4 7.9
56 Barbados 82.8 6.1 0.9 0.4
57 Kuwait 98.4 0.0 0.7 ..
57 Uruguay 40.0 4.1 1.3 0.1
59 Turkey 60.4 1.7 -0.8 0.4
60 Bahamas 75.5 4.9 -4.8 ..
61 Malaysia 132.3 3.0 -0.4 0.0
62 Seychelles 189.1 8.3 -10.9 1.4
High human development
63 Serbia 110.2 8.1 -5.4 4.1
63 Trinidad and Tobago .. -2.1 4.2 0.0
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 48.8 1.1 .. 0.0
66 Mauritius 94.9 2.2 -11.3 0.1
67 Panama 87.6 10.1 -8.9 0.1
68 Costa Rica 66.8 4.5 -1.8 0.2
69 Albania 77.3 8.0 -8.6 1.2
70 Georgia 121.7 7.3 -5.3 3.1
71 Sri Lanka 52.9 1.6 -3.5 0.3
 72 Cuba 26.2 .. .. 0.6
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 107.7 5.1 -0.7 3.6
74 Antigua and Barbuda 88.5 7.5 -4.6 0.7
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 98.2 2.5 -1.6 2.4
76 Mexico 80.3 2.8 -3.3 0.1
77 Thailand 123.3 2.6 2.6 0.1
78 Grenada 107.9 9.9 -0.2 0.6
79 Brazil 29.1 4.7 -3.5 0.0
79 Colombia 36.8 3.3 -1.4 0.3
81 Armenia 90.4 2.0 -1.9 2.1
82 Algeria 56.1 0.7 -1.0 0.1
82 North Macedonia 133.2 5.3 -8.9 1.4
82 Peru 49.0 3.2 -6.3 0.0
85 China 38.2 1.5 -1.6 0.0
85 Ecuador 45.9 1.3 -3.7 0.2
87 Azerbaijan 92.0 3.0 3.4 0.3
88 Ukraine 99.0 1.9 -3.4 1.1
89 Dominican Republic 55.0 3.4 -6.4 0.2
89 Saint Lucia 80.0 7.2 -5.3 0.7
91 Tunisia 99.5 2.0 -1.9 2.0
92 Mongolia 123.8 16.7 -16.9 7.8
93 Lebanon 62.9 4.8 -9.2 2.4
94 Botswana 76.6 2.3 2.8 0.6
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 90.5 12.5 -12.6 0.9
96 Jamaica 82.6 4.9 -7.4 0.4
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 48.1 0.2 0.1 0.0
98 Dominica 118.2 -0.4 1.9 3.9
98 Fiji .. 6.2 -5.7 3.0
98 Paraguay 69.8 1.2 -2.4 0.4
98 Suriname 91.0 5.9 -3.8 0.8
102 Jordan 89.5 5.0 -7.3 7.2
103 Belize 111.8 6.2 -6.2 2.0
104 Maldives 139.9 10.1 -16.9 0.9
105 Tonga 94.8 3.3 -4.1 18.4
106 Philippines 76.1 3.0 -1.5 0.0
107 Moldova (Republic of) 86.7 2.1 -1.7 2.4
108 Turkmenistan 35.2 6.1 .. 0.1
108 Uzbekistan 67.8 1.2 -1.3 1.1
110 Libya 118.4 1.9 -3.8 1.1
111 Indonesia 43.0 1.9 -2.2 0.0
111 Samoa 76.6 1.1 -0.1 15.9
113 South Africa 59.8 1.5 -1.2 0.3
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 57.1 0.6 -2.8 2.6
115 Gabon 75.1 10.1 -1.2 0.8
116 Egypt 48.3 3.1 -13.2 0.0
 Medium human development
117 Marshall Islands 120.3 0.1 0.0 26.9
118 Viet Nam 187.5 6.3 -6.9 1.1
119 Palestine, State of 79.6 1.8 -0.2 12.8
120 Iraq 81.2 -2.2 3.7 1.5
121 Morocco 87.1 3.1 -1.8 1.8
122 Kyrgyzstan 101.1 -1.4 1.3 6.3
123 Guyana 106.0 6.0 1.3 1.4
124 El Salvador 77.5 1.6 -2.9 0.6
125 Tajikistan 56.6 2.9 -3.3 3.7
126 Cabo Verde 116.6 5.1 -1.8 7.2
126 Guatemala 45.8 1.3 -1.0 0.5
126 Nicaragua 93.3 2.7 -2.6 4.2
129 India 43.1 1.5 -2.2 0.1
130 Namibia 83.7 1.5 0.3 1.4
131 Timor-Leste 121.0 0.3 -14.0 10.2
132 Honduras 102.1 5.7 -4.7 2.1
132 Kiribati 105.2 0.4 -0.5 21.2
134 Bhutan 78.6 0.2 .. 5.1
135 Bangladesh 38.2 0.9 -0.7 1.4
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 99.0 0.3 -4.6 25.1
137 Sao Tome and Principe .. 7.2 -6.6 10.8
138 Congo 154.9 13.3 12.3 1.4
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 110.6 -1.3 2.9 3.4
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 75.8 9.5 -11.4 3.0
141 Vanuatu 97.9 2.9 -2.7 15.7
142 Ghana 73.6 5.5 -9.8 2.2
143 Zambia 75.7 2.1 0.2 4.1
144 Equatorial Guinea 97.5 2.5 .. 0.1
145 Myanmar 48.0 6.0 -5.9 2.4
146 Cambodia 124.9 12.6 -11.9 4.1
147 Kenya 36.2 0.9 0.5 3.2
147 Nepal 54.3 0.8 .. 5.0
149 Angola 52.3 -5.4 2.0 0.2
150 Cameroon 39.3 2.3 -2.3 3.5
150 Zimbabwe 48.4 1.1 -0.6 3.5
152 Pakistan 28.0 0.9 -0.8 0.7
153 Solomon Islands 98.4 2.8 -2.2 15.3
Low human development
154 Syrian Arab Republic .. .. .. ..
155 Papua New Guinea .. -0.8 2.3 2.5
156 Comoros 40.1 0.8 -0.9 6.2
157 Rwanda 51.5 3.2 -1.9 13.7
158 Nigeria 26.3 0.9 -2.9 0.9
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 32.2 2.2 -2.2 5.0
159 Uganda 47.8 4.9 -4.5 7.9
161 Mauritania 125.7 11.8 .. 5.8
162 Madagascar 74.7 4.1 -3.1 7.0
163 Benin 79.6 2.2 -4.2 7.4
164 Lesotho 123.6 1.4 -1.3 5.1
165 Côte d'Ivoire 59.0 2.6 -4.3 2.3
166 Senegal 57.9 2.8 -6.5 4.4
167 Togo 74.3 1.9 5.4 7.2
168 Sudan 22.6 2.8 -2.8 0.7
169 Haiti 75.5 4.5 .. 11.6
170 Afghanistan 51.2 0.3 -0.5 18.7
171 Djibouti 116.9 8.9 .. 6.9
172 Malawi 65.3 4.4 -4.6 24.1
173 Ethiopia 31.2 4.9 .. 5.1
174 Gambia 62.1 0.4 .. 18.5
174 Guinea 132.1 5.8 -5.8 4.6
176 Liberia 120.9 7.5 -16.2 20.8
177 Yemen .. -1.0 0.0 12.1
178 Guinea-Bissau 57.8 1.2 -3.1 8.4
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 71.0 2.8 -2.7 6.2
180 Mozambique 117.3 18.3 -18.2 14.5
181 Sierra Leone 74.1 20.1 -20.1 14.8
182 Burkina Faso 63.6 0.0 -0.9 7.4
182 Eritrea 37.5 1.5 .. 5.2
184 Mali 61.4 3.6 -4.3 9.0
185 Burundi 23.1 0.0 -5.1 13.5
186 South Sudan 114.0 -0.3 .. 60.5
187 Chad 73.7 3.4 .. 6.6
188 Central African Republic 46.1 0.8 .. 23.4
189 Niger 49.6 4.2 -3.5 15.2
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. .. ..
Monaco .. .. .. ..
Nauru 150.6 0.0 .. 17.8
San Marino .. .. .. ..
Somalia 81.9 5.4 .. 24.8
Tuvalu .. 0.7 2.0 45.6

Human development groups

Very high human development 61.6 1.2 0.1 ..
High human development 45.7 2.1 -2.0 0.1
Medium human development 55.6 1.6 -2.0 0.8
Low human development 42.5 2.4 -3.2 4.7

Developing countries 54.5 2.2 -1.9 0.3

Regions
Arab States 88.0 1.2 -0.4 1.7
East Asia and the Pacific 52.8 2.2 -1.7 0.0
Europe and Central Asia 72.6 2.1 -1.5 0.7
Latin America and the Caribbean 48.3 3.3 -3.0 0.1
South Asia 42.7 1.4 -2.0 0.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 51.7 1.9 -2.3 2.8

Least developed countries 52.8 2.4 -2.6 4.9

Small island developing states 208.9 14.3 .. 1.5

Organisation for Economic Co-op 56.5 0.9 0.0 ..

World 56.9 1.5 -0.6 0.3

Notes
a. Data refer to 2018 or the most recent year available.
b. Data refer to 2017 or the most recent year available.
c. Data are average annual estimates for 2015–2020.
d. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
e. Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.
f. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island.
g. Includes Åland Islands.
h. Includes Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla.
i. Includes Northern Cyprus.
j. Refers to a year between 2014 and 2016.
k. A negative value refers to net official development assistance disbursed by donor countries.
l. Refers to 2015.
m. Includes Sabah and Sarawak.
n. Includes Kosovo.
o. Includes Agalega, Rodrigues and Saint Brandon.
p. Includes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
q. Includes Nagorno-Karabakh.
r. Includes Crimea.
s. Refers to a year between 2007 and 2009.
t. Includes Transnistria.
u. Includes East Jerusalem.
v. Includes East Jerusalem. Refugees are not part of the foreign-born migrant stock in the State of Palest
w. Includes Zanzibar.

Definitions
Exports and imports: Sum of exports and imports of goods and services, expressed as a percentage of
Foreign direct investment, net inflows: Sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term
Private capital flows: Net foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, expressed as a percentage
Net official development assistance received: Disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (n
development and welfare in countries and territories on the Development Assistance Committee list of aid
Remittances, inflows: Earnings and material resources transferred by international migrants or refugees
Net migration rate: Ratio of the difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants from a co
Stock of immigrants: Ratio of the stock of immigrants into a country, expressed as a percentage of the c
the stock of foreign-born
International people, the
student mobility: stock
Total of foreign
number people
of tertiary (according
students from to citizenship)
abroad or a
(inbound combination
students) of
studyin
country studying abroad (outbound students), expressed as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment in the
International inbound tourists: Arrivals of nonresident visitors (overnight visitors, tourists, same-day vis
Internet users: People with access to the worldwide network.
Mobile phone subscriptions: Number of subscriptions for the mobile phone service, expressed per 100

Main data sources

Columns 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9: World Bank (2019a).
Column 3: HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2019a).
Column 6: UNDESA (2019b).
Column 7: UNDESA (2017a).
Column 8: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019).
Columns 10-12: ITU (2019).
Column 13: HDRO calculations based on data from ITU (2019).
 SDG 17.3 SDG 8.9 SDG 17.6, 17.8
lows Human mobility Communication
Internet users

Internatio Internatio
Remittan Net Stock of
nal nal
ces, migration immigran Total Female
student inbound
inflows rate ts
mobility tourists

(% of total
(per 1,000 (% of (% of (% of female
(% of GDP) tertiary (thousands)
people) population) population) population)
enrolment)
2018 a
2015/2020 c
2017 2010-2017 d
2017 b
2017-2018 d
2017-2018 d

0.15 5.3 e
15.1 e
-2.9 6,252 96.5 97.0
0.35 6.1 29.6 13.1 9,889 89.7 88.5
0.17 4.9 16.9 1.5 10,338 84.5 85.7
0.45 6.6 14.8 4.1 37,452 89.7 84.2
0.12 4.0 39.1 -1.0 27,884 89.4 88.0
0.13 6.4 f
28.8 f
16.8 8,815 86.5 86.1
0.67 1.1 12.5 -7.5 2,225 99.0 99.4
0.57 4.0 17.6 2.5 7,054 92.1 93.7
.. 4.7 46.0 14.3 13,903 88.2 87.6
0.27 0.9 12.1 8.7 17,924 94.7 94.6
0.39 2.6 11.5 9.2 11,743 97.6 97.5
0.34 2.5 g
6.2 g
4.4 3,180 88.9 87.6
0.08 6.6 21.5 8.7 20,798 91.0 ..
0.22 3.2 22.7 17.8 3,555 90.8 ..
0.16 3.9 13.4 16.7 37,651 94.9 95.3
0.03 2.9 15.3 4.7 76,941 87.3 ..
2.16 4.2 11.1 9.3 8,385 88.7 87.3
.. .. 65.1 -42.9 69 98.1 ..
0.09 0.6 1.8 2.9 28,691 84.6 89.7
0.70 7.4 19.0 12.3 29,460 87.7 85.7
2.86 16.3 45.3 -100.3 1,046 97.1 96.0
0.25 1.2 23.6 -1.0 3,613 81.6 80.2
0.42 0.2 2.3 -1.3 13,336 95.9 94.6
1.13 1.0 11.8 -0.2 3,586 79.7 77.6
0.24 0.9 h
12.8 h
0.8 81,786 86.1 85.6
1.60 2.1 4.1 8.1 10,160 80.7 78.7
0.95 0.6 12.2 6.2 86,861 82.0 80.4
 1.84 2.1 10.6 0.8 2,274 81.4 81.5
0.46 2.5 10.0 1.5 58,253 74.4 71.8
1.87 3.0 14.7 -1.1 3,245 89.4 89.3
1.83 4.2 i
16.0 i
-51.2 3,652 84.4 84.6
0.22 -1.5 10.9 -1.7 27,194 73.0 71.1
1.21 -0.8 1.7 1.9 18,258 77.5 77.3
2.60 -11.6 4.3 -3.9 2,523 79.7 79.9
.. 4.2 88.4 41.3 .. 98.5 98.8
.. .. 53.3 -208.1 2,831 91.6 90.3
0.04 4.1 37.0 -0.6 16,109 93.3 91.4
2.08 0.3 3.4 -13.1 2,162 80.7 80.6
3.64 -7.6 13.2 1.1 1,949 83.6 84.0
0.19 -0.6 8.5 1.3 15,432 74.7 73.0
0.24 14.7 65.2 14.9 2,257 99.7 99.8
0.02 6.0 2.7 -0.8 6,450 82.3 80.7
.. 0.0 25.3 -27.2 259 94.6 94.6
3.12 0.6 5.2 4.9 5,650 76.1 74.8
.. 31.1 48.4 -0.2 11,370 98.6 98.5
4.74 -1.9 13.4 -5.2 15,593 72.7 70.9
0.05 18.6 44.7 -9.7 2,372 80.2 74.0 j

0.10 0.1 4.9 2.2 6,720 74.3 73.5

0.52 1.3 8.1 3.0 24,390 80.9 80.1
2.01 0.9 11.4 -2.0 11,060 79.1 79.0
0.36 -1.0 20.0 -12.1 7,701 78.9 77.9
3.68 -0.7 2.2 -4.4 8,883 64.8 63.4
10.80 -0.8 11.3 .. 1,877 71.5 71.7
2.03 -3.8 1.9 -1.5 10,926 70.7 69.6
0.79 .. 23.0 .. 123 .. ..
2.32 -0.3 12.1 3.9 664 81.8 ..
0.02 9.8 75.5 .. 307 99.6 99.8
0.17 -0.9 2.3 .. 3,674 68.3 64.2 j

0.15 3.5 6.0 0.6 37,601 71.0 63.9

.. 2.6 15.6 .. 1,439 85.0 ..
0.47 1.6 m
8.5 m
2.9 25,948 81.2 78.7
1.50 -2.1 13.6 -40.9 350 58.8 ..

8.56 0.5 n
9.1 n
-1.1 1,497 73.4 70.1
0.61 -0.6 3.7 .. 395 77.3 ..
0.29 -0.7 3.3 -0.8 4,867 70.0 66.2
1.72 0.0 o
2.3 o
-14.2 1,342 58.6 56.4
0.83 2.7 4.7 .. 1,843 57.9 52.5 j

0.89 0.8 8.4 0.0 2,960 74.1 74.5

9.68 -4.9 1.8 -10.9 4,643 71.8 ..
12.55 -2.5 p
2.0 p
-1.8 6,483 64.0 62.6
8.40 -4.6 0.2 -6.1 2,116 34.1 ..
 .. -1.3 0.1 4.1 4,594 57.1 ..
2.19 .. 13.7 61.6 122 80.7 ..
2.16 0.0 28.1 -19.4 247 76.0 ..
10.71 -6.4 1.1 -5.1 923 70.1 68.3
2.91 -0.5 0.9 -0.5 39,291 65.8 64.4
1.48 0.3 5.2 0.0 35,592 56.8 55.9
4.00 -1.8 6.6 66.3 168 59.1 ..
0.16 0.1 0.4 -0.4 6,589 67.5 67.3
1.93 4.2 0.3 -1.3 4,113 62.3 62.4
11.97 -1.7 6.5 -3.2 1,495 64.7 63.4
1.07 -0.2 0.6 -0.9 2,451 59.6 50.3
2.72 -0.5 6.3 -4.1 631 79.2 77.4
1.46 3.1 0.3 .. 4,032 52.5 49.9
0.18 -0.2 0.1 -1.6 60,740 54.3 ..
2.80 2.2 2.4 -1.8 1,608 57.3 53.5 j

2.61 0.1 q
2.6 q
-18.8 2,454 79.8 76.0
10.99 0.2 r
11.2 r
-1.5 14,230 58.9 57.0
8.38 -2.8 3.9 1.0 6,188 74.8 75.0
1.71 0.0 7.2 -16.4 386 50.8 ..
5.09 -0.3 0.5 -4.9 7,052 64.2 ..
4.39 -0.3 0.6 -5.4 469 23.7 51.1
12.72 -4.5 31.9 1.6 1,857 78.2 ..
0.18 1.3 7.3 -3.4 1,574 47.0 33.8 j

5.12 -1.8 4.2 .. 76 22.4 ..

15.92 -3.9 0.8 .. 2,353 55.1 58.9
0.03 -22.3 4.5 -0.6 s
427 72.0 ..
9.22 .. 9.2 .. 72 69.6 ..
5.20 -7.0 1.5 .. 843 50.0 ..
1.67 -2.4 2.4 .. 1,584 65.0 65.7
0.02 -1.7 8.5 .. 278 48.9 ..
10.33 1.1 33.3 5.5 3,844 66.8 ..
4.81 3.2 16.0 .. 427 47.1 ..
0.08 22.8 15.4 .. 1,390 63.2 ..
40.70 -7.7 4.6 .. 63 41.2 ..
10.22 -0.6 0.2 -0.2 s
6,621 60.1 ..
16.25 -0.3 t
3.5 t
-17.1 145 76.1 66.9 j

0.00 -0.9 3.4 -106.8 .. 21.3 ..

3.03 -0.3 3.6 -11.6 2,690 52.3 ..
.. -0.3 12.4 .. .. 21.8 ..
1.08 -0.4 0.1 -0.5 14,040 39.8 37.4
16.43 -14.3 2.5 .. 146 33.6 ..
0.25 2.5 7.1 3.5 10,285 56.2 ..
3.45 -0.8 1.3 .. 1,134 43.8 32.2 j

0.13 1.6 13.8 .. .. 62.0 ..

11.53 -0.4 0.5 0.7 8,157 46.9 41.3
14.09 .. 6.2 -17.4 6 38.7 ..
6.51 -0.8 0.1 -3.3 12,922 70.3 ..
16.98 -2.2 u
5.2 v
-11.2 503 64.4 60.2
0.33 0.2 1.0 .. 892 49.4 51.2
5.84 -1.4 0.3 -2.8 11,349 64.8 61.1
33.23 -0.6 3.3 1.4 4,568 38.0 ..
7.91 -7.7 2.0 -16.6 247 37.3 ..
20.68 -6.3 0.7 -2.0 1,556 33.8 32.7
29.02 -2.2 3.1 -7.0 431 22.0 ..
13.03 -2.5 2.8 -27.1 668 58.2 56.9
12.10 -0.5 0.5 .. 2,113 65.0 ..
11.47 -3.3 0.7 .. 1,787 27.9 ..
2.88 -0.4 0.4 -0.8 15,543 34.5 ..
0.37 -2.0 3.8 -1.8 1,499 51.0 ..
3.43 -4.3 0.9 .. 74 27.5 ..
20.07 -0.7 0.4 -1.5 851 31.7 ..
9.68 -6.9 2.6 .. 6 14.6 ..
2.29 0.4 6.5 -29.9 s
255 48.1 ..
5.65 -2.3 0.9 -1.2 s
125 15.0 ..
7.05 -5.4 2.6 .. 30 .. ..
4.21 -8.0 1.1 .. 29 29.9 ..
0.09 -0.8 7.6 -22.8 206 8.7 ..
3.31 -7.4 2.4 -34.4 921 47.0 ..
1.50 -2.1 0.7 -4.0 3,257 25.5 ..
2.19 0.4 1.2 .. 109 25.7 ..
5.80 -0.3 1.4 0.1 897 39.0 ..
0.40 -0.5 0.9 .. 1,083 14.3 13.2
.. 12.4 17.5 .. .. 26.2 ..
3.87 -3.1 0.1 -1.1 3,443 30.7 ..
5.83 -1.9 0.5 .. 5,602 40.0 40.0
3.09 -0.2 2.2 -1.7 1,364 17.8 ..
27.99 1.5 1.7 -7.7 940 .. ..
0.00 0.2 2.1 .. 261 14.3 20.2 j

0.90 -0.2 2.2 -7.4 994 23.2 19.2

5.99 -8.2 2.4 -12.1 2,423 27.1 14.6 j

6.73 -1.1 1.7 .. 966 15.5 9.5 j

1.18 -2.5 0.4 .. 26 11.9 ..

.. -24.1 5.5 .. 5,070 34.3 ..

0.02 -0.1 0.4 .. 179 11.2 ..
11.85 -2.4 1.5 -79.0 28 8.5 ..
2.42 -0.7 3.6 -4.0 932 21.8 ..
6.12 -0.3 0.6 .. 1,889 42.0 6.4
0.75 -0.7 w
0.9 w
.. 1,275 25.0 ..
 4.48 4.0 3.9 7.2 1,402 23.7 ..
1.55 1.2 3.8 -22.5 .. 20.8 ..
3.06 -0.1 0.1 -2.0 255 9.8 ..
3.55 -0.2 2.3 3.5 281 20.0 ..
15.42 -4.8 0.3 -12.4 1,137 29.0 ..
0.84 -0.3 9.0 -3.9 1,800 46.8 36.4
9.17 -1.3 1.7 0.8 1,365 46.0 ..
8.54 -0.3 3.6 -13.1 s
496 12.4 8.6
1.04 -1.2 1.8 .. 813 30.9 11.0 j

30.92 -3.2 0.4 .. 467 32.5 ..

1.99 -1.7 0.4 -7.4 .. 13.5 ..
3.22 0.9 12.1 -39.3 63 55.7 51.6
0.63 -0.9 1.3 -20.0 837 13.8 5.5 j

0.49 0.3 1.2 .. 933 18.6 ..

15.08 -1.4 9.8 .. 162 19.8 ..
0.44 -0.3 1.0 -6.0 60 18.0 ..
11.92 -1.0 2.1 .. .. 8.0 ..
12.45 -1.1 1.4 -0.8 367 26.7 ..
1.82 -0.8 1.3 .. 44 3.9 ..
2.98 0.3 1.1 -1.7 351 8.6 ..
2.45 -0.2 0.8 -1.0 1,447 10.0 ..
1.28 -0.6 1.3 .. 55 9.0 ..
3.03 -1.3 3.7 -2.9 143 16.0 ..
.. -11.6 0.3 .. 142 1.3 ..
5.14 -2.1 2.1 -9.0 193 13.0 ..
1.17 0.2 2.8 -1.6 299 2.7 1.5
35.27 -15.9 6.7 .. .. 8.0 ..
.. 0.1 3.3 -16.1 87 6.5 ..
.. -8.6 1.9 4.0 121 4.3 ..
3.05 0.2 1.4 -2.3 164 5.3 2.9

.. -0.2 0.2 -0.3 s

.. .. ..
.. .. 54.9 -43.5 355 97.1 ..
.. .. 32.7 .. .. 57.0 ..
.. .. 15.7 .. 78 60.2 ..
.. -2.7 0.3 .. .. 2.0 ..
9.50 .. 1.3 .. 3 49.3 ..

0.29 2.5 12.6 3.7 902,093 84.4 82.0

1.03 -0.4 1.2 -1.2 277,526 55.6 ..
4.11 -0.8 0.7 -1.3 77,945 32.7 ..
4.63 -0.9 1.7 -3.4 22,856 23.6 ..

1.51 -0.4 1.8 -1.1 528,514 43.7 ..

 2.70 -0.6 9.4 -0.7 74,832 52.6 49.6
0.62 -0.3 0.5 -1.3 184,402 53.0 ..
2.75 0.8 7.4 -2.1 98,429 63.9 65.5
1.59 -0.6 1.4 -0.1 104,855 64.3 ..
3.39 -0.7 0.7 -1.0 26,202 31.8 ..
2.89 -0.3 2.2 -2.0 39,794 25.2 ..

4.57 -0.9 1.4 -2.4 29,130 17.8 ..

6.89 -0.5 6.9 3.1 48,853 50.1 ..

0.33 2.4 10.5 4.1 738,749 83.4 80.6

0.74 0.0 3.4 0.4 1,280,856 50.7 ..

y donor countries.

t stock in the State of Palestine.

xpressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). It is a basic indicator of openness to foreign trade and economic in
t of earnings, other long-term capital and short-term capital, expressed as a percentage of GDP.
, expressed as a percentage of GDP.
ade on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies to promote economic
sistance Committee list of aid recipients, expressed as a percentage of the recipient country’s gross national income (GNI).
national migrants or refugees to recipients in their country of origin or countries in which the migrant formerly resided.
ts and out-migrants from a country to the average population, expressed per 1,000 people.
ssed as a percentage of the country's population. The definition of immigrant varies across countries but generally includes
zenship)
ad (inboundor a combination
students) of the
studying in two.
a given country minus the number of students at the same level of education from that
total tertiary enrolment in the country.
sitors, tourists, same-day visitors and excursionists) at national borders.

e service, expressed per 100 people.

 SDG 9.c
Communication

Mobile phone subscriptions

(per 100
(% change)
people)

2017-2018 d
2010–2018

107.2 -7.4
129.6 6.1
103.2 -0.1
129.3 20.0
259.4 61.4
113.6 12.0
126.1 19.7
125.1 8.1
145.7 1.8
120.6 5.7
125.1 9.5
132.2 -24.2
89.2 13.6
134.9 27.2
117.5 -3.4
123.7 31.4
103.4 -7.7
124.6 26.0
139.2 43.3
123.5 -22.0
132.2 -11.0
127.7 3.6
129.7 27.2
118.7 14.8
115.9 6.4
119.2 -3.6
108.4 16.5
140.2 30.2
137.5 -20.4
145.4 21.4
100.9 -24.0
115.7 2.8
134.7 12.3
164.3 7.7
208.5 80.7
107.3 29.7
122.6 -65.5
132.8 23.2
107.3 -1.5
115.6 0.4
141.9 24.1
134.4 18.1
131.9 20.0
103.4 -17.6
133.3 7.1
105.6 -8.3
133.4 -18.1
132.1 -7.5
157.4 -8.2
122.9 13.2
142.0 22.6
118.1 -19.3
180.7 -6.7
116.2 -2.7
134.4 l
53.6
122.6 -1.5
178.6 45.6
149.9 17.8
97.3 11.9
99.0 -21.7
134.5 14.5
184.3 55.5

97.6 -12.6
140.1 -2.6
108.5 35.2
151.4 55.9
130.1 -52.4
169.9 101.6
94.2 2.8
133.4 36.3
115.1 29.4
47.4 38.5
147.7 -15.5
192.8 2.0
104.1 20.2
93.0 12.9
180.2 73.4
102.1 -12.7
98.8 -1.8
129.9 31.6
121.3 -13.1
121.9 30.8
98.5 -5.5
123.8 23.5
115.0 52.2
92.3 -6.1
103.9 3.2
122.6 4.8
84.1 -7.6
101.7 -12.2
127.7 23.2
133.2 40.9
64.5 6.7
150.0 31.1
96.1 -25.7
101.0 -12.2
71.8 -26.3
105.8 -43.2
117.8 36.7
107.0 12.2
139.5 41.0
87.6 -3.5
85.5 25.3
166.4 31.2
105.8 53.6
110.1 21.6
88.0 25.6
162.9 100.0
75.9 2.5
91.5 -84.4
119.8 32.5
63.6 15.2
153.2 54.9
100.8 29.4
138.3 39.2
95.3 9.9
27.6 27.6
147.2 20.4
89.5 25.3
94.9 16.7
124.2 25.3
122.6 25.3
83.0 8.2
146.9 22.4
111.5 32.6
112.2 36.8
118.7 -4.8
115.1 47.1
86.9 26.0
112.7 20.7
103.2 60.0
79.2 -35.1
46.6 36.3
93.3 35.7
97.3 51.3
.. ..
77.1 20.1
98.9 11.9
93.5 25.4
51.9 -12.2
79.9 7.9
137.5 67.1
89.2 49.1
45.2 2.9
113.8 112.7
119.5 62.5
96.3 36.9
139.4 105.4
43.1 2.9
69.1 26.6
89.4 28.8
72.6 17.3
73.8 52.0

98.4 43.6
47.6 21.5
59.9 36.0
78.9 43.5
88.2 33.1
77.2 29.9
57.3 17.7
103.7 24.3
40.6 4.1
82.4 5.5
113.8 64.3
134.9 58.9
104.5 38.6
77.9 37.4
72.0 19.6
57.5 17.3
59.1 24.1
41.2 21.5
39.0 17.6
37.2 29.4
139.5 57.1
96.1 56.9
56.6 16.2
55.2 7.3
79.0 34.5
43.4 25.1
47.7 17.0
88.5 57.3
97.9 61.3
20.4 14.5
115.1 65.6
56.5 37.2
33.5 17.7
45.1 21.1
27.7 5.4
40.6 18.4

15.0 13.2
84.5 18.8
94.6 32.6
112.9 14.9
48.8 43.4
70.4 55.2

127.8 11.7
113.6 19.6
91.9 33.9
67.5 36.5

99.2 25.4
 100.3 16.5
117.6 39.4
107.3 17.7
103.6 6.8
87.7 43.0
76.9 38.7

70.9 42.1
80.5 18.6

119.3 7.5

104.0 21.1

ign trade and economic integration and indicates the dependence of domestic producers on foreign demand (exports) and of d
 economic
ational income (GNI).
ormerly resided.

but generally includes

education from that
Table 15. Status of fundamental human rights treaties

ICESCR:
ICERD: International ICCPR:
International
Convention on the International
Covenant on
Elimination of All Covenant on Civil
Economic, Social
Forms of Racial and Political
and Cultural
Discrimination, 1965 Rights, 1966
Rights, 1966

Entry into force: Entry into force: Entry into force:

4 January 1969 23 March 1969 3 January 1976

Country Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification

Afghanistan 1983 1983 1983
Albania 1994 1991 1991
Algeria 1972 1989 1989
Andorra 2006 2006
Angola 1992 1992
Antigua and Barbuda 1988
Argentina 1968 1986 1986
Armenia 1993 1993 1993
Australia 1975 1980 1975
Austria 1972 1978 1978
Azerbaijan 1996 1992 1992
Bahamas 1975 2008 2008
Bahrain 1990 2006 2007
Bangladesh 1979 2000 1998
Barbados 1972 1973 1973
Belarus 1969 1973 1973
Belgium 1975 1983 1983
Belize 2001 1996 2015
Benin 2001 1992 1992
Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1970 1982 1982
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1993 1993 1993
Botswana 1974 2000
Brazil 1968 1992 1992
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria 1966 1970 1970
Burkina Faso 1974 1999 1999
Burundi 1977 1990 1990
Cabo Verde 1979 1993 1993
Cambodia 1983 1992 1992
Cameroon 1971 1984 1984
Canada 1970 1976 1976
Central African Republic 1971 1981 1981
Chad 1977 1995 1995
Chile 1971 1972 1972
China 1981 2001
Colombia 1981 1969 1969
Comoros 2004
Congo 1988 1983 1983
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 1976 1976 1976
Costa Rica 1967 1968 1968
Côte d'Ivoire 1973 1992 1992
Croatia 1992 1992 1992
Cuba 1972
Cyprus 1967 1969 1969
Czech Republic 1993 1993 1993
Denmark 1971 1972 1972
Djibouti 2011 2002 2002
Dominica 2019 1993 1993
Dominican Republic 1983 1978 1978
Ecuador 1966 1969 1969
Egypt 1967 1982 1982
El Salvador 1979 1979 1979
Equatorial Guinea 2002 1987 1987
Eritrea 2001 2002 2001
Estonia 1991 1991 1991
Eswatini 1969 2004 2004
Ethiopia 1976 1993 1993
Fiji 1973 2018 2018
Finland 1970 1975 1975
France 1971 1980 1980
Gabon 1980 1983 1983
Gambia 1978 1979 1978
Georgia 1999 1994 1994
Germany 1969 1973 1973
Ghana 1966 2000 2000
Greece 1970 1997 1985
Grenada 2013 1991 1991
Guatemala 1983 1992 1988
Guinea 1977 1978 1978
Guinea-Bissau 2010 2010 1992
Guyana 1977 1977 1977
Haiti 1972 1991 2013
Holy See 1969
Honduras 2002 1997 1981
Hungary 1967 1974 1974
Iceland 1967 1979 1979
India 1968 1979 1979
Indonesia 1999 2006 2006
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1968 1975 1975
Iraq 1970 1971 1971
Ireland 2000 1989 1989
Israel 1979 1991 1991
Italy 1976 1978 1978
Jamaica 1971 1975 1975
Japan 1995 1979 1979
Jordan 1974 1975 1975
Kazakhstan 1998 2006 2006
Kenya 2001 1972 1972
Kiribati
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 1981 1981
Korea (Republic of) 1978 1990 1990
Kuwait 1968 1996 1996
Kyrgyzstan 1997 1994 1994
Lao People's Democratic Republic 1974 2009 2007
Latvia 1992 1992 1992
Lebanon 1971 1972 1972
Lesotho 1971 1992 1992
Liberia 1976 2004 2004
Libya 1968 1970 1970
Liechtenstein 2000 1998 1998
Lithuania 1998 1991 1991
Luxembourg 1978 1983 1983
Madagascar 1969 1971 1971
Malawi 1996 1993 1993
Malaysia
Maldives 1984 2006 2006
Mali 1974 1974 1974
Malta 1971 1990 1990
Marshall Islands 2019 2018 2018
Mauritania 1988 2004 2004
Mauritius 1972 1973 1973
Mexico 1975 1981 1981
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Moldova (Republic of) 1993 1993 1993
Monaco 1995 1997 1997
Mongolia 1969 1974 1974
Montenegro 2006 2006 2006
Morocco 1970 1979 1979
Mozambique 1983 1993
Myanmar 2017
Namibia 1982 1994 1994
Nauru
Nepal 1971 1991 1991
Netherlands 1971 1978 1978
New Zealand 1972 1978 1978
Nicaragua 1978 1980 1980
Niger 1967 1986 1986
Nigeria 1967 1993 1993
North Macedonia 1994 1994 1994
Norway 1970 1972 1972
Oman 2003
Pakistan 1966 2010 2008
Palau
Palestine, State of 2014 2014 2014
Panama 1967 1977 1977
Papua New Guinea 1982 2008 2008
Paraguay 2003 1992 1992
Peru 1971 1978 1978
Philippines 1967 1986 1974
Poland 1968 1977 1977
Portugal 1982 1978 1978
Qatar 1976 2018 2018
Romania 1970 1974 1974
Russian Federation 1969 1973 1973
Rwanda 1975 1975 1975
Saint Kitts and Nevis 2006
Saint Lucia 1990
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1981 1981 1981
Samoa 2008
San Marino 2002 1985 1985
Sao Tome and Principe 2017 2017 2017
Saudi Arabia 1997
Senegal 1972 1978 1978
Serbia 2001 2001 2001
Seychelles 1978 1992 1992
Sierra Leone 1967 1996 1996
Singapore 2017
Slovakia 1993 1993 1993
Slovenia 1992 1992 1992
Solomon Islands 1982 1982
Somalia 1975 1990 1990
South Africa 1998 1998 2015
South Sudan
Spain 1968 1977 1977
Sri Lanka 1982 1980 1980
Sudan 1977 1986 1986
Suriname 1984 1976 1976
Sweden 1971 1971 1971
Switzerland 1994 1992 1992
Syrian Arab Republic 1969 1969 1969
Tajikistan 1995 1999 1999
Tanzania (United Republic of) 1972 1976 1976
Thailand 2003 1996 1999
Timor-Leste 2003 2003 2003
Togo 1972 1984 1984
Tonga 1972
Trinidad and Tobago 1973 1978 1978
Tunisia 1967 1969 1969
Turkey 2002 2003 2003
Turkmenistan 1994 1997 1997
Tuvalu
Uganda 1980 1995 1987
Ukraine 1969 1973 1973
United Arab Emirates 1974
United Kingdom 1969 1976 1976
United States 1994 1992
Uruguay 1968 1970 1970
Uzbekistan 1995 1995 1995
Vanuatu 2008
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1967 1978 1978
Viet Nam 1982 1982 1982
Yemen 1972 1987 1987
Zambia 1972 1984 1984
Zimbabwe 1991 1991 1991

DEFINITIONS
ICERD: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965: Prohibits all
effect of nullifying or impairing the equal recognition, enjoyment or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedo
including the propagation of racist ideas advocated by groups and organizations.
ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966: Says that all individuals possess civil and po
assembly, the right to equality between men and women, the right to equality before the law and the right to effective
treatment, may not be suspended or derogated even in a state of emergency. The ICCPR, its optional protocols, the
ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966: Establishes economic, social
physical and mental health, to education, to participate in cultural life, and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress
CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979: Is the first glob
principle of gender equality in their national constitutions or other appropriate legislation and to ensure the practical r
impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a bas

CAT: Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984: D
educate their law enforcement and other personnel about the prohibition of torture, to impartially investigate allegatio
state of war or a state of emergency, can justify an act of torture—the ban is absolute. States commit to not extradite
accused of having committed torture.
CRC: Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989: Defines a child as a person under the age of 18, unless natio
discrimination between children; the best interest of the child; the right to life, survival and development of the child;
ICMW: International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of The
standards apply to the entire migration process, from preparation for migration, departure and transit to the total per

CRC-AC: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in ar
ban compulsory recruitment below the age of 18, to ensure any voluntary member of the armed forces under the ag
CRC-SC: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in ar
end the exploitation and abuse of children. It requires ratifying states to provide legal and other support to child victim
child for these activities.
ICPED: International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 2006: Proh
whereabouts or fate of the person, and establishes minimum legal standards on its prevention, combating impunity,
CRPD: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006: Guarantees the full and equal enjoyment o
between an individual’s condition and an inaccessible society. The barriers that can make society inaccessible are m
from viewing disability as a sickness inherent in the individual requiring either a medical intervention (medical approa

MAIN DATA SOURCE

Columns 1–11: UNOHCHR (2019).
 ICMW:
CAT: Convention International
CEDAW: Convention against Torture and Convention on the
on the Elimination of Other Cruel, CRC: Convention on Protection of the
All Forms of Inhuman or the Rights of the Rights of All
Discrimination against Degrading Child, 1989 Migrant Workers
Women, 1979 Treatment or and Members of
Punishment, 1984 Their Families,
1990

Entry into force: 3 Entry into force: Entry into force: Entry into force: 1
September 1981 26 June 1987 2 September 1990 July 2003

ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratificatio
2003 1987 1994
1994 1994 1992 2007
1996 1989 1993 2005
1997 2006 1996
1986 1990
1989 1993 1993
1985 1986 1990 2007
1993 1993 1993
1983 1989 1990
1982 1987 1992
1995 1996 1992 1999
1993 2018 1991
2002 1998 1992
1984 1998 1990 2011
1980 1990
1981 1987 1990
1985 1999 1991
1990 1986 1990 2001
1992 1992 1990 2018
1981 1990
1990 1999 1990 2000
1993 1993 1993 1996
1996 2000 1995
1984 1989 1990
2006 1995
1982 1986 1991
1987 1999 1990 2003
1992 1993 1990
1980 1992 1992 1997
1992 1992 1992
1994 1986 1993
1981 1987 1991
1991 2016 1992
1995 1995 1990
1989 1988 1990 2005
1980 1988 1992
1982 1987 1991 1995
1994 2017 1993
1982 2003 1993 2017
1986 1996 1990
1986 1993 1990
1995 1995 1991
1992 1992 1992
1980 1995 1991
1985 1991 1991
1993 1993 1993
1983 1987 1991
1998 2002 1990
1980 1991
1982 2012 1991
1981 1988 1990 2002
1981 1986 1990 1993
1981 1996 1990 2003
1984 2002 1992
1995 2014 1994
1991 1991 1991
2004 2004 1995
1981 1994 1991
1995 2016 1993
1986 1989 1991
1983 1986 1990
1983 2000 1994
1993 2018 1990 2018
1994 1994 1994
1985 1990 1992
1986 2000 1990 2000
1983 1988 1993
1990 1990
1982 1990 1990 2003
1982 1989 1990 2000
1985 2013 1990 2018
1980 1988 1991 2010
1981 1995
2002 1990
1983 1996 1990 2005
1980 1987 1991
1985 1996 1992
1993 1992
1984 1998 1990 2012
1994
1986 2011 1994
1985 2002 1992
1991 1991 1991
1985 1989 1991
1984 1991 2008
1985 1999 1994
1992 1991 1991
1998 1998 1994
1984 1997 1990
2004 1995
2001 1990
1984 1995 1991
1994 1996 1991
1997 1997 1994 2003
1981 2012 1991
1992 1992 1992
1997 2000 1991
1995 2001 1992 2005
1984 2004 1993
1989 1989 1993 2004
1995 1990 1995
1994 1996 1992
1989 1987 1994
1989 2005 1991 2015
1987 1996 1991
1995 1995
1993 2004 1991
1985 1999 1990 2003
1991 1990 1990
2006 2018 1993
2001 2004 1991 2007
1984 1992 1990
1981 1986 1990 1999
2004 1993
1994 1995 1993
2005 1991 1993
1981 2002 1990
2006 2006 2006
1993 1993 1993 1993
1997 1999 1994 2013
1997 1991
1992 1994 1990
2011 2012 1994
1991 1991 1990
1991 1988 1995
1985 1989 1993
1981 2005 1990 2005
1999 1998 1990 2009
1985 2001 1991 2009
1994 1994 1993
1981 1986 1991
2006 1996
1996 2010 1990
1995
2014 2014 2014
1981 1987 1990
1995 1993
1987 1990 1990 2008
1982 1988 1990 2005
1981 1986 1990 1995
1980 1989 1991
1980 1989 1990
2009 2000 1995
1982 1990 1990
1981 1987 1990
1981 2008 1991 2008
1985 1990
1982 1993
1981 2001 1993 2010
1992 2019 1994
2003 2006 1991
2003 2017 1991 2017
2000 1997 1996
1985 1986 1990 1999
2001 2001 2001
1992 1992 1990 1994
1988 2001 1990
1995 1995
1993 1993 1993
1992 1993 1992
2002 1995
1990 2015
1995 1998 1995
2015 2015 2015
1984 1987 1990
1981 1994 1991 1996
1990
1993 1993
1980 1986 1990
1997 1986 1997
2003 2004 1993 2005
1993 1995 1993 2002
1985 1991
1985 2007 1992
 2003 2003 2003 2004
1983 1987 1990
1995
1990 1991
1985 1988 1992
1985 1988 1995 2004
1997 1999 1993
1999 1995
1985 1986 1990 1995
1981 1987 1991
2004 2012 1997
1986 1988 1991
1994
1981 1986 1990 2001
1995 1995 1994
1995 2011 1993
1983 1991 1990 2016
1982 2015 1990
1984 1991 1991
1985 1998 1991
1991 1990

tion, 1965: Prohibits all forms of racial discrimination—defined as any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on
and fundamental freedoms and sets out the obligations of the state to combat this phenomenon. The Convention also requires

als possess civil and political rights, starting with the right to self-determination and including the right to life, the right to liberty
and the right to effective legal recourse. Some of these rights, such as the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of one’s life, freed
ts optional protocols, the ICESCR and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights together form the International Bill of Human
blishes economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to work in just and favourable conditions, to social protection, to a
fits of scientific progress. The ICESCR is part of the International Bill of Human Rights.
n, 1979: Is the first global and comprehensive legally binding international treaty aimed at the elimination of all forms of sex-ba
to ensure the practical realisation of that principle. Discrimination against women is defined as any distinction, exclusion or res
marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic,

or Punishment, 1984: Defines and outlaws torture and other forms of ill-treatment under all circumstances, requires states to c
tially investigate allegations of torture and to offer fair and adequate compensation to any victim. The Convention clearly states
s commit to not extradite, deport or refoule a person if they are at risk of being tortured in the territory to which they would retur

e age of 18, unless national law sets a lower age of majority, and sets standards for health, education, legal, civil, and social ser
evelopment of the child; and respect for the views of the child.
s and Members of Their Families, 1990: Establishes minimum standards that states should apply to migrant workers and me
nd transit to the total period of stay and remunerated activity in the state of employment and the return to the state of origin or o

ement of children in armed conflict, 2000: Requires states to take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their arm
med forces under the age of 18 does not take direct part in hostilities and to take legal measures to prohibit independent armed
ement of children in armed conflict, 2000: Prohibits the sale of children for sexual and non-sexual purposes, child prostitutio
her support to child victims and to criminalise and punish the activities related to these offences not only for those offering or de

ppearance, 2006: Prohibits enforced disappearance, defined as the abduction or deprivation of liberty of a person by state aut
on, combating impunity, effective law enforcement and upholding the rights of victims. The convention also enshrines the right o
l and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms to persons with disabilities and promotes respect for their
ociety inaccessible are manifold and the Convention identifies these barriers as discriminatory and requires their removal. In ad
rvention (medical approach) to fix the person, or a charitable intervention (charity approach) based on voluntary assistance rath
 CRC-SC: Optional
CRC-AC: Optional Protocol to the
ICPED: International
Protocol to the Convention on the
Convention for the
Convention on the Rights of the Child CRPD: Convention
Protection of All
Rights of the Child on the sale of on the Rights of
Persons from
on the involvement children, child Persons with
Enforced
of children in prostitution and Disabilities, 2006
Disappearance,
armed conflict, child,
2006
2000 pornography,
2000

Entry into force: 12 Entry into force: Entry into force: Entry into force: 3
February 2002 18 January 2002 23 December 2010 May 2008

Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification Year of ratification

2003 2002 2012
2008 2008 2007 2013
2009 2006 2009
2001 2001 2014
2007 2005 2014
2002 2016
2002 2003 2007 2008
2005 2005 2011 2010
2006 2007 2008
2002 2004 2012 2008
2002 2002 2009
2015 2015 2015
2004 2004 2011
2000 2000 2007
2013
2006 2002 2016
2002 2006 2011 2009
2003 2003 2015 2011
2005 2005 2017 2012
2009 2009
2004 2003 2008 2009
2003 2002 2012 2010
2004 2003
2004 2004 2010 2008
2016 2006 2016
2002 2002 2012
2007 2006 2009 2009
2008 2007 2014
2002 2002 2011
2004 2002 2013 2012
2013
2000 2005 2010
2017 2012 2016 2016
2002 2002 2019
2003 2003 2009 2008
2008 2002 2008
2005 2003 2012 2011
2007 2016
2010 2009 2014
2001 2001 2015
2003 2002 2012 2008
2012 2011 2014
2002 2002 2007
2007 2001 2009 2007
2010 2006 2011
2001 2013 2017 2009
2002 2003 2009
2011 2011 2012
2002 2002 2019 2012
2014 2006 2009
2004 2004 2009 2008
2007 2002 2008
2002 2004 2007
2003
2005 2005
2014 2004 2012
2012 2012 2012
2014 2014 2010
2017
2002 2012 2016
2003 2003 2008 2010
2010 2007 2011 2007
2010 2018 2015
2010 2005 2014
2004 2009 2009 2009
2014 2012
2003 2008 2015 2012
2012 2012 2014
2002 2002 2009
2016 2011 2008
2014 2010 2014
2010 2010 2014
2014 2009
2001 2001
2002 2002 2008 2008
2010 2010 2007
2001 2001 2016
2005 2005 2007
2012 2012 2011
2007 2009
2008 2008 2010 2013
2002 2018
2005 2008 2012
2002 2002 2015 2009
2002 2011 2007
2004 2005 2009 2014
2007 2006 2008
2003 2001 2009 2015
2002 2008
2015 2015 2013
2014 2016
2004 2004 2008
2004 2004 2013
2003 2003 2019
2006 2006 2009
2005 2006 2010
2004
2003 2003 2013 2008
2012
2004 2004 2018
2005 2013
2003 2004 2013 2010
2004 2011 2011
2004 2004 2015
2010 2009 2017 2009
2012 2012 2010
2004 2002 2010
2002 2002 2009 2008
2002 2010 2015 2012
2019 2015
2007 2012 2012
2009 2011 2010
2002 2002 2008 2007
2015 2012 2016
2004 2007 2010
2001 2008 2017
2004 2003 2015 2009
2007 2006 2011 2009
2002 2001 2013 2009
2004 2003 2012
2012 2011
2002 2002 2007
2012
2007 2006 2010
2009 2005 2011 2016
2001 2011 2008
2005 2004 2007
2012 2004 2015 2008
2012 2010 2009 2010
2004 2003 2011
2003 2001 2013
2004 2004 2009
2016 2011 2011
2013
2014 2017 2014
2001 2001 2011 2007
2013
2002 2003 2010 2008
2002 2002 2012 2008
2003 2002 2008
2005 2005 2012
2003 2003 2014 2009
2002 2001 2008
2001 2001 2011
2008 2013 2012
2002 2002 2008

2014 2013
2011 2005 2010
2016 2016 2012 2016
2011 2011 2008
2015
2011 2010 2008
2004 2003 2008 2010
2003 2002 2011 2009
2010 2012 2017 2009
2002 2001 2010
2008 2013
2006 2004 2014 2010
2004 2004 2008

2009 2003 2007

2018 2018
2002 2001 2009 2007
2000 2006 2016 2016
2005 2004 2009
2012 2017
2003 2007 2008
2002 2006 2016 2014
2003 2003 2009
2002 2002
2004 2003 2009
2006 2006 2008
 2004 2003
2005 2004 2014 2011

2015
2003 2002 2011 2008
2004 2002 2009
2005 2005 2008
2013
2002 2001 2008
2005 2003 2015 2010
2016 2010
2003 2009 2009
2002 2002
2003 2003 2009 2009
2008 2008
2007 2007 2008
2003 2002 2013
2001 2001 2015
2007 2004 2009
2011 2010
2013 2012 2013

ction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or
The Convention also requires a state to take appropriate measures against racial discrimination,

ght to life, the right to liberty and freedom of movement, the freedom of religion, of speech and of
y deprived of one’s life, freedom from torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading
e International Bill of Human Rights.
ions, to social protection, to an adequate standard of living, to the highest attainable standards of

ination of all forms of sex-based discrimination against women. It requires states to incorporate the
y distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of
ms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.

mstances, requires states to criminalize it under domestic law, to prevent its occurrence, to properly
he Convention clearly states that no circumstances of any kind, including orders from a superior, a
ory to which they would return, and to the universal obligation to prosecute or extradite any individual

on, legal, civil, and social services for children in accordance with four general principles: non-

y to migrant workers and members of their families, regardless of their migratory status. Such
urn to the state of origin or of habitual residence.

ure that members of their armed forces under the age of 18 do not take a direct part in hostilities, to
o prohibit independent armed groups from recruiting and using children under the age of 18 in conflicts.
ual purposes, child prostitution and child pornography and provides states with detailed requirements to
t only for those offering or delivering children for any of the purposes, but also for anyone accepting the

berty of a person by state authorities, followed by the denial of those authorities to disclose the
tion also enshrines the right of victims to the truth and to reparations.
nd promotes respect for their inherent dignity. It considers disability as the result of an interaction
requires their removal. In adopting a rights-based approach to disability, the Convention moves away
on voluntary assistance rather than individual right.
 Dashboard 1. Quality of human development

Country groupings (terciles)

Top third Middle third Bottom third
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by indicator. For each indicator coun

Quality of health

Lost health
Physicians Hospital beds
expectancy

HDI rank Country (%) (per 10,000 people)

2017 2010-2018 d 2010-2015

Very high human development
1 Norway 14.7 46.3 39
2 Switzerland 14.3 42.4 47
3 Ireland 13.9 30.9 28
4 Germany 13.8 42.1 83
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. .. ..
6 Australia 14.6 35.9 38
6 Iceland 13.8 39.7 32
8 Sweden 14.1 54.0 26
9 Singapore 12.5 23.1 24
10 Netherlands 13.9 35.1 47
11 Denmark 13.9 44.6 25
12 Finland 14.3 38.1 44
13 Canada 14.0 26.1 27
14 New Zealand 15.3 30.3 28
15 United Kingdom 14.4 28.1 28
15 United States 15.3 25.9 29
17 Belgium 14.5 33.2 62
18 Liechtenstein .. .. ..
19 Japan 13.2 24.1 134
20 Austria 13.9 51.4 76
21 Luxembourg 14.7 30.3 48
22 Israel 14.0 32.2 31
22 Korea (Republic of) 13.2 23.7 115
24 Slovenia 15.3 30.0 46
25 Spain 13.2 40.7 30
26 Czechia 14.9 43.1 65
26 France 13.4 32.3 65
28 Malta 13.8 38.3 47
29 Italy 13.6 40.9 34
30 Estonia 14.2 34.7 50
31 Cyprus 13.5 19.5 34
32 Greece 13.7 45.9 43
32 Poland 14.4 24.0 65
34 Lithuania 14.3 43.4 73
35 United Arab Emirates 13.9 23.9 12
36 Andorra 13.9 33.3 25
36 Saudi Arabia 13.7 23.9 27
36 Slovakia 14.3 24.6 58
39 Latvia 14.1 31.9 58
40 Portugal 13.9 33.4 34
41 Qatar 14.7 0.0 12
42 Chile 13.8 10.8 22
43 Brunei Darussalam 12.1 17.7 27
43 Hungary 14.3 32.3 70
45 Bahrain 14.7 9.3 20
46 Croatia 14.1 30.0 56
47 Oman 14.7 19.7 16
48 Argentina 12.8 39.6 50
49 Russian Federation 13.7 40.1 82
50 Belarus 13.6 40.8 110
50 Kazakhstan 12.9 32.5 67
52 Bulgaria 13.4 39.9 68
52 Montenegro 13.7 23.3 40
52 Romania 14.0 22.6 63
55 Palau .. 11.8 48
56 Barbados 11.9 24.9 58
57 Kuwait 14.9 25.8 20
57 Uruguay 12.7 50.5 28
59 Turkey 13.9 17.6 27
60 Bahamas 11.7 19.4 29
61 Malaysia 11.6 15.1 19
62 Seychelles 11.7 9.5 36
High human development
63 Serbia 13.7 31.3 57
63 Trinidad and Tobago 12.4 26.7 30
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 15.1 11.4 15
66 Mauritius 13.4 20.2 34
67 Panama 12.5 15.7 23
68 Costa Rica 12.2 11.5 12
69 Albania 13.7 12.0 29
70 Georgia 12.4 51.0 26
71 Sri Lanka 12.3 9.6 36
 72 Cuba 11.9 81.9 52
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. 25.2 23
74 Antigua and Barbuda 12.6 27.6 38
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.3 20.0 35
76 Mexico 12.3 22.5 15
77 Thailand 12.3 8.1 21
78 Grenada 12.0 14.5 37
79 Brazil 13.4 21.5 22
79 Colombia 12.1 20.8 15
81 Armenia 13.0 29.0 42
82 Algeria 14.4 18.3 19
82 North Macedonia 13.7 28.7 44
82 Peru 12.5 12.7 16
85 China 11.7 17.9 42
85 Ecuador 12.4 20.5 15
87 Azerbaijan 12.4 34.5 47
88 Ukraine 13.5 30.1 88
89 Dominican Republic 12.2 15.6 16
89 Saint Lucia 12.2 1.1 e
13
91 Tunisia 14.0 12.7 23
92 Mongolia 12.5 28.9 70
93 Lebanon 15.0 22.7 29
94 Botswana 14.8 3.7 18
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12.2 6.6 26
96 Jamaica 12.1 13.2 17
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 12.1 .. 8
98 Dominica 12.0 10.8 38
98 Fiji 13.2 8.4 23
98 Paraguay 13.3 13.7 13
98 Suriname 12.4 12.3 31
102 Jordan 14.6 23.4 14
103 Belize 12.5 11.3 13
104 Maldives 12.7 10.4 43
105 Tonga 13.2 5.2 26
106 Philippines 12.5 12.8 10
107 Moldova (Republic of) 13.6 32.0 58
108 Turkmenistan 12.0 22.2 74
108 Uzbekistan 12.4 23.7 40
110 Libya 14.8 21.6 37
111 Indonesia 12.3 3.8 12
111 Samoa 13.2 3.4 ..
113 South Africa 13.9 9.1 ..
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 12.5 16.1 11
115 Gabon 14.2 3.6 63
116 Egypt 13.9 7.9 16
 Medium human development
117 Marshall Islands 12.6 4.6 27
118 Viet Nam 11.7 8.2 26
119 Palestine, State of 15.2 .. ..
120 Iraq 16.0 8.2 14
121 Morocco 14.6 7.3 11
122 Kyrgyzstan 12.8 18.8 45
123 Guyana 12.7 8.0 16
124 El Salvador 12.2 15.7 13
125 Tajikistan 12.8 17.0 48
126 Cabo Verde 13.1 7.7 21
126 Guatemala 12.3 3.6 6
126 Nicaragua 12.7 10.1 9
129 India 13.9 7.8 7
130 Namibia 14.1 3.7 e
27
131 Timor-Leste 13.6 7.2 59
132 Honduras 12.3 3.1 7
132 Kiribati 13.5 2.0 19
134 Bhutan 13.4 3.7 17
135 Bangladesh 13.7 5.3 8
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 13.4 1.9 e
32
137 Sao Tome and Principe 12.9 3.2 29
138 Congo 13.7 1.2 ..
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 14.2 0.8 21
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 12.0 5.0 15
141 Vanuatu 13.0 1.7 17
142 Ghana 13.0 1.8 9
143 Zambia 12.8 0.9 20
144 Equatorial Guinea 13.9 4.0 21
145 Myanmar 12.6 8.6 9
146 Cambodia 13.2 1.7 8
147 Kenya 12.6 2.0 14
147 Nepal 13.8 6.5 3
149 Angola 14.3 2.1 ..
150 Cameroon 13.4 0.9 13
150 Zimbabwe 13.2 0.8 17
152 Pakistan 13.2 9.8 6
153 Solomon Islands 12.9 2.0 14
Low human development
154 Syrian Arab Republic 14.3 12.2 15
155 Papua New Guinea 13.2 0.5 ..
156 Comoros 12.5 1.7 22
157 Rwanda 12.9 1.3 16
158 Nigeria 14.3 3.8 ..
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 12.7 0.4 7
159 Uganda 13.2 0.9 5
161 Mauritania 13.6 1.8 ..
162 Madagascar 12.8 1.8 2
163 Benin 13.6 1.6 5
164 Lesotho 13.9 0.7 ..
165 Côte d'Ivoire 13.3 2.3 ..
166 Senegal 13.5 0.7 3
167 Togo 13.2 0.5 7
168 Sudan 14.7 4.1 8
169 Haiti 13.3 2.3 7
170 Afghanistan 16.4 2.8 5
171 Djibouti 11.9 2.2 14
172 Malawi 13.0 0.2 13
173 Ethiopia 13.0 1.0 3
174 Gambia 13.7 1.1 11
174 Guinea 13.0 0.8 3
176 Liberia 15.7 0.4 8
177 Yemen 16.6 3.1 7
178 Guinea-Bissau 13.3 2.0 10
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 14.4 0.9 ..
180 Mozambique 13.2 0.7 7
181 Sierra Leone 13.7 0.3 ..
182 Burkina Faso 13.5 0.6 4
182 Eritrea 13.1 .. 7
184 Mali 14.2 1.4 1
185 Burundi 12.5 0.5 8
186 South Sudan 14.5 .. ..
187 Chad 14.2 0.5 ..
188 Central African Republic 13.5 0.6 10
189 Niger 13.0 0.5 3
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 11.8 36.7 132
Monaco .. 65.6 138
Nauru .. 12.4 50
San Marino .. 61.5 38
Somalia 12.5 0.2 9
Tuvalu .. 9.2 ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 14.0 30.4 55
High human development 12.3 16.5 32
Medium human development 13.6 7.3 9
Low human development 13.9 2.1 ..

Developing countries 13.0 11.5 21

Regions
Arab States 14.5 11.1 15
East Asia and the Pacific 11.9 14.8 35
Europe and Central Asia 13.4 24.9 51
Latin America and the Caribbean 12.7 21.6 20
South Asia 13.9 7.8 8
Sub-Saharan Africa 13.6 2.1 ..

Least developed countries 13.6 2.5 7

SIDS 12.6 22.2 25

Organisation for Economic Co-op 14.0 28.9 50

World 13.2 14.9 28

Notes
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries and aggregates by indicator. For eac
a. Estimates modelled by the International Labour Organization.
b. Average score for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries is 490.
c. Average score for OECD countries is 493.
d. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
e. Refers to a year from 2007 to 2009.
f. Refers to 2015.
g. Refers to the adjudicated region of Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
h. Refers to 2016.
i. Refers to 2013.
j. Refers to the provinces of Beijing, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shanghai.

Definitions
Lost health expectancy: Relative difference between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, expres
Physicians: Number of medical doctors (physicians), both generalists and specialists, expressed per 10,
Hospital beds: Number of hospital beds available, expressed per 10,000 people.
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary school: Average number of pupils per teacher in primary education.
Primary school teachers trained to teach: Percentage of primary school teachers who have received th
Schools with access to the Internet: Percentage of schools at the indicated level with access to the Inte
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) score: Score obtained in testing of skills an
Vulnerable employment: Percentage of employed people engaged as unpaid family workers and own-a
Rural population with access to electricity: People living in rural areas with access to electricity, expre
Population using at least basic drinking-water services: Percentage of the population using at least b
Population using at least basic sanitation services: Percentage of the population using at least basic

Main data sources

Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data on life expectancy at birth and healthy life expectancy at birt
Columns 2, 13 and 14: WHO (2019).
Columns 3 and 12: World Bank (2019a).
Columns 4-7: UNESCO (2019).
Columns 8-10: OECD (2017).
Column 11: ILO (2019).
or each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third an

SDG4.c SDG4.a SDG

Quality of education
Schools with access to the
Internet
Pupil-teacher Primary school
ratio, primary teachers trained
Primary Secondary Programme for Internatio
school to teach
schools schools (PISA)

(pupils per
(%) Mathematics
teacher)
d 2013-2018 d 2010-2018 d 2010-2018 d 2010-2018 d 2015

9 .. 100 100 502

10 .. 100 100 521
.. .. .. .. 504
12 .. .. .. 506
14 97 99 95 548
.. .. 100 100 494
10 .. .. .. 488
12 .. .. .. 494
15 99 .. .. 564
e
12 .. 100 100 512
11 .. 100 100 511
13 .. 100 100 511
.. .. .. .. 516
15 .. .. .. 495
15 .. .. .. 492
14 .. 100 100 470
11 .. 100 100 507
8 .. .. .. ..
16 .. .. .. 532
10 .. .. .. 497
8 .. .. .. 486
12 .. 85 85 470
16 .. 100 100 524
14 .. 100 100 510
13 .. 100 100 486
19 .. .. .. 492
18 .. 98 99 493
 13 .. .. .. 479
11 .. 70 88 490
11 .. 100 100 520
12 .. .. .. 437
9 .. .. .. 454
11 .. 100 100 504
13 .. .. .. 478
25 100 .. .. 427
e
11 100 100 100 ..
12 100 100 100 ..
15 .. 100 100 475
11 .. 100 100 482
13 .. 100 100 492
12 49 e
100 100 402
18 .. .. .. 423
10 85 .. .. ..
11 .. 100 99 477
12 84 100 100 ..
14 .. .. .. 464
10 100 71 87 ..
.. .. 38 56 456
21 .. .. .. 494
19 100 100 100 ..
20 100 .. .. ..
18 .. .. .. 441
.. .. .. .. 418
19 .. .. .. 444
.. .. .. .. ..
14 80 .. .. ..
9 79 .. .. ..
11 100 100 100 418
18 .. .. .. 420
19 90 .. .. ..
12 99 100 100 ..
14 84 86 97 ..

14 56 .. .. ..
.. 88 e
.. .. 417
29 100 11 36 ..
18 100 35 94 ..
21 99 .. .. ..
12 94 22 51 400
18 .. .. .. 413
9 95 e
100 100 404
23 85 .. .. ..
 9 100 .. .. ..
14 72 100 100 ..
12 55 .. 91 ..
17 .. .. .. ..
27 97 39 53 408
16 100 99 97 415
16 64 100 100 ..
20 .. 32 69 377
24 95 39 70 390
.. .. .. .. ..
24 100 .. .. 360
14 .. .. .. 371
17 95 41 74 387
17 .. 93 98 531
25 82 37 69 ..
15 98 53 61 ..
13 87 48 94 ..
19 95 23 .. 328
15 89 99 100 ..
16 100 58 .. 367
30 100 71 83 ..
12 .. .. .. 396
23 99 .. 86 ..
14 84 100 100 ..
22 96 84 73 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
13 66 100 93 ..
20 90 .. .. ..
.. 92 5 22 ..
13 98 .. .. ..
21 100 67 91 380
20 73 .. .. ..
e
10 90 100 100 ..
22 92 .. .. ..
29 100 .. .. ..
18 99 85 87 420
.. .. .. .. ..
21 99 91 90 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
16 .. .. 51 386
.. .. 14 23 ..
30 .. .. .. ..
19 58 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
24 74 48 49 ..
 .. .. 26 .. ..
20 100 .. .. 495
25 100 57 72 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
28 100 79 89 ..
25 95 41 44 ..
.. 70 .. .. ..
28 95 36 40 ..
22 100 .. .. ..
21 93 10 100 ..
20 .. 9 44 ..
.. 75 .. .. ..
35 70 .. .. ..
e
.. 96 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
26 .. 16 .. ..
25 73 .. .. ..
35 100 46 .. ..
30 50 4 82 ..
e
20 .. .. .. ..
31 27 .. .. ..
.. 80 .. .. ..
27 70 16 69 ..
22 97 .. .. ..
e
27 .. .. .. ..
27 60 8 20 ..
42 99 6 .. ..
23 37 .. .. ..
23 98 0 5 ..
42 100 .. .. ..
31 97 e
.. .. ..
21 97 .. .. ..
50 47 3 17 ..
45 81 .. 23 ..
36 86 .. .. ..
45 82 .. .. ..
26 74 .. 14 ..

.. .. .. .. ..
36 .. .. .. ..
19 55 8 11 ..
e
58 93 25 33 ..
.. 66 .. .. ..
47 99 .. .. ..
 43 80 .. .. ..
36 85 .. .. ..
41 15 .. .. ..
44 68 .. .. ..
33 87 .. .. ..
42 100 .. .. ..
e
33 75 17 83 ..
40 73 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
44 .. .. .. ..
29 100 .. .. ..
70 91 .. .. ..
.. 85 e
.. .. ..
36 100 .. .. ..
47 75 .. .. ..
27 47 .. 5 ..
27 .. .. .. ..
e
.. 39 .. .. ..
33 95 .. .. ..
52 97 .. .. ..
39 54 0 3 ..
41 86 .. 3 ..
39 41 .. .. ..
38 52 .. .. ..
50 100 .. 1 ..
47 44 .. .. ..
57 65 .. .. ..
83 .. .. .. ..
36 66 .. .. ..

20 .. .. .. ..
10 .. 100 100 ..
40 100 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
17 77 .. .. ..

14 .. — — —
19 .. — — —
33 75 — — —
41 80 — — —

25 .. — — —
 21 .. — — —
18 .. — — —
18 .. — — —
21 .. — — —
35 72 — — —
39 80 — — —

37 76 — — —
18 94 — — —

15 .. — — —

23 .. — — —

es by indicator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the

ECD) countries is 490.

life expectancy, expressed as a percentage of life expectancy at birth.

sts, expressed per 10,000 people.

mary education.
s who have received the minimum organized teacher training (preservice or in-service) required for teaching at the primary leve
with access to the Internet for educational purposes.
d in testing of skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students in mathematics, reading and science.
ily workers and own-account workers.
ess to electricity, expressed as a percentage of the total rural population. It includes electricity sold commercially (both on grid a
ulation using at least basic drinking water services - that is, the population that drinks water from an improved source, provided
on using at least basic sanitation services - that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. This

y life expectancy at birth from IHME (2018).

hird, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Notes after the table

SDG4.1 SDG 7.1

Quality of standard of living

Rural
gramme for International Student Assessment Vulnerable a population with
(PISA) score employment access to
electricity
(% of total
b
Reading c
Science c
(%)
employment)
2015 2015 2018 2017

513 498 4.8 100

492 506 9.0 100
521 503 10.9 100
509 509 5.9 100
527 523 5.9 100
503 510 10.7 100
482 473 8.0 100
500 493 6.2 100
535 556 9.8 100
503 509 12.6 100
500 502 5.1 100
526 531 9.2 100
527 528 10.7 100
509 513 12.4 100
498 509 13.0 100
497 496 3.8 100
499 502 10.2 100
.. .. .. 100
516 538 8.4 100
485 495 7.7 100
481 483 6.3 100
479 467 8.3 100
517 516 23.5 100
505 513 10.6 100
496 493 11.3 100
487 493 14.0 100
499 495 7.4 100
 447 465 9.9 100
485 481 17.0 100
519 534 5.5 100
443 433 11.1 100
467 455 26.7 100
506 501 16.3 100
472 475 9.5 100
434 437 0.8 100
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 2.9 100
453 461 12.0 100
488 490 7.9 100
498 501 12.3 100
402 418 0.1 100
459 447 24.1 100
.. .. 6.0 100
470 477 5.7 100
.. .. 1.1 100
487 475 7.6 100
.. .. 2.6 100
g
475 g
475 g
21.5 100
495 487 5.3 100
.. .. 3.4 100
.. .. 25.8 100
432 446 8.3 100
427 411 13.3 100
434 435 25.2 100
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 15.8 100
.. .. 1.1 100
437 435 24.0 100
428 425 28.0 100
.. .. 9.9 100
.. .. 21.8 100
.. .. .. 100

.. .. 27.1 100
427 425 18.1 100
.. .. 41.3 100
.. .. 16.3 100
.. .. 32.2 100
427 420 20.1 99
405 427 54.9 100
401 411 49.2 100
.. .. 38.9 97
 .. .. 8.0 100
.. .. .. 100
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 19.3 100
423 416 26.9 100
409 421 47.3 100
.. .. .. 96
407 401 27.6 100
425 416 46.8 98
.. .. 40.2 100
350 376 26.8 100
352 384 19.1 100
398 397 50.9 84
j
494 j
518 j
43.8 100
.. .. 46.2 100
.. .. 55.0 100
.. .. 14.9 100
358 332 40.2 100
.. .. 29.3 99
361 386 20.6 100
.. .. 48.9 56
347 386 27.6 100
.. .. 25.3 24
.. .. 17.9 100
.. .. 35.7 99
.. .. 32.9 100
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 43.3 91
.. .. 38.5 99
.. .. 12.1 91
408 409 8.6 100
.. .. 27.1 98
.. .. 19.3 100
.. .. 53.3 98
.. .. 33.8 90
416 428 34.3 100
.. .. 23.6 100
.. .. 40.1 100
.. .. 5.7 70
397 403 47.3 96
.. .. 31.0 96
.. .. 9.7 67
.. .. 58.1 75
.. .. 31.5 49
.. .. 21.3 100
 .. .. .. 92
487 525 54.5 100
.. .. 22.9 100
.. .. 25.9 100
.. .. 48.8 100
.. .. 33.9 100
.. .. 56.8 89
.. .. 36.1 100
.. .. 45.2 99
.. .. 28.8 90
.. .. 34.5 89
.. .. 39.4 68
.. .. 76.7 89
.. .. 24.8 29
.. .. 71.2 72
.. .. 40.5 72
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 71.3 97
.. .. 55.5 81
.. .. .. 77
.. .. 46.9 45
.. .. 76.9 24
.. .. 32.9 67
.. .. 80.0 91
.. .. 70.8 53
.. .. 68.9 65
.. .. 77.8 14
.. .. 55.8 6
.. .. 59.5 60
.. .. 50.8 86
.. .. 53.5 58
.. .. 79.4 95
.. .. 67.1 0
.. .. 73.8 21
.. .. 65.6 19
.. .. 59.3 54
.. .. 80.3 60

.. .. 34.4 78
.. .. 78.3 50
.. .. 64.6 74
.. .. 68.7 24
.. .. 78.4 23
.. .. 82.7 17
.. .. 75.2 11
.. .. 52.8 0
.. .. 85.3 0
.. .. 88.0 17
.. .. 54.7 20
.. .. 72.4 37
.. .. 65.1 35
.. .. 77.4 19
.. .. 40.0 43
.. .. 85.0 3
.. .. 89.4 97
.. .. 47.3 26
.. .. 59.5 4
.. .. 86.0 31
.. .. 72.3 21
.. .. 89.9 9
.. .. 77.7 7
.. .. 45.4 69
.. .. 78.4 9
.. .. 79.7 0
.. .. 83.1 2
.. .. 86.3 5
.. .. 86.4 10
.. .. 78.2 30
.. .. 89.6 12
.. .. 94.7 2
.. .. 87.3 21
.. .. 93.1 2
.. .. 93.6 15
.. .. 89.0 11

.. .. 65.9 52
.. .. .. 100
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 100
.. .. 77.7 9
.. .. .. 100

— — 10.3 100
— — 40.2 98
— — 68.6 82
— — 79.1 24

— — 53.3 77
 — — 24.5 82
— — 45.0 96
— — 28.4 100
— — 32.7 92
— — 71.6 86
— — 74.9 22

— — 73.7 38
— — 40.1 60

— — 11.8 100

— — 45.1 79

rciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Tec

hing at the primary level.

mercially (both on grid and off grid) and self-generated electricity but excludes unauthorized connections.
roved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. This indicator encompasses people using b
other households. This indicator encompasses people using basic sanitation services as well as those using safely managed sa
me tercile cutoffs. See Notes after the table.

SDG 6.1 SDG 6.2

Quality of standard of living

Population using
Population using at
at least basic
least basic
drinking-water
sanitation services
services

(%)

2017 2017

100 98
100 100
97 91
100 99
.. ..
100 100
100 99
100 99
100 100
100 98
100 100
100 99
99 99
100 100
100 99
99 100
100 99
.. ..
99 100
100 100
100 98
100 100
100 100
100 99
100 100
100 99
100 99
100 100
99 99
100 99
100 99
100 99
100 99
98 93
98 99
100 100
100 100
100 98
99 92
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 96 f

100 98
100 100
100 97
92 100
99 h
94 h

97 90
96 98
96 98
99 86
97 98
100 84
100 100
98 97
100 100
99 97
99 97
99 95
97 100
96 100

86 98
98 93
95 88
100 96
96 83
100 98
91 98
98 90
89 96
 95 93
99 i
92 i

97 88
96 95
99 91
100 99
96 91
98 88
97 90
100 94
94 88
93 99
91 74
93 85
94 88
91 93
94 96
97 84
98 88
96 91
83 58
93 98
90 77
95 87
91 87
96 94
97 f
78 f

94 95
100 90
95 84
99 97
98 88
99 99
100 93
94 77
89 76
99 99
98 100
99 100
89 73
97 98
93 76
93 61
86 47
99 94
88 83
95 84
.. ..
97 94
87 89
87 97
96 86
97 87
81 97
87 74
94 65
82 74
93 60
83 35
78 54
95 81
72 48
97 69
97 48
79 88
84 43
73 20
69 58
82 74
91 34
81 18
60 26
65 66
82 64
79 59
59 29
89 62
56 50
60 39
64 36
91 60
68 34

97 91
41 13
80 36
58 67
71 39
57 30
49 18
71 48
54 11
66 16
69 43
73 32
81 51
65 16
60 37
65 35
67 43
76 64
69 26
41 7
78 39
62 23
73 17
63 59
67 21
43 20
56 29
61 16
48 19
52 h
12 h

78 39
61 46
41 11
39 8
46 h
25 h

50 14

95 83
100 100
99 66
100 100
52 38
99 84

99 98
94 85
90 60
59 29

88 69
 89 83
92 83
96 97
97 87
93 60
61 30

64 34
82 67

99 99

90 73

ed using the same tercile cutoffs. See Technical note 6 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf fo

orized connections.
his indicator encompasses people using basic drinking water services as well as those using safely managed drinking water se
as well as those using safely managed sanitation services. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush toilets connec
9_technical_notes.pdf for details about partial grouping in this table.

naged drinking water services. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, prote
pour flush toilets connected to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; pit latrines with slabs (including ventilated pit la
 ected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.
cluding ventilated pit latrines); and composting toilets.
 Dashboard 2. Life-course gender gap

Country groupings (terciles)

Top third Middle third Bottom third
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by indicator. For each indicator coun

SDG4.2
Childhood
Gross enr

Sex ratio at birth a

(female to

HDI rank Country (male to female births) Pre-primary

b
2015-2020 2013-2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 1.06 1.00
2 Switzerland 1.05 0.99
3 Ireland 1.06 0.98
4 Germany 1.05 0.99
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 1.08 0.99
6 Australia 1.06 0.96
6 Iceland 1.05 1.02
8 Sweden 1.06 1.00
9 Singapore 1.07 ..
10 Netherlands 1.05 1.00
11 Denmark 1.06 0.99
12 Finland 1.05 1.00
13 Canada 1.05 ..
14 New Zealand 1.06 0.99
15 United Kingdom 1.05 1.00
15 United States 1.05 1.00
17 Belgium 1.05 1.00
18 Liechtenstein .. 1.06
19 Japan 1.06 ..
20 Austria 1.06 0.99
21 Luxembourg 1.05 0.97
22 Israel 1.05 1.00
22 Korea (Republic of) 1.06 1.00
24 Slovenia 1.06 0.97
25 Spain 1.06 1.00
26 Czechia 1.06 0.97
26 France 1.05 1.00
28 Malta 1.06 1.03
29 Italy 1.06 0.97
30 Estonia 1.07 ..
31 Cyprus 1.07 0.99
32 Greece 1.07 1.01
32 Poland 1.06 0.97
34 Lithuania 1.06 1.00
35 United Arab Emirates 1.05 1.08
36 Andorra .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 1.03 1.05
36 Slovakia 1.05 0.98
39 Latvia 1.07 0.99
40 Portugal 1.06 0.98
41 Qatar 1.05 1.03
42 Chile 1.04 0.98
43 Brunei Darussalam 1.06 1.03
43 Hungary 1.06 0.96
45 Bahrain 1.04 0.99
46 Croatia 1.06 0.96
47 Oman 1.05 1.05
48 Argentina 1.04 1.01
49 Russian Federation 1.06 0.98
50 Belarus 1.06 0.96
50 Kazakhstan 1.07 1.02
52 Bulgaria 1.06 0.99
52 Montenegro 1.07 0.98
52 Romania 1.06 1.00
55 Palau .. 1.09
56 Barbados 1.04 1.04
57 Kuwait 1.05 1.00
57 Uruguay 1.05 1.02
59 Turkey 1.05 0.95
60 Bahamas 1.06 1.07
61 Malaysia 1.06 1.04
62 Seychelles 1.06 1.03
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 1.07 1.00
63 Trinidad and Tobago 1.04 ..
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1.05 1.00
66 Mauritius 1.04 1.00
67 Panama 1.05 1.03
68 Costa Rica 1.05 1.00
69 Albania 1.09 0.99
70 Georgia 1.07 ..
71 Sri Lanka 1.04 0.97
72 Cuba 1.06 1.00
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda 1.03 1.09
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.07 ..
76 Mexico 1.05 1.02
77 Thailand 1.06 0.99
78 Grenada 1.05 1.06
79 Brazil 1.05 1.05
79 Colombia 1.05 ..
81 Armenia 1.11 1.10
82 Algeria 1.05 ..
82 North Macedonia 1.06 0.99
82 Peru 1.05 1.01
85 China 1.13 1.01
85 Ecuador 1.05 1.05
87 Azerbaijan 1.13 1.00
88 Ukraine 1.06 0.97
89 Dominican Republic 1.05 1.02
89 Saint Lucia 1.03 1.08
91 Tunisia 1.06 1.00
92 Mongolia 1.03 1.00
93 Lebanon 1.05 0.96
94 Botswana 1.03 1.04
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.03 1.05
96 Jamaica 1.05 1.01
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1.05 1.01
98 Dominica .. 1.03
98 Fiji 1.06 ..
98 Paraguay 1.05 1.01
98 Suriname 1.08 1.01
102 Jordan 1.05 ..
103 Belize 1.03 1.05
104 Maldives 1.07 1.00
105 Tonga 1.05 1.01
106 Philippines 1.06 0.99
107 Moldova (Republic of) 1.06 0.99
108 Turkmenistan 1.05 0.97
108 Uzbekistan 1.06 0.96
110 Libya 1.06 ..
111 Indonesia 1.05 0.89
111 Samoa 1.08 1.13
113 South Africa 1.03 1.00
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1.05 1.00
115 Gabon 1.03 ..
116 Egypt 1.06 0.99
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. 0.93
118 Viet Nam 1.12 0.98
119 Palestine, State of 1.05 1.00
120 Iraq 1.07 ..
121 Morocco 1.06 0.83
122 Kyrgyzstan 1.06 1.01
123 Guyana 1.05 ..
124 El Salvador 1.05 1.01
125 Tajikistan 1.07 0.86
126 Cabo Verde 1.03 1.02
126 Guatemala 1.05 1.02
126 Nicaragua 1.05 ..
129 India 1.10 0.93
130 Namibia 1.01 1.05
131 Timor-Leste 1.05 1.02
132 Honduras 1.05 1.01
132 Kiribati 1.06 ..
134 Bhutan 1.04 1.06
135 Bangladesh 1.05 1.04
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 1.06 0.92
137 Sao Tome and Principe 1.03 1.09
138 Congo 1.03 ..
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 1.03 ..
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 1.05 1.03
141 Vanuatu 1.07 0.97
142 Ghana 1.05 1.02
143 Zambia 1.03 1.07
144 Equatorial Guinea 1.03 1.02
145 Myanmar 1.03 1.01
146 Cambodia 1.05 1.04
147 Kenya 1.03 0.98
147 Nepal 1.07 0.94
149 Angola 1.03 0.88
150 Cameroon 1.03 1.02
150 Zimbabwe 1.02 1.02
152 Pakistan 1.09 0.87
153 Solomon Islands 1.07 1.02
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 1.05 0.96
155 Papua New Guinea 1.08 0.99
156 Comoros 1.05 1.03
157 Rwanda 1.02 1.03
158 Nigeria 1.06 ..
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 1.03 1.01
159 Uganda 1.03 1.04
161 Mauritania 1.05 1.26
162 Madagascar 1.03 1.09
163 Benin 1.04 1.04
164 Lesotho 1.03 1.05
165 Côte d'Ivoire 1.03 1.01
166 Senegal 1.04 1.12
167 Togo 1.02 1.04
168 Sudan 1.04 1.02
169 Haiti 1.05 ..
170 Afghanistan 1.06 ..
171 Djibouti 1.04 0.94
172 Malawi 1.03 1.01
173 Ethiopia 1.04 0.95
174 Gambia 1.03 1.07
174 Guinea 1.02 ..
176 Liberia 1.05 1.01
177 Yemen 1.05 0.90
178 Guinea-Bissau 1.03 ..
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 1.03 1.07
180 Mozambique 1.02 ..
181 Sierra Leone 1.02 1.10
182 Burkina Faso 1.05 0.99
182 Eritrea 1.05 0.98
184 Mali 1.05 1.07
185 Burundi 1.03 1.02
186 South Sudan 1.04 0.95
187 Chad 1.03 0.93
188 Central African Republic 1.03 1.03
189 Niger 1.05 1.06
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 1.05 ..
.. Monaco .. ..
.. Nauru .. 1.05
.. San Marino .. ..
.. Somalia 1.03 ..
.. Tuvalu .. 1.04

Human development groups

Very high human development 1.05 0.99
High human development 1.08 0.99
Medium human development 1.08 0.96
Low human development 1.04 1.01

Developing countries 1.07 0.98

Regions
Arab States 1.05 0.98
East Asia and the Pacific 1.10 0.99
Europe and Central Asia 1.06 0.98
Latin America and the Caribbean 1.05 1.02
South Asia 1.09 0.94
Sub-Saharan Africa 1.04 1.00

Least developed countries 1.04 1.00

Small island developing states 1.06 ..

Organisation for Economic Co-op 1.05 0.99

World 1.07 0.98

NOTES
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries and aggregates by indicator. For ea
a. The natural sex ratio at birth is commonly assumed and empirically confirmed to be 1.05 male births to
b. Data are average annual estimates for 2015–2020.
c. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
d. Refers to the population ages 10 and older.
e. Refers to the population ages 20–74.
f. Refers to the population ages 12 and older.
g. Refers to the population ages 6 and older.
h. Excludes the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis.
i. Refers to 2017.
j. Refers to 2013.
k. Refers to the population ages 5 and older.
l. Refers to 2015.

DEFINITIONS
Sex ratio at birth: Number of male births per female birth.
Gross enrolment ratio, female to male ratio: For a given level of education (pre-primary, primary, seco
Youth unemployment rate, female to male ratio: Ratio of the percentage of the female labour force po
Population with at least some secondary education, female to male ratio: Ratio of the percentage o
Total unemployment rate, female to male ratio: Ratio of the percentage of the female labour force pop
Share of employment in nonagriculture, female: Share of women in employment in the nonagricultura
Share of seats in parliament: Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament, expressed
Time spent on unpaid domestic chores and care work: The average daily number of hours spent on
Old-age pension recipients, female to male ratio: Ratio of the percentage of women above the statuto

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Column 1: UNDESA (2019b).
Columns 2-4: UNESCO (2019).
Columns 5 and 7: HDRO calculations based on ILO (2019).
Column 6: HDRO calculations based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019) and Barro and Lee (2018
Column 8: ILO (2019).
Column 9: IPU (2019).
Column 10: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Columns 11 and 12: HDRO calculations based on United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
or. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third

SDG4.1 SDG4.1 SDG 8.5

Childhood and youth
Gross enrolment ratio

Youth
(female to male ratio)
unemployment rate

Primary Secondary (female to male ratio)

c c c
2013-2018 2013-2018 2018

1.00 0.96 0.72

0.99 0.96 0.96
0.99 1.03 0.84
0.99 0.95 0.74
0.98 0.96 0.87
1.00 0.89 0.80
1.00 1.00 0.67
1.03 1.12 0.84
1.00 0.99 1.92
1.00 1.02 0.84
0.99 1.03 0.76
1.00 1.10 0.92
1.00 1.01 0.78
1.00 1.06 0.91
1.00 1.11 0.86
1.00 0.99 0.74
1.00 1.12 0.91
0.96 0.78 ..
1.00 1.01 0.85
1.00 0.96 1.02
1.00 1.03 0.72
1.01 1.02 0.97
1.00 1.00 0.99
1.00 1.02 1.36
1.01 1.01 0.94
1.01 1.01 1.13
0.99 1.01 0.93
1.04 1.04 0.85
1.00 0.98 1.20
1.00 1.01 0.73
1.00 0.99 0.59
1.00 0.94 1.22
1.01 0.97 0.97
1.00 0.96 0.88
0.97 0.94 2.00
.. .. ..
0.98 0.77 2.12
0.99 1.01 1.03
1.00 0.99 1.06
0.96 0.97 1.13
0.99 1.25 8.33
0.97 1.01 1.20
0.99 1.02 1.04
1.00 0.99 1.43
1.00 1.01 6.10
1.01 1.05 1.66
1.03 0.97 4.79
1.00 1.04 1.34
1.01 0.99 1.09
1.00 0.98 0.66
1.02 1.01 1.13
0.99 0.97 0.84
0.99 1.00 0.84
0.99 0.99 0.99
0.96 1.05 ..
0.98 1.04 1.12
1.00 1.08 4.18
0.98 .. 1.43
0.99 0.98 1.39
1.05 1.06 1.59
1.01 1.05 1.13
1.01 1.07 ..

1.00 1.01 1.17

.. .. 1.05
1.03 1.02 1.85
1.02 1.07 1.55
0.98 1.03 1.61
1.01 1.05 1.47
0.97 0.94 0.82
1.01 1.02 1.20
0.99 1.05 1.76
0.95 1.03 0.92
.. .. ..
0.97 0.96 ..
.. .. 1.17
1.01 1.09 1.09
1.00 0.96 1.68
0.95 1.05 ..
0.97 1.05 1.26
0.97 1.06 1.63
1.00 1.05 1.50
0.95 .. 1.73
1.00 0.98 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.31
1.01 1.02 0.81
1.01 1.03 1.64
1.02 .. 1.27
1.02 0.98 0.88
0.93 1.08 2.07
.. 1.01 1.23
0.97 1.11 1.12
0.98 .. 1.42
0.92 0.99 1.34
0.97 .. 1.44
0.98 0.96 1.04
.. 1.06 1.47
0.97 1.08 1.44
0.97 0.99 ..
0.99 .. 1.92
.. .. 1.46
1.00 1.32 2.37
.. 1.03 1.64
0.95 1.05 2.83
1.00 .. 0.63
0.97 1.06 4.50
0.97 1.10 1.19
1.00 0.99 0.94
0.98 0.96 0.55
0.98 0.99 1.04
.. .. 1.57
0.96 1.03 1.03
1.00 1.10 1.61
0.96 1.09 1.22
0.98 0.97 1.52
.. .. 1.35
1.00 0.98 1.53

1.02 1.10 ..
1.00 .. 1.01
1.00 1.10 1.77
.. .. 1.97
0.95 0.89 1.03
0.99 1.00 1.62
.. .. 1.65
0.97 0.99 1.24
0.99 0.90 0.90
0.93 1.10 1.10
0.97 0.95 1.82
.. .. 1.99
1.17 1.02 1.32
0.97 .. 1.32
0.97 1.08 2.03
1.00 1.14 2.05
1.06 .. ..
1.00 1.10 1.48
1.07 1.17 1.57
1.00 .. ..
0.96 1.15 2.25
.. .. 0.93
0.92 0.98 1.10
0.97 0.93 0.94
0.98 1.06 1.10
1.02 0.99 0.97
1.02 .. 0.99
0.99 .. 1.08
0.95 1.10 1.58
0.98 .. 0.86
1.00 .. 0.99
1.06 1.11 0.62
0.86 0.63 0.99
0.90 0.86 1.19
0.98 0.98 1.23
0.86 0.81 1.57
0.99 .. 0.93

0.97 1.00 2.55

0.91 0.73 0.58
0.96 1.06 0.79
0.99 1.12 1.67
0.94 0.90 0.97
1.02 1.01 1.41
1.03 .. 1.41
1.06 0.96 1.19
1.00 1.01 1.25
0.94 0.76 1.10
0.97 1.36 1.38
0.91 0.75 1.57
1.16 1.09 1.28
0.95 0.73 0.61
0.94 1.02 2.16
.. .. 1.59
0.69 0.57 1.76
0.88 0.84 1.08
1.04 0.94 1.18
0.91 0.96 1.80
1.09 .. 1.92
0.82 0.66 0.64
0.92 0.78 1.57
0.87 0.73 1.37
.. .. 1.03
0.99 0.64 0.60
0.93 0.91 0.89
1.01 0.95 0.42
0.98 0.97 2.31
0.86 0.90 1.09
0.89 0.81 1.19
1.00 1.02 0.43
0.71 0.54 0.87
0.78 0.46 1.14
0.76 0.66 1.12
0.87 0.73 0.17

1.00 1.01 0.80

.. .. ..
1.03 1.03 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. 1.12
0.97 1.25 ..

1.00 0.99 1.08

0.99 1.03 1.17
1.08 1.00 1.32
0.94 0.84 1.20

1.01 0.99 1.24

 0.96 0.93 1.67
0.99 1.02 0.90
1.00 0.98 1.17
0.99 1.05 1.33
1.09 1.00 1.41
0.96 0.88 1.06

0.96 0.92 1.32

0.95 1.00 1.55

1.00 1.01 0.98

1.01 0.99 1.20

gates by indicator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third
d to be 1.05 male births to 1 female birth.

pre-primary, primary, secondary), the ratio of the female gross enrolment ratio to the male gross enrolment ratio. The gross enr
he female labour force population ages 15–24 that is not in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work and is a
Ratio of the percentage of the female population ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a second
e female labour force population ages 15 and older that is not in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work an
ment in the nonagricultural sector, which comprises industry and services activities.
al parliament, expressed as a percentage of total seats. For countries with a bicameral legislative system, the share of seats is
umber of hours spent on unpaid domestic and care work, expressed as a percentage of a 24-hour day. Unpaid domestic and c
women above the statutory pensionable age receiving an old-age pension (contributory, noncontributory or both) to the percen

and Barro and Lee (2018).

sion (2019a).
(terciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See

SDG4.6 SDG 8.5 SDG 8.3

Adulthood

Population with at Share of

least some Total unemployment employment in
secondary rate nonagriculture,
education female

(% of total employment
(female to male ratio) (female to male ratio)
in nonagriculture)
c
2010-2018 2018 2018

1.01 0.81 47.9

0.99 1.11 46.6
1.05 0.93 47.4
0.99 0.84 46.9
0.92 0.83 49.4
0.99 1.04 46.8
1.00 0.93 48.2
1.00 0.90 48.2
0.92 1.17 45.1
0.96 1.17 46.4
1.00 1.08 47.9
1.00 0.96 48.9
1.00 0.93 47.7
1.01 1.12 48.2
0.97 0.98 47.0
1.00 0.93 46.4
0.95 1.02 46.0
.. .. ..
1.03 0.88 43.9
1.00 0.98 46.9
1.00 1.08 46.1
0.97 1.03 47.3
0.94 0.95 42.3
0.99 1.31 46.6
0.93 1.29 46.1
1.00 1.45 44.8
0.94 1.01 47.4
0.90 1.00 39.8
0.91 1.18 42.4
1.00 0.86 49.5
0.95 1.01 47.0
0.84 1.54 41.6
0.94 1.00 45.6
0.95 0.85 52.2
1.20 4.41 14.9
0.97 .. ..
0.90 6.77 14.9
0.99 1.13 46.1
1.01 0.76 52.0
0.98 1.17 49.7
1.11 6.00 14.2
0.98 1.16 43.0
0.98 1.17 43.4
0.98 1.18 46.5
1.12 11.67 20.2
0.98 1.28 46.6
1.15 7.59 12.0
1.05 1.27 41.2
1.01 0.94 49.4
0.94 0.56 52.4
0.99 1.33 48.6
0.98 0.84 47.9
0.90 1.05 44.1
0.94 0.77 44.1
1.00 .. ..
1.03 1.10 50.0
1.15 5.11 31.8
1.07 1.49 46.9
0.67 1.42 28.3
0.97 1.28 47.1
0.98 1.23 39.9
.. .. ..

0.92 1.14 45.2

1.05 1.11 43.2
0.93 1.99 16.5
0.96 2.10 38.5
1.09 1.59 41.9
1.03 1.51 40.7
1.01 0.90 39.4
0.99 0.83 44.3
0.99 2.33 32.5
0.98 1.19 42.3
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
0.81 1.26 37.4
0.96 1.03 40.1
0.89 1.17 47.5
.. .. ..
1.06 1.30 44.9
1.04 1.66 46.1
0.99 1.02 43.6
1.00 2.11 17.2
0.72 0.91 39.8
0.84 1.42 46.4
0.91 0.78 45.4
1.00 1.56 42.5
0.96 1.39 44.0
0.99 0.77 49.3
1.08 1.95 42.8
1.17 1.26 48.6
0.78 1.75 25.3
1.06 0.88 47.3
0.98 1.98 22.8
0.99 1.45 47.7
.. 0.82 47.5
1.12 1.73 48.1
1.08 1.13 41.2
.. .. ..
1.12 1.47 33.2
0.98 1.45 41.9
1.02 2.54 37.6
0.96 1.73 16.5
1.01 2.83 42.9
0.91 0.92 28.9
1.01 5.00 51.7
1.04 1.04 43.4
0.98 0.79 52.1
.. 0.42 42.8
1.00 0.93 39.0
1.54 1.65 22.0
0.84 0.93 40.1
1.11 1.34 38.2
0.96 1.17 44.6
0.81 1.48 41.5
1.32 2.01 25.1
0.83 2.96 17.4

0.99 .. ..
0.85 0.90 47.2
0.97 2.06 14.7
0.70 1.71 13.0
0.81 1.21 15.7
1.00 1.48 38.7
1.28 1.54 39.1
0.86 0.76 49.0
1.14 0.84 20.6
0.92 1.08 50.2
1.03 1.68 43.3
1.04 1.36 51.1
0.61 1.57 16.7
0.97 1.14 48.5
.. 1.50 31.7
1.05 1.56 48.2
.. .. ..
0.43 1.76 32.2
0.92 1.97 20.2
.. .. ..
0.69 2.40 38.3
0.91 1.14 47.6
0.93 1.15 40.9
0.76 0.86 47.0
.. 1.24 42.6
0.78 1.00 53.4
0.75 0.92 39.5
.. 1.11 36.9
1.29 1.75 43.7
0.54 0.75 48.5
0.80 0.98 41.4
0.66 0.73 34.6
0.61 1.10 43.6
0.80 1.34 41.8
0.84 1.23 42.5
0.57 2.04 10.0
.. 0.80 42.3

0.86 3.43 12.8

0.66 0.38 45.4
.. 1.17 35.9
0.72 1.00 36.1
.. 1.12 52.6
0.70 1.60 44.3
0.79 1.50 39.2
0.51 1.42 31.2
.. 1.20 53.7
0.54 1.10 55.6
1.31 1.30 56.2
0.52 1.55 47.3
0.52 1.24 41.8
0.51 0.70 53.6
0.78 2.52 16.8
0.67 1.49 60.6
0.36 2.18 25.5
.. 1.15 41.3
0.68 1.42 39.5
0.52 1.85 55.6
0.71 1.88 38.7
.. 0.59 44.4
0.47 1.05 48.7
0.56 1.94 4.4
.. 1.08 44.4
0.56 0.66 36.1
0.51 1.06 33.2
0.60 0.69 53.1
0.50 2.32 48.5
.. 1.11 41.6
0.45 1.38 45.2
0.68 0.55 24.1
.. 1.21 36.7
0.17 1.37 39.9
0.43 1.20 41.9
0.48 0.50 51.4

.. 0.83 41.9
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 1.13 17.5
.. .. ..

0.98 1.15 44.3

0.92 1.15 42.8
0.67 1.51 22.8
0.59 1.46 43.5

0.84 1.30 36.8

 0.84 2.46 16.3
0.90 0.81 44.8
0.91 1.09 40.0
1.01 1.31 43.6
0.66 1.74 17.0
0.72 1.16 46.9

0.72 1.52 36.6

0.96 1.48 44.1

0.97 1.08 44.7

0.88 1.24 39.2

mately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same terc

le gross enrolment ratio. The gross enrolment ratio (female or male) is the total enrolment in a given level of education, regardle
ployed but is available for work and is actively seeking paid employment or self-employment to the percentage of the male labo
ut not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education to the percentage of the male population ages 25 and older with th
lf-employed but is available for work and is actively seeking paid employment or self-employment to the percentage of the male

egislative system, the share of seats is calculated based on both houses.

a 24-hour day. Unpaid domestic and care work refers to activities related to the provision of services for own final use by hous
, noncontributory or both) to the percentage of men above the statutory pensionable age receiving an old-age pension (contribu
r coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Notes after the table.

SDG 5.5 SDG5.4

Adulthood

Share of seats in Time spent on unpaid domestic chores and

parliament care work

Women ages 15 and

older

(% held by women) (% of 24-hour day) (female to male ratio)

c c
2018 2008-2018 2008-2018

41.4 15.3 1.2

29.3 16.8 1.6
24.3 .. ..
31.5 15.9 d
1.6 d

.. 10.8 3.3
32.7 .. ..
38.1 .. ..
46.1 16.0 1.3
23.0 .. ..
35.6 14.7 e
1.6 e

37.4 15.6 e
1.4 e

42.0 14.5 d
1.5 d

31.7 14.6 1.5

38.3 18.1 f
1.7 f

28.9 12.7 1.8

23.6 15.4 1.6
41.4 15.9 f
1.6 f

12.0 .. ..
13.7 14.4 d
4.7 d

34.8 18.3 d
1.9 d

20.0 14.4 d
2.0 d

27.5 .. ..
17.0 14.0 d
4.2 d

20.0 .. ..
38.6 19.0 e
2.2 e

20.3 .. ..
35.7 15.8 1.7
11.9 .. ..
35.6 20.4 2.4
26.7 17.2 d
1.6 d

17.9 .. ..
18.7 17.5 d
2.6 d

25.5 17.6 d
1.8 d

21.3 .. ..
22.5 .. ..
32.1 .. ..
19.9 .. ..
20.0 .. ..
31.0 .. ..
34.8 17.8 1.7
9.8 8.2 3.7
22.7 22.1 f
2.2 f

9.1 .. ..
12.6 16.6 d
2.2 d

18.8 .. ..
18.5 .. ..
8.8 18.9 2.5
39.5 23.4 2.5
16.1 18.4 2.3
33.1 19.2 d
2.0 d

22.1 17.9 d
3.0 d

23.8 18.5 e
2.0 e

23.5 .. ..
18.7 19.0 d
2.0 d

13.8 .. ..
27.5 .. ..
3.1 .. ..
22.3 19.9 2.4
17.4 19.2 5.2
21.8 .. ..
15.8 .. ..
21.2 .. ..

34.4 19.2 2.2

30.1 .. ..
5.9 21.0 4.0
11.6 .. ..
18.3 17.7 2.4
45.6 21.3 f
2.6 f

27.9 21.7 d
6.3 d
16.0 .. ..
5.8 .. ..
53.2 .. ..
13.3 .. ..
31.4 .. ..
19.3 .. ..
48.4 28.1 f
3.0 f

5.3 11.8 g
3.2 g

39.3 .. ..
15.0 13.3 4.3
19.0 16.3 d
3.7 d

18.1 21.7 5.0

21.3 21.7 f
5.8 f

38.3 15.4 d
2.8 d

27.7 22.7 f
2.6 f

24.9 15.3 2.6

38.0 19.8 4.4
16.8 25.4 2.9
12.3 .. ..
24.3 16.7 4.4
20.7 .. ..
31.3 .. ..
17.1 17.6 f
2.8 f

4.7 .. ..
9.5 .. ..
13.0 .. ..
19.0 .. ..
22.2 .. ..
25.0 .. ..
19.6 15.2 2.9
16.0 14.5 3.4
25.5 .. ..
15.4 .. ..
11.1 .. ..
5.9 .. ..
7.4 .. ..
29.1 .. ..
22.8 19.5 d
1.8 d

24.8 .. ..
16.4 .. ..
16.0 .. ..
19.8 .. ..
10.0 .. ..
41.8 h
15.6 d
2.4 d

51.8 .. ..
17.4 i
.. ..
14.9 22.4 d
9.2 d

9.1 .. ..
26.7 .. ..
.. 17.8 d
6.0 d

25.2 .. ..
18.4 20.8 7.0
19.2 16.8 f
1.8 f

31.9 .. ..
31.0 22.7 2.9
20.0 .. ..
20.8 j
.. ..
12.7 17.8 7.5
45.7 .. ..
11.7 .. ..
39.7 .. ..
33.8 .. ..
21.1 17.3 4.0
6.5 .. ..
15.3 15.0 2.5
20.3 .. ..
0.0 .. ..
14.5 .. ..
14.0 .. ..
12.1 .. ..
27.5 10.4 d
4.2 d

0.0 .. ..
12.7 14.4 d
4.1 d

18.0 .. ..
18.0 .. ..
10.2 .. ..
19.3 .. ..
23.3 .. ..
33.5 .. ..
30.5 .. ..
29.3 14.6 d
3.1 d

34.3 .. ..
20.0 .. ..
2.0 .. ..

13.2 .. ..
0.0 .. ..
6.1 .. ..
55.7 .. ..
5.8 .. ..
37.2 16.5 k
3.9 k
34.3 .. ..
20.3 .. ..
19.6 .. ..
7.2 .. ..
22.7 .. ..
9.2 l
.. ..
41.8 .. ..
17.6 .. ..
31.0 .. ..
2.7 .. ..
27.4 i
.. ..
26.2 .. ..
16.7 .. ..
37.3 19.3 d
2.9 d

10.3 .. ..
21.9 .. ..
11.7 6.3 2.4
0.5 .. ..
13.7 .. ..
8.2 .. ..
39.6 .. ..
12.3 .. ..
11.0 .. ..
22.0 .. ..
8.8 .. ..
38.8 .. ..
26.6 .. ..
15.3 .. ..
8.6 .. ..
17.0 .. ..

16.3 .. ..
33.3 .. ..
10.5 .. ..
26.7 .. ..
24.3 .. ..
6.7 .. ..

27.2 — —
24.4 — —
20.8 — —
21.3 — —

22.4 — —
 18.3 — —
20.3 — —
21.2 — —
31.0 — —
17.1 — —
23.5 — —

22.5 — —
24.6 — —

30.1 — —

24.1 — —

egates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. Sex ratio at birth is an exception—countries are divided into two groups

olment in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population for the s
ployment to the percentage of the male labour force population ages 15–24 that is not in paid employment or self-employed but
e male population ages 25 and older with the same level of education achievement.
f-employment to the percentage of the male labour force population ages 15 and older that is not in paid employment or self-em

vision of services for own final use by household members or by family members living in other households.
e age receiving an old-age pension (contributory, noncontributory or both).
 SDG 1.3
Older age

Old-age pension
recipients

(female to male ratio)

c
2013-2017

0.87
1.04
0.61
1.00
..
1.06
1.12
1.00
..
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.87
1.00
..
..
0.99
0.66
..
0.96
..
0.47
1.00
1.00
0.43
0.83
1.00
0.77
..
1.00
1.00
..
..
..
1.00
1.00
0.77
0.36
1.59
..
1.00
..
..
..
..
1.00
..
..
1.00
..
1.00
..
..
..
1.04
..
..
..
..

..
..
0.10
..
..
..
..
0.92
..
..
..
0.95
..
0.84
..
..
..
0.99
1.17
..
..
..
..
..
1.51
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.72
..
..
0.80
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
 ..

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.50
..
..
..
1.13
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.22
..
..
0.15
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

..
..
..
..
..
..
 ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.13
..
0.11
..
..
..
..
..

..
..
..
..
..
..

0.93
..
..
..

..
 ..
..
..
..
..
..

..
..

0.91

..

tion—countries are divided into two groups: the natural group (countries with a value of 1.04–1.07, inclusive), which uses darke

of the official school-age population for the same level of education.

ot in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work and is actively seeking paid employment or self-employment.

der that is not in paid employment or self-employed but is available for work and is actively seeking paid employment or self-em

ving in other households.

inclusive), which uses darker shading, and the gender-biased group (all others), which uses lighter shading. See Technical not

yment or self-employment.

paid employment or self-employment.

hading. See Technical note 6 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details about partial group
details about partial grouping in this table.
 Dashboard 3. Women's empowerment

Country groupings (terciles)

Top third Middle third Bottom third
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by indicator. For each indicator coun

SDG 3.1
Reproductive health and family planni

Antenatal care Proportion of births

coverage, at least attended by skilled
one visit health personnel

HDI rank Country (%) (%)

b b
2007-2017 2013-2018
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway .. 99.2
2 Switzerland .. ..
3 Ireland .. 99.7
4 Germany .. 98.7
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. ..
6 Australia 98.3 97.0
6 Iceland .. 97.9
8 Sweden .. ..
9 Singapore .. 99.6
10 Netherlands .. ..
11 Denmark .. 94.7
12 Finland .. 99.9
13 Canada 100.0 97.9
14 New Zealand .. 96.3
15 United Kingdom .. ..
15 United States .. 99.1
17 Belgium .. ..
18 Liechtenstein .. ..
19 Japan .. 99.9
20 Austria .. 98.4
21 Luxembourg .. ..
22 Israel .. ..
22 Korea (Republic of) .. 100.0
24 Slovenia .. ..
25 Spain .. ..
26 Czechia .. 99.8
26 France .. 98.0
28 Malta .. 99.7
29 Italy .. 99.9
30 Estonia .. 99.2
31 Cyprus 99.2 96.0
32 Greece .. 99.9
32 Poland .. 99.8
34 Lithuania .. 100.0
35 United Arab Emirates 100.0 99.9
36 Andorra .. 100.0
36 Saudi Arabia 97.0 99.7
36 Slovakia .. 98.5
39 Latvia .. 99.9
40 Portugal .. 98.8
41 Qatar 90.8 100.0
42 Chile .. 99.7
43 Brunei Darussalam 99.0 99.8
43 Hungary .. 99.7
45 Bahrain 100.0 99.7
46 Croatia .. 99.9
47 Oman 98.6 99.1
48 Argentina 98.1 93.9
49 Russian Federation .. 99.7
50 Belarus 99.7 99.8
50 Kazakhstan 99.3 99.4
52 Bulgaria .. 99.8
52 Montenegro 91.7 99.0
52 Romania 76.3 95.2
55 Palau 90.3 100.0
56 Barbados 93.4 99.0
57 Kuwait 100.0 99.9
57 Uruguay 97.2 99.7
59 Turkey 97.0 98.0
60 Bahamas 98.0 99.0
61 Malaysia 97.2 99.5
62 Seychelles .. ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 98.3 98.4
63 Trinidad and Tobago 95.1 100.0
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 96.9 99.0
66 Mauritius .. 99.8
67 Panama 93.4 94.2
68 Costa Rica 98.1 98.7
69 Albania 97.3 99.8
70 Georgia 97.6 99.9
 71 Sri Lanka 95.5 ..
72 Cuba 98.5 99.9
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 100.0 100.0
74 Antigua and Barbuda 100.0 100.0
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 87.0 99.9
76 Mexico 98.5 97.7
77 Thailand 98.1 99.1
78 Grenada 100.0 98.9
79 Brazil 97.2 99.1
79 Colombia 97.2 99.2
81 Armenia 99.6 99.8
82 Algeria 92.7 96.6
82 North Macedonia 98.6 99.9
82 Peru 97.0 93.1
85 China 96.5 99.9
85 Ecuador .. 96.4
87 Azerbaijan 91.7 99.8
88 Ukraine 98.6 99.9
89 Dominican Republic 98.0 99.8
89 Saint Lucia 96.9 99.0
91 Tunisia 98.1 ..
92 Mongolia 98.7 98.9
93 Lebanon .. ..
94 Botswana 94.1 99.7
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 99.5 98.6
96 Jamaica 97.7 97.6
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 97.5 95.4
98 Dominica 100.0 97.0
98 Fiji 100.0 99.8
98 Paraguay 98.7 97.3
98 Suriname 90.9 80.0
102 Jordan 99.1 99.7
103 Belize 97.2 92.2
104 Maldives 99.1 95.6
105 Tonga 99.0 ..
106 Philippines 95.4 84.4
107 Moldova (Republic of) 98.8 99.7
108 Turkmenistan 99.6 100.0
108 Uzbekistan 99.4 100.0
110 Libya 93.0 99.9
111 Indonesia 95.4 93.6
111 Samoa 93.3 82.5
113 South Africa 93.7 96.7
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 90.1 71.3
115 Gabon 94.7 ..
116 Egypt 90.3 91.5
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands 81.2 92.4
118 Viet Nam 95.8 93.8
119 Palestine, State of 99.4 99.6
120 Iraq 77.7 95.6
121 Morocco 77.1 86.6
122 Kyrgyzstan 98.4 98.4
123 Guyana 90.7 85.7
124 El Salvador 96.0 99.9
125 Tajikistan 78.8 94.8
126 Cabo Verde .. 92.6
126 Guatemala 91.3 69.2
126 Nicaragua 94.7 89.6
129 India .. 81.4
130 Namibia 96.6 88.2
131 Timor-Leste 84.4 56.7
132 Honduras 96.6 74.0
132 Kiribati 88.4 ..
134 Bhutan 97.9 96.4
135 Bangladesh 63.9 67.8
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) 80.0 ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe 97.5 92.5
138 Congo 93.5 91.2
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 98.5 88.3
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 54.2 64.4
141 Vanuatu 75.6 89.4
142 Ghana 90.5 78.1
143 Zambia 95.7 63.3
144 Equatorial Guinea 91.3 ..
145 Myanmar 80.7 60.2
146 Cambodia 95.3 89.0
147 Kenya 93.7 61.8
147 Nepal 83.6 58.0
149 Angola 81.6 46.6
150 Cameroon 82.8 64.7
150 Zimbabwe 93.3 78.1
152 Pakistan 73.1 69.3
153 Solomon Islands 88.5 86.2
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 87.7 ..
155 Papua New Guinea .. ..
156 Comoros 92.1 ..
157 Rwanda 99.0 90.7
158 Nigeria 65.8 43.0
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 91.4 63.5
159 Uganda 97.3 74.2
161 Mauritania 86.9 69.3
162 Madagascar 82.1 44.3
163 Benin 82.8 78.1
164 Lesotho 95.2 77.9
165 Côte d'Ivoire 93.2 73.7
166 Senegal 95.0 68.4
167 Togo 72.7 44.6
168 Sudan 79.1 77.7
169 Haiti 91.0 41.6
170 Afghanistan 58.6 58.8
171 Djibouti 87.7 ..
172 Malawi 94.8 89.8
173 Ethiopia 62.4 27.7
174 Gambia 86.2 57.2
174 Guinea 84.3 55.3
176 Liberia 95.9 61.1
177 Yemen 64.4 44.7
178 Guinea-Bissau 92.4 45.0
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 88.4 80.1
180 Mozambique 90.6 73.0
181 Sierra Leone 97.1 81.6
182 Burkina Faso 92.8 79.8
182 Eritrea 88.5 ..
184 Mali 75.6 67.3
185 Burundi 99.2 85.1
186 South Sudan 61.9 ..
187 Chad 54.7 20.2
188 Central African Republic 68.2 ..
189 Niger 82.8 39.7
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 100.0 99.5
.. Monaco .. ..
.. Nauru 94.5 ..
.. San Marino .. ..
.. Somalia .. ..
.. Tuvalu 97.4 ..

Human development groups

Very high human development .. 98.9
High human development 96.3 97.7
Medium human development .. 78.1
Low human development 77.8 56.5

Developing countries 90.1 85.2

Regions
Arab States 86.5 88.5
East Asia and the Pacific 95.8 96.6
Europe and Central Asia 97.1 98.9
Latin America and the Caribbean 97.1 95.1
South Asia .. 78.8
Sub-Saharan Africa 81.8 60.6

Least developed countries 77.9 61.5

Small island developing states 95.2 83.6

Organisation for Economic Co-op .. 98.8

World .. 87.0

NOTES
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries and aggregates by indicator. For ea
a Data collection methods, age ranges, sampled women (ever-partnered, ever-married or all women) and
b Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
c Refers to 2015.
d Refers to 2011.
e Refers to 2003.
f Refers to 2014.

DEFINITIONS
Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit: Percentage of women ages 15–49 attended at least once
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel: Percentage of deliveries attended by skille
Contraceptive prevalence, any method: Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age
Unmet need for family planning: Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age (15-49
Child marriage, women married by age 18: Percentage of women ages 20–24 who were first married o
Prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls and women: Percentage of girls and wo
Violence against women ever experienced, intimate partner: Percentage of the female population ag
Violence against women ever experienced, nonintimate partner: Percentage of the female populatio
Share of graduates in science, technology, engineering and mathematics programmes at tertiary
Share of graduates from science, technology, engineering and mathematics programmes in tertia
Female share of employment in senior and middle management: Proportion of women in total emplo
Women with account at financial institution or with mobile money-service provider: Percentage of
Mandatory paid maternity leave: Number of days of paid time off work to which a female employee is e

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Column 1: UNICEF (2019b).
Columns 2, 5 and 6: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Columns 3 and 4: UNDESA (2019a).
Columns 7 and 8: UN Women (2019).
Columns 9 and 10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019).
Column 11: ILO (2019).
Columns 12 and 13: World Bank (2019b).
cator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle t

SDG 3.7, 5.6 SDG 5.6 SDG 5.3 SDG 5.3

ve health and family planning Violence against girls and wom

Child marriage

Contraceptive FGM/C prevalence

Unmet need for Women married by
prevalence, any among girls and
family planning age 18
method women

(% of women ages 20-

(% of married or in-union women of reproductive (% of girls and women
24 who are married or in
age, 15-49 years) ages 15-49 years)
union)
b b b b
2008-2018 2008-2018 2003-2018 2004-2018

.. .. .. ..
72.9 .. .. ..
73.3 .. .. ..
80.3 .. .. ..
74.8 .. .. ..
66.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
73.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
85.5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
84.0 .. .. ..
75.9 9.0 .. ..
66.8 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
39.8 .. .. ..
65.7 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
79.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
70.9 .. .. ..
86.3 4.3 .. ..
78.4 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
65.1 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
62.3 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
24.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
73.9 .. .. ..
37.5 12.4 4 ..
76.3 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
61.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
29.7 17.8 4 ..
81.3 .. .. ..
68.0 8.0 .. ..
72.1 7.0 3 ..
54.8 10.6 7 ..
.. .. .. ..
23.3 21.8 5 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
59.2 19.9 11 ..
.. .. .. ..
79.6 .. 25 ..
73.5 5.9 15 ..
.. .. .. ..
52.2 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..

58.4 14.9 3 ..
40.3 24.3 11 ..
77.4 5.7 17 ..
63.8 12.5 .. ..
62.8 16.4 26 ..
77.8 7.6 21 ..
46.0 15.1 12 ..
53.4 12.3 14 ..
61.7 7.5 10 ..
73.7 8.0 26 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
45.8 9.0 4 ..
66.9 13.0 26 ..
78.4 6.2 23 ..
.. .. .. ..
80.2 .. 26 ..
81.0 6.7 23 ..
57.1 12.5 5 ..
57.1 7.0 3 ..
40.2 17.2 7 ..
75.4 6.5 19 ..
84.5 .. .. ..
80.1 8.8 20 ..
54.9 .. 11 ..
65.4 4.9 9 ..
69.5 11.4 36 ..
55.5 17.0 8 ..
62.5 7.0 2 ..
54.6 16.0 5 ..
54.5 .. 6 ..
52.8 9.6 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
72.5 10.0 8 ..
75.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
68.4 12.1 22 ..
47.6 16.9 19 ..
51.8 14.2 8 ..
51.4 22.2 34 ..
34.7 28.6 4 ..
34.1 25.2 6 ..
54.1 16.7 17 ..
59.5 9.5 12 ..
50.2 12.1 6 ..
.. .. 7 ..
27.7 40.2 .. ..
61.0 14.8 11 ..
26.9 34.8 11 ..
54.6 14.9 6 ..
66.5 23.2 20 ..
31.1 26.5 22 ..
58.5 12.6 17 87.2
 .. .. 26 ..
75.7 6.1 11 ..
57.2 10.9 15 ..
52.8 13.3 28 7.4
70.8 13.8 13 ..
42.0 19.1 12 ..
33.9 28.0 30 ..
72.0 11.1 26 ..
29.3 16.5 9 ..
.. .. 18 ..
60.6 13.9 30 ..
80.4 5.8 35 ..
53.5 12.9 27 ..
56.1 17.5 7 ..
26.1 25.3 15 ..
73.2 10.7 34 ..
22.3 28.0 20 ..
65.6 11.7 26 ..
62.3 12.0 59 ..
.. .. .. ..
40.6 33.7 35 ..
30.1 17.9 27 ..
66.1 15.2 5 ..
54.1 14.3 33 ..
49.0 24.2 21 ..
33.0 26.3 21 3.8
49.0 21.1 31 ..
12.6 33.8 30 ..
52.2 16.2 16 ..
56.3 12.5 19 ..
60.5 14.9 23 21.0
52.6 23.7 40 ..
13.7 38.0 30 ..
34.4 18.0 31 1.4
66.8 10.4 32 ..
34.2 17.3 21 ..
29.3 34.7 21 ..

53.9 16.4 13 ..
.. .. 21 ..
19.4 31.6 32 ..
53.2 18.9 7 ..
27.6 23.1 44 18.4
38.4 22.1 31 10.0
41.8 26.0 34 0.3
17.8 33.6 37 66.6
47.9 16.4 41 ..
15.5 32.3 26 9.2
60.2 18.4 17 ..
23.3 26.5 27 36.7
27.8 21.9 29 24.0
19.9 33.6 22 4.7
12.2 26.6 34 86.6
34.3 38.0 15 ..
22.5 24.5 35 ..
19.0 .. 5 93.1
59.2 18.7 42 ..
40.1 20.6 40 65.2
9.0 24.9 30 74.9
8.7 27.6 51 96.8
31.2 31.1 36 44.4
33.5 28.7 32 18.5
16.0 22.3 24 44.9
20.4 27.7 37 ..
27.1 23.1 53 ..
22.5 26.3 30 86.1
31.7 22.8 52 75.8
8.4 27.4 41 83.0
15.6 17.2 50 82.7
28.5 29.7 19 ..
4.0 26.3 52 ..
5.7 22.9 67 38.4
15.2 27.0 68 24.2
11.0 15.0 76 2.0

78.2 7.0 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 27 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 45 97.9
.. .. 10 ..

69.1 .. .. ..
75.4 .. .. ..
53.0 13.9 28 ..
29.4 23.7 39 36.7

60.5 15.0 27 ..

47.9 15.8 20 ..
77.2 .. .. ..
 63.3 8.2 10 ..
74.5 .. 25 ..
52.9 13.3 29 ..
34.0 22.3 36 30.3

38.2 21.4 40 ..
54.1 20.1 23 ..

70.7 .. .. ..

61.9 .. .. ..

gregates by indicator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top th
er-married or all women) and definitions of the forms of violence and of perpetrators vary by survey. Thus data are not necessa

5–49 attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel (doctor, nurse or midwife).
f deliveries attended by skilled health personnel (generally doctors, nurses or midwives) trained in providing lifesaving obstetric
n women of reproductive age (15-49 years) currently using any contraceptive method.
n of reproductive age (15-49 years) who are fecund have an unmet need if they want to have no (more) births, or if they want to
0–24 who were first married or in union before age 18.
n: Percentage of girls and women ages 15-49 who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting.
e of the female population ages 15 and older that has ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate par
ntage of the female population ages 15 and older that has ever experienced sexual violence from a nonintimate partner.
cs programmes at tertiary level, female: Share of female tertiary graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathe
matics programmes in tertiary education who are female: Share of female graduates among all graduates of tertiary program
rtion of women in total employment in senior and middle management.
ice provider: Percentage of women ages 15 and older who report having an account alone or jointly with someone else at a b
which a female employee is entitled in order to take care of a newborn child.
he top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Notes after

SDG 5.2 SDG 5.2

against girls and women Socioeconomic em

Violence against women ever experienced a

Share of graduates
Share of graduates
from STEM
in STEM
Intimate partner Nonintimate partner programmes in
programmes at
tertiary education
tertiary level, female
who are female

(% of female population ages 15 and older) (%) (%)

b b b b
2005-2019 2005-2019 2008-2018 2008-2018

27.0 .. 9.9 28.4

.. .. 11.1 22.1
15.0 5.0 14.1 29.0
22.0 7.0 19.3 27.1
.. .. .. ..
22.8 10.0 9.7 31.7
22.4 .. 10.3 35.2
28.0 12.0 15.0 35.2
6.1 .. 22.3 33.7
25.0 12.0 6.3 25.3
32.0 11.0 12.7 34.2
30.0 11.0 13.5 27.1
.. .. 11.6 31.4
.. .. 12.9 35.0
29.0 7.0 17.5 38.1
.. .. 10.4 34.0
24.0 8.0 7.9 27.5
.. .. 33.8 40.7
.. .. .. ..
13.0 4.0 14.3 25.9
22.0 8.0 9.5 27.6
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 15.4 26.4
13.0 4.0 12.5 29.8
13.0 3.0 12.7 29.7
21.0 4.0 13.5 35.4
26.0 9.0 14.5 31.8
15.0 5.0 8.6 28.1
19.0 5.0 15.7 39.5
20.0 9.0 16.4 38.3
15.0 2.0 10.4 42.2
19.0 1.0 18.9 39.8
13.0 2.0 15.3 44.1
24.0 5.0 11.4 29.8
.. .. 17.3 43.5
.. .. 4.7 ..
.. .. 17.2 41.7
23.0 4.0 12.0 35.6
32.0 7.0 10.0 31.9
19.0 1.0 19.3 39.1
.. .. 14.5 41.9
.. .. 6.8 18.8
.. .. 23.6 51.9
21.0 3.0 11.7 31.5
.. .. 10.9 44.3
13.0 3.0 16.0 37.9
.. .. 39.8 52.8
26.9 12.1 11.5 46.5
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 15.4 26.7
16.5 1.5 14.8 32.9
23.0 6.0 12.3 38.3
17.0 1.0 .. ..
24.0 2.0 20.3 41.2
25.2 15.1 .. ..
.. .. .. 40.5
.. .. .. ..
16.8 .. 10.8 44.6
38.0 .. 14.2 34.7
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 18.1 38.6
.. .. 8.5 38.9

17.0 2.0 18.1 39.7

30.2 19.0 .. ..
.. .. 32.1 30.1
.. .. .. ..
14.4 .. 12.7 49.0
35.9 e
.. 7.7 33.4
21.0 1.3 14.8 49.4
6.0 2.7 15.8 43.7
 .. .. .. 40.3
.. .. 6.1 39.9
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 1.8 33.3
11.0 1.0 14.8 42.9
24.6 38.8 14.8 31.1
.. .. 15.0 30.1
.. .. 8.2 35.4
16.7 .. 10.7 36.6
33.3 .. 14.4 34.1
8.2 .. 8.4 32.8
.. .. 26.9 55.5
10.0 2.0 15.7 45.1
31.2 .. 13.7 32.9
.. .. .. ..
40.4 .. 8.0 29.2
13.5 .. 16.4 40.1
26.0 5.0 12.5 27.4
28.5 .. 7.0 40.0
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 37.8 58.1
31.2 14.0 11.9 33.7
.. .. 18.0 43.3
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
27.8 23.0 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
64.1 8.5 .. ..
20.4 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
19.0 .. .. ..
22.2 .. 11.7 41.8
16.3 .. .. ..
39.6 6.3 .. ..
14.8 .. 17.8 36.3
34.0 4.0 12.1 32.2
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
18.3 .. 12.2 37.1
46.1 10.6 .. ..
21.3 .. 12.7 41.9
58.5 .. .. ..
48.6 5.0 .. ..
25.6 .. 7.7 36.9
50.9 13.0 .. ..
34.4 2.3 15.4 36.5
.. .. 11.7 44.9
.. .. .. ..
.. .. 17.5 45.2
26.6 0.1 13.3 38.7
.. .. 5.2 27.2
14.3 .. 9.4 23.5
26.4 .. .. ..
12.6 .. 8.0 30.6
21.2 .. 5.4 34.7
22.5 .. .. ..
28.8 .. 27.7 43.9
26.7 .. 8.1 41.9
58.8 13.9 .. ..
27.8 .. 8.6 37.5
67.6 9.8 .. ..
15.1 5.8 .. ..
54.2 3.0 7.9 19.8
32.8 8.0 .. ..
27.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
15.3 5.3 8.6 25.2
60.0 33.0 .. ..
24.4 4.0 7.4 22.5
45.9 .. .. ..
56.9 .. .. ..
17.3 .. 47.3 64.9
20.9 3.8 6.0 16.7
40.7 .. 11.2 30.7
25.0 .. .. ..
34.8 .. 9.9 38.4
51.1 5.0 .. ..
37.6 .. 20.9 28.8
24.5 .. .. ..
63.5 18.0 .. ..

.. .. 19.2 49.5
.. .. .. ..
6.4 1.5 .. ..
37.1 .. 9.2 32.2
17.4 1.5 .. ..
46.2 .. .. ..
49.9 .. .. ..
.. .. 29.4 28.9
.. .. 13.6 28.1
23.8 .. 19.1 54.9
.. .. 4.5 23.4
25.9 .. .. ..
21.5 .. .. ..
25.1 .. .. ..
.. .. 27.8 47.2
26.0 .. .. ..
50.8 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
37.5 .. .. ..
28.0 .. 7.6 17.3
20.1 .. 53.1 45.7
.. .. .. ..
38.5 2.6 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
50.7 .. 11.0 25.1
21.7 .. 5.1 26.7
48.8 .. .. ..
11.5 .. 7.0 15.1
.. .. 21.8 27.8
35.5 .. .. ..
48.5 .. 10.4 18.2
.. .. .. ..
28.6 .. .. ..
29.8 .. .. ..
.. .. 6.4 29.1

.. .. 22.2 19.3
.. .. .. ..
48.1 47.3 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
36.8 .. .. ..

.. .. 13.2 33.5
.. .. .. ..
30.7 .. 26.0 43.7
31.5 .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

.. .. 19.0 48.1
.. .. .. ..
 27.8 .. 14.0 32.9
23.8 .. 11.6 33.6
31.0 .. .. ..
31.4 .. .. ..

38.3 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..

.. .. 12.9 32.6

.. .. .. ..

l size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs.
hus data are not necessarily comparable across countries.

viding lifesaving obstetric care—including giving the necessary supervision, care and advice to women during pregnancy, labou

) births, or if they want to postpone or are undecided about the timing of their next birth, yet they are not using any method of c

nce from an intimate partner.

nintimate partner.
, Engineering and Mathematics programmes among all female tertiary graduates.
duates of tertiary programmes in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

with someone else at a bank or other type of financial institution or who report personally using a mobile money service in the p
e cutoffs. See Notes after the table.

SDG 5.5 SDG 1.3

Socioeconomic empowerment

Women with
Female share of
account at financial
employment in Mandatory paid
institution or with
senior and middle maternity leave
mobile money-
management
service provider

(% of female population
(%) (days)
ages 15 and older)
b
2010-2018 2017 2017

33.5 100.0 ..
31.6 98.9 98
33.5 95.3 182
28.6 99.2 98
.. 94.7 70
.. 99.2 ..
43.1 .. 90
39.4 100.0 ..
.. 96.3 105
24.8 99.8 112
27.0 100.0 126
32.0 99.6 147
.. 99.9 105
.. 99.3 112 c

34.2 96.1 42
40.5 92.7 ..
33.5 98.8 105
.. .. ..
.. 98.1 98
28.9 98.4 112
16.1 98.2 112
.. 93.7 105
.. 94.7 90
38.2 96.9 105
31.9 91.6 112
26.6 78.6 196
34.5 91.3 112
27.6 97.0 126
23.2 91.6 150
33.2 98.4 140
22.4 90.0 126
30.5 84.5 119
39.5 88.0 140
38.2 81.0 126
12.2 76.4 45
.. .. ..
.. 58.2 70
30.4 83.1 238
43.2 92.5 112
32.2 90.6 ..
.. 61.6 d
50
.. 71.3 126
37.0 .. 91
37.1 72.2 168
.. 75.4 60
26.1 82.7 208
.. 63.5 d
50
32.6 50.8 90
39.3 76.1 140
.. 81.3 126
.. 60.3 126
39.3 73.6 410
23.8 67.6 45
30.1 53.6 126
35.5 .. ..
.. .. 84
.. 73.5 70
37.3 60.6 98
16.3 54.3 112
.. .. 91
.. 82.5 60
43.8 .. 98

29.8 70.1 135

.. 73.6 98
.. 91.6 270
30.8 87.1 98
43.5 42.3 98
.. 60.9 120
29.3 38.1 365
.. 63.6 183
25.6 73.4 84
.. .. ..
.. .. 91
.. .. 91
24.2 54.7 365
35.6 33.3 84
29.5 79.8 90
.. .. 90
.. 67.5 120
.. 42.5 126
.. 40.9 140
.. 29.3 98
28.2 72.9 270
.. 34.4 98
.. 76.4 128
35.3 42.6 84
.. 27.7 126
.. 61.3 126
.. 54.1 98
.. .. 91
19.3 28.4 30
40.0 95.0 120
.. 32.9 70
.. 46.8 84
.. .. 91
.. 77.8 f
56
.. 70.0 182
.. .. 84
38.6 .. 84
.. 46.0 98
.. .. ..
.. 26.6 70
41.7 52.3 f
98
19.5 .. 60
.. .. ..
25.5 38.9 60
.. 44.6 126
.. 35.5 ..
.. 36.0 126
.. 59.6 98
19.4 51.4 90
41.6 .. 28
33.9 70.0 120
26.8 53.9 90
.. 53.7 98
.. 27.0 90
 .. .. ..
.. 30.4 180
17.8 15.9 84
.. 19.5 98
.. 16.8 98
.. 38.9 126
35.4 .. 91
32.7 24.4 112
.. 42.1 140
.. .. 60
34.5 42.1 84
.. 24.8 84
13.0 76.6 182
48.2 80.7 84
.. .. 84
41.0 41.0 84
.. .. 84
.. 27.7 f
56
11.5 35.8 112
18.2 .. ..
.. .. 98
.. 21.0 105
54.6 27.4 d
14
23.4 31.9 105
.. .. 84
.. 53.7 84
28.5 40.3 84
.. .. 84
31.5 26.0 98
.. 21.5 90
.. 77.7 90
13.9 41.6 52
.. 22.3 f
90
.. 30.0 98
.. 51.7 98
4.2 7.0 84
25.1 .. 84

.. 19.6 d
120
19.3 .. 0
.. 17.9 d
98
36.3 45.0 84
28.9 27.3 84
17.3 42.2 84
.. 52.7 84
.. 15.5 98
24.5 16.3 98
 .. 28.6 98
.. 46.5 84
.. 35.6 98
.. 38.4 98
.. 37.6 98
.. 10.0 f
56
.. 30.0 42
4.3 7.2 90
.. 8.8 d
98
.. 29.8 56
21.1 29.1 90
33.7 .. 180
.. 19.7 98
20.1 28.2 98
.. 1.7 f
70
.. .. 60
.. 24.2 98
22.2 32.9 60
.. 15.4 84
.. 34.5 98
.. .. 60
.. 25.7 98
.. 6.7 f
84
.. 4.7 56
.. 14.9 98
.. 9.7 98
.. 10.9 98

.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. 630
.. 33.7 f
..
36.7 .. ..

— 86.8 116
— 65.4 116
— 58.2 94
— 26.1 86

— 58.2 99

— 27.0 75
— .. 88
 — 53.4 165
— 52.1 96
— 65.0 110
— 36.0 89

— 28.4 87
— .. 79

— 86.2 122

— 64.6 108

g the same tercile cutoffs. See Technical note 6 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for details

n during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period, conducting deliveries on their own and caring for newborns. Traditional

not using any method of contraception.

ile money service in the past 12 months.

_technical_notes.pdf for details about partial grouping in this table.

aring for newborns. Traditional birth attendants, even if they receive a short training course, are not included.
 Dashboard 4. Environmental sustainability

Country groupings (terciles)

Top third Middle third Bottom third
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by indicator. For each indicator coun

SDG12.c SDG7.2 SDG9.4

Fossil fuel Renewable

energy energy Carbon dioxide emission
consumption consumption

(% of total (% of total final

Per capita
HDI rank Country energy energy
(tonnes)
consumption) consumption)
b
2010-2015 2015 2016
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Norway 57.0 57.8 6.8
2 Switzerland 50.2 25.3 4.5
3 Ireland 85.3 9.1 7.9
4 Germany 78.9 14.2 8.9
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 93.2 0.9 6.2
6 Australia 89.6 9.2 16.2
6 Iceland 11.3 77.0 6.2
8 Sweden 25.1 53.2 3.9
9 Singapore 90.6 0.7 8.0
10 Netherlands 93.5 5.9 9.2
11 Denmark 64.9 33.2 5.9
12 Finland 40.2 43.2 8.3
13 Canada 74.1 22.0 14.9
14 New Zealand 59.7 30.8 6.5
15 United Kingdom 80.4 8.7 5.6
15 United States 82.4 8.7 15.0
17 Belgium 75.9 9.2 8.1
18 Liechtenstein .. 63.1 ..
19 Japan 93.0 6.3 9.0
20 Austria 65.7 34.4 7.2
21 Luxembourg 80.6 9.0 14.6
22 Israel 97.4 3.7 7.9
22 Korea (Republic of) 81.0 2.7 11.6
24 Slovenia 61.1 20.9 6.5
25 Spain 73.0 16.3 5.1
26 Czechia 77.7 14.8 9.5
26 France 46.5 13.5 4.5
28 Malta 97.8 5.4 3.1
29 Italy 79.9 16.5 5.4
30 Estonia 13.1 27.5 12.4
31 Cyprus 92.9 9.9 5.4
32 Greece 82.6 17.2 5.9
32 Poland 90.3 11.9 7.7
34 Lithuania 68.0 29.0 3.7
35 United Arab Emirates 86.1 0.1 20.5
36 Andorra .. 19.7 ..
36 Saudi Arabia 99.9 0.0 16.3
36 Slovakia 64.1 13.4 5.6
39 Latvia 56.7 38.1 3.4
40 Portugal 77.0 27.2 4.6
41 Qatar 100.0 0.0 29.8
42 Chile 74.6 24.9 4.7
43 Brunei Darussalam 100.0 0.0 15.1
43 Hungary 69.5 15.6 4.5
45 Bahrain 99.4 0.0 20.8
46 Croatia 70.7 33.1 3.8
47 Oman 100.0 0.0 14.1
48 Argentina 87.7 10.0 4.4
49 Russian Federation 92.1 3.3 9.9
50 Belarus 92.4 6.8 5.6
50 Kazakhstan 99.2 1.6 12.9
52 Bulgaria 71.0 17.7 5.7
52 Montenegro 64.7 43.0 3.4
52 Romania 72.5 23.7 3.4
55 Palau .. 0.0 ..
56 Barbados .. 2.8 ..
57 Kuwait 93.7 0.0 22.8
57 Uruguay 46.3 58.0 1.8
59 Turkey 86.8 13.4 4.2
60 Bahamas .. 1.2 ..
61 Malaysia 96.6 5.2 7.0
62 Seychelles .. 1.4 ..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
63 Serbia 83.9 21.2 5.1
63 Trinidad and Tobago 99.9 0.3 15.3
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 99.0 0.9 7.1
66 Mauritius 84.5 11.5 3.2
67 Panama 80.7 21.2 2.5
68 Costa Rica 49.9 38.7 1.5
69 Albania 61.4 38.6 1.3
70 Georgia 72.2 28.7 2.2
71 Sri Lanka 50.5 52.9 1.0
72 Cuba 85.6 19.3 2.1
 73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. 1.6 ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. 0.0 ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina 77.5 40.8 6.5
76 Mexico 90.4 9.2 3.6
77 Thailand 79.8 22.9 3.5
78 Grenada .. 10.9 ..
79 Brazil 59.1 43.8 2.0
79 Colombia 76.7 23.6 1.8
81 Armenia 74.6 15.8 1.7
82 Algeria 100.0 0.1 3.1
82 North Macedonia 79.4 24.2 3.3
82 Peru 79.6 25.5 1.7
85 China 87.7 12.4 6.4
85 Ecuador 86.9 13.8 2.1
87 Azerbaijan 98.4 2.3 3.2
88 Ukraine 75.3 4.1 4.4
89 Dominican Republic 86.6 16.5 2.2
89 Saint Lucia .. 2.1 ..
91 Tunisia 88.9 12.6 2.2
92 Mongolia 93.2 3.4 5.9
93 Lebanon 97.6 3.6 3.5
94 Botswana 74.7 28.9 3.2
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .. 5.8 ..
96 Jamaica 81.0 16.8 2.5
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 88.4 12.8 4.3
98 Dominica .. 7.8 ..
98 Fiji .. 31.3 ..
98 Paraguay 33.7 61.7 0.9
98 Suriname 76.3 24.9 3.4
102 Jordan 97.6 3.2 2.5
103 Belize .. 35.0 ..
104 Maldives .. 1.0 ..
105 Tonga .. 1.9 ..
106 Philippines 62.4 27.5 1.1
107 Moldova (Republic of) 88.7 14.3 1.9
108 Turkmenistan .. 0.0 12.2
108 Uzbekistan 97.7 3.0 2.7
110 Libya 99.1 2.0 6.7
111 Indonesia 66.1 36.9 1.7
111 Samoa .. 34.3 ..
113 South Africa 86.8 17.2 7.4
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 84.2 17.5 1.8
115 Gabon 22.8 82.0 1.7
116 Egypt 97.9 5.7 2.2
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
117 Marshall Islands .. 11.2 ..
118 Viet Nam 69.8 35.0 2.0
119 Palestine, State of .. 10.5 ..
120 Iraq 96.0 0.8 3.8
121 Morocco 88.5 11.3 1.6
122 Kyrgyzstan 75.5 23.3 1.5
123 Guyana .. 25.3 ..
124 El Salvador 48.4 24.4 1.1
125 Tajikistan 46.0 44.7 0.6
126 Cabo Verde .. 26.6 ..
126 Guatemala 37.4 63.7 1.0
126 Nicaragua 40.7 48.2 0.8
129 India 73.6 36.0 1.6
130 Namibia 66.7 26.5 1.7
131 Timor-Leste .. 18.2 ..
132 Honduras 52.5 51.5 1.0
132 Kiribati .. 4.3 ..
134 Bhutan .. 86.9 ..
135 Bangladesh 73.8 34.7 0.5
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. 1.2 ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe .. 41.1 ..
138 Congo 40.5 62.4 0.5
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) .. 66.1 ..
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic .. 59.3 ..
141 Vanuatu .. 36.1 ..
142 Ghana 52.5 41.4 0.4
143 Zambia 10.6 88.0 0.2
144 Equatorial Guinea .. 7.8 ..
145 Myanmar 44.3 61.5 0.4
146 Cambodia 30.6 64.9 0.6
147 Kenya 17.4 72.7 0.3
147 Nepal 15.5 85.3 0.3
149 Angola 48.3 49.6 0.7
150 Cameroon 38.3 76.5 0.3
150 Zimbabwe 29.1 81.8 0.7
152 Pakistan 61.6 46.5 0.8
153 Solomon Islands .. 63.3 ..
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
154 Syrian Arab Republic 97.8 0.5 1.5
155 Papua New Guinea .. 52.5 ..
156 Comoros .. 45.3 ..
157 Rwanda .. 86.7 ..
158 Nigeria 18.9 86.6 0.5
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 14.4 85.7 0.2
159 Uganda .. 89.1 ..
161 Mauritania .. 32.2 ..
162 Madagascar .. 70.2 ..
163 Benin 36.7 50.9 0.5
164 Lesotho .. 52.1 ..
165 Côte d'Ivoire 26.5 64.5 0.4
166 Senegal 53.9 42.7 0.5
167 Togo 17.8 71.3 0.3
168 Sudan 31.7 61.6 0.5
169 Haiti 22.0 76.1 0.3
170 Afghanistan .. 18.4 ..
171 Djibouti .. 15.4 ..
172 Malawi .. 83.6 ..
173 Ethiopia 6.6 92.2 0.1
174 Gambia .. 51.5 ..
174 Guinea .. 76.3 ..
176 Liberia .. 83.8 ..
177 Yemen 98.5 2.3 0.3
178 Guinea-Bissau .. 86.9 ..
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 5.4 95.8 0.0
180 Mozambique 12.6 86.4 0.3
181 Sierra Leone .. 77.7 ..
182 Burkina Faso .. 74.2 ..
182 Eritrea 23.1 79.8 0.2
184 Mali .. 61.5 ..
185 Burundi .. 95.7 ..
186 South Sudan 72.2 39.1 0.2
187 Chad .. 89.4 ..
188 Central African Republic .. 76.6 ..
189 Niger 24.1 78.9 0.1
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) 62.1 23.1 1.0
.. Monaco .. .. ..
.. Nauru .. 0.1 ..
.. San Marino .. .. ..
.. Somalia .. 94.3 ..
.. Tuvalu .. 0.0 ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 82.4 10.5 9.6
High human development 84.9 15.8 4.7
Medium human development 69.0 39.8 1.3
Low human development .. 81.0 ..

Developing countries 80.5 23.5 3.1

Regions
Arab States 95.5 4.0 4.4
East Asia and the Pacific .. 15.9 ..
Europe and Central Asia 87.0 9.1 4.6
Latin America and the Caribbean 74.5 27.7 2.6
South Asia 76.9 31.1 1.6
Sub-Saharan Africa 39.2 70.2 0.8

Least developed countries .. 73.2 ..

Small island developing states .. 17.8 ..

Organisation for Economic Co-ope 79.6 12.0 9.0

World 80.6 18.2 4.3

NOTES
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries and aggregates by indicator. For eac
a This column is intentionally left without colour because it is meant to provide context for the indicator on
b Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
c Less than 0.1.

DEFINITIONS
Fossil fuel energy consumption: Percentage of total energy consumption that comes from fossil fuels, w
Renewable energy consumption: Share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. Renewa
Carbon dioxide emissions: Human-originated carbon dioxide emissions stemming from the burning of fo
Forest area: Land spanning more than 0.5 hectare with trees taller than 5 metres and a canopy cover of m
Fresh water withdrawals: Total fresh water withdrawn, expressed as a percentage of total renewable wa
Natural resource depletion: Monetary valuation of energy, mineral and forest depletion, expressed as a
Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution: Age-standardized mortality rate resu
for cooking, expressed per 100,000 population. Ambient air pollution results from emissions from industria
Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene services: Deaths attributable to uns
Degraded land: Rain fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands that have
Red List Index: Measure of the aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine

MAIN DATA SOURCES

Columns 1, 2, 5 and 8: World Bank (2019a).
Columns 3, 4, 11 and 12: United Nations Statistics Division (2019a).
Column 6: HDRO calculations based on data on forest area from World Bank (2019a).
Column 7: FAO (2019b).
Columns 9 and 10: WHO (2019).
or each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and

SDG9.4 SDG15.1 SDG6.4 SDG12.2

Natural
Fresh water
bon dioxide emissions Forest area resource
withdrawals
depletion

(% of total
(kg per 2010 (% of total a
Change (%) renewable water (% of GNI)
US$ of GDP) land area)
resources)
b b
2016 2016 1990/2016 2007-2017 2012-2017

0.11 33.2 -0.1 0.8 4.4

0.08 31.8 9.3 3.8 0.0
0.12 11.0 63.4 1.5 0.1
0.21 32.7 1.0 16.5 0.0
0.11 .. .. .. ..
0.35 16.3 -2.8 3.2 3.0
0.14 0.5 213.7 0.2 0.0
0.08 68.9 0.8 1.6 0.2
0.10 23.1 -5.5 .. 0.0
0.20 11.2 9.4 9.8 0.3
0.13 14.7 14.7 10.6 0.4
0.21 73.1 1.8 .. 0.1
0.35 38.2 -0.4 1.2 0.7
0.19 38.6 5.1 1.6 0.5
0.15 13.1 13.8 5.7 0.4
0.29 33.9 2.7 14.5 0.2
0.20 22.6 .. 32.8 0.0
.. 43.1 6.2 .. ..
0.24 68.5 0.0 18.9 0.0
0.17 46.9 2.6 4.5 0.1
0.16 35.7 .. 1.3 0.0
0.23 7.7 26.7 .. 0.1
0.33 63.4 -4.1 .. 0.0
0.23 62.0 5.1 2.8 0.0
0.16 36.9 33.6 28.7 0.0
0.31 34.6 1.6 12.4 0.1
0.12 31.2 18.5 13.9 0.0
0.09 1.1 0.0 83.0 ..
0.16 31.8 23.2 17.9 0.0
0.47 51.3 -1.4 13.4 0.2
0.24 18.7 7.2 28.0 0.0
0.25 31.7 23.8 14.0 0.1
0.31 30.9 6.5 17.5 0.4
0.14 34.8 12.3 11.3 ..
0.31 4.6 32.1 .. 4.0
.. 34.0 0.0 .. ..
0.33 0.5 0.0 871.7 7.9
0.19 40.4 1.0 1.1 0.0
0.15 54.0 5.8 0.6 0.0
0.17 34.6 -7.8 11.8 0.1
0.27 0.0 0.0 .. 7.4
0.22 24.3 18.2 .. 6.5
0.21 72.1 -8.0 .. 10.9
0.18 22.9 14.3 4.9 0.2
0.49 0.8 145.9 132.2 3.2
0.19 34.4 3.8 0.6 0.3
0.37 0.0 0.0 .. 18.1
0.24 9.8 -22.9 4.3 1.0
0.45 49.8 0.8 1.5 5.8
0.34 42.6 11.1 2.5 0.6
0.56 1.2 -3.3 19.8 8.7
0.33 35.4 17.6 26.4 0.7
0.22 61.5 32.1 .. 0.5
0.17 30.1 8.4 3.0 0.5
.. 87.6 .. .. ..
.. 14.7 0.0 .. 0.0
0.33 0.4 81.2 .. 8.1
0.09 10.7 134.1 .. 1.2
0.18 15.4 22.8 27.8 0.2
.. 51.4 0.0 .. 0.0
0.28 67.6 -0.7 .. 3.1
.. 88.4 0.0 .. 0.0

0.49 31.1 9.9 2.9 0.4

0.52 46.0 -1.9 8.8 6.9
0.39 6.6 17.8 .. 4.6
0.17 19.0 -6.0 .. 0.0
0.12 61.9 -8.7 0.9 0.1
0.10 54.6 8.7 2.8 0.3
0.12 28.1 -2.3 .. 1.1
0.26 40.6 2.6 2.9 0.7
0.09 32.9 -9.7 .. 0.1
0.10 31.3 63.2 18.3 0.5
 .. 42.3 0.0 51.3 ..
.. 22.3 -4.9 8.5 ..
0.58 42.7 -1.1 0.9 0.4
0.21 33.9 -5.5 18.6 2.2
0.23 32.2 17.3 13.1 1.6
.. 50.0 0.0 7.1 ..
0.15 58.9 -9.9 0.7 1.9
0.14 52.7 -9.2 0.5 3.4
0.21 11.7 -0.8 36.7 2.9
0.23 0.8 17.8 77.8 9.3
0.26 39.6 10.3 8.6 1.2
0.14 57.7 -5.3 0.7 5.5
0.47 22.4 33.6 20.9 0.9
0.21 50.2 -5.0 .. 2.9
0.21 14.1 37.7 36.9 13.4
0.62 16.7 4.4 5.6 1.0
0.15 41.7 82.5 30.4 1.6
.. 33.2 -7.2 14.3 0.0
0.21 6.8 63.5 103.3 1.6
0.53 8.0 -0.6 1.3 22.8
0.30 13.4 4.9 40.2 0.0
0.20 18.9 -21.7 1.7 0.5
.. 69.2 8.0 7.9 0.0
0.31 30.9 -2.8 12.5 0.3
0.33 52.7 -10.6 1.7 1.0
.. 57.4 -13.9 10.0 0.0
.. 55.9 7.3 .. 0.8
0.11 37.7 -29.1 0.6 1.6
0.25 98.3 -0.7 .. 28.1
0.31 1.1 -0.6 96.4 0.1
.. 59.7 -15.8 .. 0.5
.. 3.3 0.0 15.7 0.0
.. 12.5 0.0 .. 0.0
0.16 27.8 26.3 17.8 0.7
0.45 12.6 29.6 8.7 0.2
0.79 8.8 0.0 .. ..
0.45 7.5 5.4 108.1 9.4
0.96 0.1 0.0 822.9 6.7
0.17 49.9 -23.8 11.0 1.9
.. 60.4 31.5 .. 0.0
0.62 7.6 0.0 30.2 2.7
0.28 50.3 -13.2 0.4 5.8
0.10 90.0 5.5 .. 10.5
0.21 0.1 67.3 114.1 4.0

.. 70.2 .. .. ..
0.35 48.1 67.1 .. 1.0
 .. 1.5 1.0 42.8 ..
0.24 1.9 3.4 42.9 10.9
0.22 12.6 13.5 35.7 0.3
0.47 3.3 -24.8 .. 6.3
.. 83.9 -0.9 0.5 13.3
0.14 12.6 -30.9 .. 1.0
0.20 3.0 1.9 .. 3.5
.. 22.5 57.3 .. 0.5
0.14 32.7 -26.2 .. 1.7
0.17 25.9 -31.0 0.9 2.9
0.26 23.8 10.8 33.9 1.0
0.17 8.3 -21.9 .. 2.6
.. 45.4 -30.1 .. 29.7
0.23 40.0 -45.0 .. 1.6
.. 15.0 0.0 .. 0.0
.. 72.5 35.1 0.4 2.7
0.14 11.0 -4.5 2.9 0.6
.. 91.9 .. .. ..
.. 55.8 -4.3 1.9 0.0
0.10 65.4 -1.8 .. 31.4
.. 34.3 25.1 .. 1.7
.. 82.1 7.4 .. 6.3
.. 36.1 0.0 .. 0.0
0.12 41.2 8.6 .. 11.4
0.06 65.2 -8.2 .. 8.3
.. 55.5 -16.3 .. 22.9
0.08 43.6 -27.3 .. 2.7
0.17 52.9 -27.9 .. 1.0
0.11 7.8 -5.8 13.1 2.5
0.13 25.4 -24.7 .. 0.9
0.12 46.3 -5.3 .. 12.8
0.08 39.3 -23.5 .. 2.5
0.35 35.5 -38.0 17.9 3.1
0.17 1.9 -43.5 74.4 0.8
.. 77.9 -6.2 .. 20.9

0.77 2.7 32.1 .. ..

.. 74.1 -0.2 .. 14.0
.. 19.7 -25.3 .. 1.8
.. 19.7 53.1 .. 5.4
0.09 7.2 -61.8 4.4 4.4
0.08 51.6 -18.3 .. 2.2
.. 9.7 -59.3 1.1 14.1
.. 0.2 -46.7 .. 12.4
.. 21.4 -9.1 .. 0.8
0.27 37.8 -26.0 .. 1.8
.. 1.6 25.0 .. 5.1
0.13 32.7 1.7 1.4 2.2
0.23 42.8 -11.9 .. 1.0
0.19 3.1 -75.4 .. 13.4
0.11 .. .. 71.2 2.8
0.18 3.5 -17.1 10.3 1.2
.. 2.1 0.0 .. 0.3
.. 0.2 0.0 .. 0.7
.. 33.2 -19.7 .. 8.2
0.07 12.5 .. 8.7 9.4
.. 48.4 10.8 .. 5.7
.. 25.8 -12.9 .. 13.0
.. 43.1 -15.8 .. 19.2
0.15 1.0 0.0 .. 0.2
.. 69.8 -11.5 .. 11.4
0.03 67.2 -5.0 .. 23.2
0.23 48.0 -13.0 0.7 1.3
.. 43.1 -0.3 .. 12.9
.. 19.3 -22.7 .. 15.0
0.08 14.9 -7.1 .. ..
.. 3.8 -30.7 .. 9.5
.. 10.9 -2.9 .. 15.7
0.08 .. .. 1.3 14.0
.. 3.8 -29.2 .. 13.1
.. 35.6 -1.8 .. 0.1
0.11 0.9 -41.9 5.1 11.9

0.25 40.7 -40.2 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..
.. 0.0 0.0 .. ..
.. 0.0 0.0 .. ..
.. 10.0 -24.1 .. 8.9
.. 33.3 0.0 .. ..

0.25 32.9 1.2 6.4 0.7

0.36 31.6 -4.3 5.9 1.5
0.23 30.9 -7.7 .. 2.2
.. 24.9 -12.0 .. 6.4

0.32 27.1 -6.4 .. 2.1

0.29 1.8 -1.9 76.1 6.6

.. 29.8 3.9 .. 1.1
0.29 9.2 8.6 20.3 2.1
0.19 46.2 -9.6 1.5 2.3
0.26 14.7 7.8 25.0 1.3
 0.25 28.1 -11.9 .. 6.1

.. 29.1 -11.3 .. 5.7

.. 69.4 1.3 .. 1.5

0.24 31.4 1.6 9.1 0.4

0.27 31.2 -3.0 7.7 1.1

s by indicator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the
ext for the indicator on change in forest area.

mes from fossil fuels, which consist of coal, oil, petroleum and natural gas products.
consumption. Renewable sources include hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass and biofuels.
g from the burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring and the production of cement. Carbon dioxide emitted by forest biomass through de
nd a canopy cover of more than 10 percent or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It excludes land predominantly unde
e of total renewable water resources.
etion, expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI).
zed mortality rate resulting from exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution and household (indoor) air pollution from solid fuel u
missions from industrial activity, households, cars and trucks.
ths attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene focusing on inadequate wash services, expressed per 100,000 populat
woodlands that have experienced the reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity resulting from a c
It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the International Union for Cons
es): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Notes a

SDG3.9 SDG3.9 SDG15.3 SDG15.5

Environmental threats
Mortality rate attributed to
Unsafe water,
Household
sanitation and Red List
and ambient Degraded land
hygiene Index
air pollution
services

(% of total land
(per 100,000 population) (value)
area)

2016 2016 2015 2018

9 0.2 .. 0.940
10 0.1 .. 0.974
12 0.1 .. 0.925
16 0.6 .. 0.983
.. .. .. 0.821
8 0.1 .. 0.825
9 0.1 .. 0.861
7 0.2 .. 0.993
26 0.1 .. 0.860
14 0.2 .. 0.943
13 0.3 .. 0.972
7 0.1 c
1 0.990
7 0.4 .. 0.969
7 0.1 .. 0.626
14 0.2 .. 0.783
13 0.2 .. 0.836
16 0.3 11 0.986
.. .. .. 0.993
12 0.2 .. 0.781
15 0.1 .. 0.894
12 0.1 c
4 0.987
15 0.2 .. 0.758
20 1.8 .. 0.733
23 0.1 c
5 0.937
10 0.2 18 0.843
30 0.2 6 0.971
10 0.3 12 0.873
20 0.1 c
.. 0.883
15 0.1 13 0.902
25 0.1 c
.. 0.986
20 0.3 19 0.983
28 0.1 c
16 0.848
38 0.1 5 0.971
34 0.1 3 0.989
55 0.1 c
1 0.863
.. .. .. 0.917
84 0.1 4 0.908
34 0.1 c
4 0.963
41 0.1 c
13 0.988
10 0.2 32 0.854
47 0.1 c
6 0.826
25 0.2 1 0.755
13 0.1 c
.. 0.825
39 0.2 13 0.930
40 0.1 c
.. 0.844
35 0.1 .. 0.901
54 0.1 c
7 0.885
27 0.4 39 0.861
49 0.1 6 0.955
61 0.1 1 0.972
63 0.4 36 0.871
62 0.1 .. 0.944
79 0.1 c
6 0.813
59 0.4 2 0.949
.. .. .. 0.732
31 0.2 .. 0.914
104 0.1 c
64 0.845
18 0.4 26 0.832
47 0.3 9 0.875
20 0.1 .. 0.702
47 0.4 16 0.677
49 0.2 12 0.664

62 0.7 6 0.958
39 0.1 .. 0.813
51 1.0 23 0.837
38 0.6 27 0.396
26 1.9 14 0.733
23 0.9 9 0.818
68 0.2 8 0.844
102 0.2 6 0.864
80 1.2 36 0.564
50 1.0 .. 0.651
 .. .. .. 0.731
30 0.1 .. 0.888
80 0.1 4 0.905
37 1.1 47 0.677
61 3.5 21 0.795
45 0.3 .. 0.763
30 1.0 27 0.902
37 0.8 7 0.737
55 0.2 2 0.846
50 1.9 1 0.904
82 0.1 .. 0.972
64 1.3 .. 0.724
113 0.6 27 0.744
25 0.6 30 0.679
64 1.1 .. 0.912
71 0.3 25 0.946
43 2.2 .. 0.734
30 0.6 .. 0.842
56 1.0 13 0.974
156 1.3 13 0.948
51 0.8 .. 0.961
101 11.8 51 0.979
48 1.3 .. 0.772
25 0.6 .. 0.724
35 1.4 15 0.825
.. .. .. 0.672
99 2.9 .. 0.669
57 1.5 52 0.948
57 2.0 21 0.983
51 0.6 4 0.963
69 1.0 81 0.743
26 0.3 .. 0.843
73 1.4 .. 0.725
185 4.2 38 0.644
78 0.1 29 0.969
79 4.0 22 0.975
81 0.4 29 0.969
72 0.6 .. 0.969
112 7.1 21 0.754
85 1.5 .. 0.806
87 13.7 78 0.772
64 5.6 18 0.870
76 20.6 16 0.961
109 2.0 1 0.909

.. .. .. 0.839
64 1.6 31 0.733
 .. .. 15 0.780
75 3.0 26 0.799
49 1.9 19 0.887
111 0.8 24 0.984
108 3.6 16 0.922
42 2.0 16 0.826
129 2.7 97 0.985
99 4.1 17 0.890
74 6.3 24 0.721
56 2.2 .. 0.852
184 18.6 30 0.678
145 18.3 19 0.966
140 9.9 .. 0.885
61 3.6 .. 0.743
140 16.7 .. 0.760
124 3.9 10 0.799
149 11.9 65 0.760
152 3.6 .. 0.686
162 11.4 .. 0.785
131 38.7 10 0.983
137 27.9 13 0.817
188 11.3 .. 0.810
136 10.4 .. 0.662
204 18.8 14 0.844
127 34.9 7 0.879
178 22.3 19 0.813
156 12.6 23 0.806
150 6.5 33 0.816
78 51.2 40 0.797
194 19.8 .. 0.825
119 48.8 20 0.934
208 45.2 0 0.836
133 24.6 36 0.789
174 19.6 5 0.859
137 6.2 .. 0.767

75 3.7 .. 0.943
152 16.3 21 0.839
172 50.7 22 0.764
121 19.3 12 0.848
307 68.6 32 0.874
139 38.4 .. 0.689
156 31.6 22 0.751
169 38.6 3 0.977
160 30.2 30 0.788
205 59.7 53 0.910
178 44.4 20 0.953
269 47.2 14 0.888
161 23.9 6 0.943
250 41.6 12 0.854
185 17.3 12 0.933
184 23.8 .. 0.721
211 13.9 8 0.837
159 31.3 .. 0.816
115 28.3 17 0.808
144 43.7 29 0.842
237 29.7 14 0.981
243 44.6 11 0.894
170 41.5 29 0.887
194 10.2 .. 0.884
215 35.3 15 0.960
164 59.8 6 0.891
110 27.6 .. 0.825
324 81.3 18 0.911
206 49.6 19 0.988
174 45.6 35 0.907
209 70.7 3 0.981
180 65.4 29 0.921
165 63.3 .. 0.931
280 101.0 34 0.920
212 82.1 13 0.943
252 70.8 7 0.936

207 1.4 .. 0.899

.. .. .. 0.759
.. .. .. 0.772
.. .. .. 0.992
213 86.6 23 0.900
.. .. .. 0.840

25 0.3 .. —
94 1.9 25 —
164 18.0 23 —
202 46.5 16 —

133 14.0 23 —

101 7.0 7 —
115 2.2 .. —
67 0.5 28 —
40 1.7 28 —
174 17.1 23 —
 187 47.8 22 —

167 34.3 16 —
92 8.9 .. —

19 0.4 .. —

114 11.7 20 —

equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cuto

mass and biofuels.

emitted by forest biomass through depletion of forest areas is included. Data are expressed in tonnes per capita (based on mid
It excludes land predominantly under agricultural or urban land use, tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example

(indoor) air pollution from solid fuel use

ces, expressed per 100,000 population.
ity and complexity resulting from a combination of pressures, including land use and management practices.
k on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. It ranges from 0, all species categorize
ame tercile cutoffs. See Notes after the table.
oded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Technical note 6 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf f

onnes per capita (based on midyear population) and in kilograms per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) in constant 2010 US
roduction systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. Areas und

ent practices.
es from 0, all species categorized as extinct, to 1, all species categorized as least concern.
019_technical_notes.pdf for details about partial grouping in this table.

GDP) in constant 2010 US dollars.

s and gardens. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent an
py cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 metres are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas resulting from human inte
resulting from human intervention or natural causes that are expected to regenerate.
 Dashboard 5. Socioeconomic sustainability

Top third Middle third Bottom third

Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by indicator. For each indicator countrie

SDG17.4
Economic sustainability

Adjusted net Total debt Gross capital

savings service formation

(% of exports of
HDI goods, services
Country (% of GNI) (% of GDP)
rank and primary
income)
2015-2017 d
2015-2017 d
2015-2018 d

Very high human development

1 Norway 16.9 .. 27.6
2 Switzerland 16.4 .. 23.2
3 Ireland 16.0 .. 25.4
4 Germany 14.1 .. 21.3
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. .. 21.7
6 Australia 5.6 .. 24.3
6 Iceland 16.6 .. 22.6
8 Sweden 19.1 .. 26.5
9 Singapore 36.8 .. 26.6
10 Netherlands 18.4 .. 21.2
11 Denmark 18.3 .. 22.7
12 Finland 10.2 .. 23.7
13 Canada 6.5 .. 23.1
14 New Zealand 13.9 .. 23.5
15 United Kingdom 5.5 .. 17.2
15 United States 6.1 .. 20.6
17 Belgium 12.0 .. 25.4
18 Liechtenstein .. .. ..
19 Japan 7.3 .. 23.9
20 Austria 14.1 .. 25.3
21 Luxembourg 20.9 .. 18.3
22 Israel 15.6 .. 20.8
22 Korea (Republic of) 20.1 .. 30.2
24 Slovenia 10.1 .. 21.9
25 Spain 9.1 .. 21.9
26 Czechia 10.3 .. 26.2
26 France 9.3 .. 23.5
28 Malta .. .. 18.4
29 Italy 6.0 .. 18.0
30 Estonia 15.2 .. 27.0
31 Cyprus 3.2 .. 19.1
32 Greece -3.1 .. 13.1
32 Poland 10.6 .. 20.7
34 Lithuania .. .. 18.2
35 United Arab Emirates .. .. 22.4
36 Andorra .. .. ..
36 Saudi Arabia 13.4 .. 25.9
36 Slovakia 5.6 .. 23.6
39 Latvia 6.0 .. 24.2
40 Portugal 3.4 .. 17.5
41 Qatar 26.8 .. 44.6
42 Chile 3.6 .. 22.7
43 Brunei Darussalam 34.6 .. 41.1
43 Hungary 13.2 .. 27.1
45 Bahrain 20.4 .. 32.9
46 Croatia 10.8 .. 21.4
47 Oman -11.3 .. 31.3
48 Argentina 5.4 .. 20.8
49 Russian Federation 8.0 26.0 22.7
50 Belarus 21.2 11.8 27.5
50 Kazakhstan 5.8 47.9 26.6
52 Bulgaria 14.8 21.3 20.7
52 Montenegro .. 13.4 31.4
52 Romania 3.4 22.4 24.2
55 Palau .. .. 28.5
56 Barbados -6.8 o
.. 18.3
57 Kuwait 14.6 .. 29.1
57 Uruguay 10.2 .. 16.5
59 Turkey 11.4 40.2 29.2
60 Bahamas 7.1 .. 27.1
61 Malaysia 10.0 .. 23.6
62 Seychelles .. .. 32.5
High human development
63 Serbia -3.2 q
22.0 21.5
63 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. ..
65 Iran (Islamic Republic of) .. 0.4 34.7
66 Mauritius -6.4 19.8 19.1
67 Panama 25.3 .. 41.7
68 Costa Rica 15.9 14.8 18.6
69 Albania 8.2 10.4 25.0
70 Georgia 12.5 29.4 33.3
71 Sri Lanka 28.5 21.2 28.6
72 Cuba .. .. 10.3
73 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. .. ..
74 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. ..
75 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. 15.6 21.7
76 Mexico 7.5 14.0 23.0
77 Thailand 14.0 4.7 25.0
78 Grenada .. 9.4 ..
79 Brazil 6.1 36.2 15.4
79 Colombia 2.8 41.6 21.2
81 Armenia 1.5 27.0 22.4
82 Algeria 21.2 0.6 48.4
82 North Macedonia 15.4 13.7 33.0
82 Peru 7.1 21.7 21.7
85 China 20.1 7.6 44.3
85 Ecuador 11.4 29.3 26.0
87 Azerbaijan 9.5 10.7 20.1
88 Ukraine 3.5 20.7 18.8
89 Dominican Republic 17.3 15.6 24.4
89 Saint Lucia -2.3 4.6 21.8
91 Tunisia -9.6 17.2 19.8
92 Mongolia -10.3 56.2 42.2
93 Lebanon -16.9 70.6 17.2
94 Botswana 26.6 2.5 29.4
94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.4 11.6 26.4
96 Jamaica 15.9 27.3 22.6
96 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 7.2 q
57.4 24.8
98 Dominica .. 11.7 ..
98 Fiji 8.1 2.3 ..
98 Paraguay 14.5 12.4 23.1
98 Suriname 22.9 z
.. 36.2
102 Jordan 4.4 12.4 18.2
103 Belize -0.9 9.7 17.9
104 Maldives .. 3.5 ..
105 Tonga 9.3 aa
9.9 33.4
106 Philippines 28.5 11.3 26.9
107 Moldova (Republic of) 14.7 10.7 25.3
108 Turkmenistan .. .. 47.2
108 Uzbekistan .. .. 40.2
110 Libya .. .. 29.8 n

111 Indonesia 12.0 34.0 34.6

111 Samoa .. 8.9 ..
113 South Africa 0.6 12.2 18.0
114 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.8 10.5 20.6
115 Gabon 8.9 aa
3.8 aa
21.4
116 Egypt 1.2 15.1 16.7
Medium human development
117 Marshall Islands .. .. 22.4
118 Viet Nam 13.4 5.9 27.5
119 Palestine, State of .. .. 24.2
120 Iraq -7.0 .. 17.8
121 Morocco 20.9 9.8 33.4
122 Kyrgyzstan 12.9 29.9 35.4
123 Guyana 14.1 5.0 31.1
124 El Salvador 6.4 20.2 20.4
125 Tajikistan 6.3 26.1 27.2
126 Cabo Verde 11.7 5.9 40.4
126 Guatemala 1.9 28.6 12.1
126 Nicaragua 14.4 19.8 22.9
129 India 16.3 10.1 31.0
130 Namibia 4.5 .. 12.6
131 Timor-Leste -14.6 0.1 22.5
132 Honduras 19.5 23.9 25.5
132 Kiribati .. .. ..
134 Bhutan 23.3 10.5 51.3
135 Bangladesh 24.5 5.5 31.2
135 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. .. ..
137 Sao Tome and Principe .. 3.4 ..
138 Congo -40.4 3.2 18.2
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.8 2.2 11.7
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic -1.2 13.4 29.0
141 Vanuatu 20.8 q
2.1 26.4
142 Ghana -8.4 10.4 22.0
143 Zambia 9.2 18.1 38.2
144 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 15.1
145 Myanmar 23.1 5.2 32.8
146 Cambodia 13.1 3.9 23.4
147 Kenya -2.2 14.8 18.4
147 Nepal 38.1 8.5 51.8
149 Angola -16.3 13.4 24.1
150 Cameroon 4.5 10.7 22.4
150 Zimbabwe -22.2 8.4 12.6
152 Pakistan 12.7 22.8 16.4
153 Solomon Islands .. 3.9 ..
Low human development
154 Syrian Arab Republic .. 3.1 z
27.8 x

155 Papua New Guinea .. 27.1 ..

156 Comoros 5.8 aa
1.9 17.5
157 Rwanda -4.4 3.9 24.4
158 Nigeria 1.4 6.8 15.5
159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 23.1 8.4 34.0
159 Uganda -9.5 3.8 24.6
161 Mauritania -10.3 13.2 55.3
162 Madagascar 7.7 3.2 15.2
163 Benin -3.4 4.2 25.8
164 Lesotho 8.2 3.6 27.9
165 Côte d'Ivoire 16.6 17.6 19.8
166 Senegal 12.3 q
14.2 28.7
167 Togo -7.5 5.8 25.3
168 Sudan 0.2 4.2 19.3
169 Haiti 17.6 1.5 29.0
170 Afghanistan 2.7 4.0 19.2
171 Djibouti -1.8 11.1 57.8
172 Malawi -16.7 5.7 13.4
173 Ethiopia 9.3 20.8 34.1
174 Gambia -12.7 aa
16.9 17.0
174 Guinea -6.5 1.4 36.2
176 Liberia -99.0 3.5 13.0
177 Yemen .. 14.6 ..
178 Guinea-Bissau -11.0 2.4 10.9
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) -4.4 3.0 25.8
180 Mozambique -13.5 5.0 37.7
181 Sierra Leone -33.5 3.8 18.5
182 Burkina Faso -9.0 3.7 25.7
182 Eritrea .. .. 10.0
184 Mali -2.3 q
4.5 23.8
185 Burundi -19.0 14.4 9.2
186 South Sudan .. .. 1.6
187 Chad .. .. 19.7
188 Central African Republic .. .. 11.4
189 Niger 5.0 15.6 33.7
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. ..
Monaco .. .. ..
Nauru .. .. ..
San Marino .. .. ..
Somalia .. .. ..
Tuvalu .. .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 8.9 .. 22.1
High human development 16.2 12.9 36.5
Medium human development 13.2 10.0 28.1
Low human development 2.7 8.9 21.9

Developing countries 14.9 13.7 33.5

Regions
Arab States 10.4 16.8 27.0
East Asia and the Pacific 19.7 9.0 41.6
Europe and Central Asia 9.7 31.8 28.1
Latin America and the Caribbean 6.8 24.0 20.1
South Asia 17.1 10.7 30.3
Sub-Saharan Africa -0.1 10.6 21.0

Least developed countries 9.8 8.1 29.5

Small island developing states .. .. 24.0

Organisation for Economic Co-oper 8.6 .. 21.9

World 10.9 14.8 26.2

Notes
Three-colour coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries and aggregates by indicator. For each i
a. This column is intentionally left without colour because it is meant to provide context for the indicator on ed
b. Data on government expenditure on health and education are available in tables 8 and 9 and at http://hdr.
c. A negative value indicates that inequality declined over the period specified.
d. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
e. Projections based on medium-fertility variant.
f. Data refer to the most recent year for which all three types of expenditure (education, health and military) a
g. The trend data used to calculate the change are available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/data.
h. Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.
i. Includes Liechtenstein.
j. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island.
k. Includes Åland Islands.
l. Includes Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla.
m. Includes Northern Cyprus.
n. Refers to 2008.
o. Refers to 2013.
p. Includes Sabah and Sarawak.
q. Refers to 2014.
r. Includes Kosovo.
s. Includes only intermediate education.
t. Includes Agalega, Rodrigues and Saint Brandon.
u. Includes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
v. Includes Nagorno-Karabakh.
w. Includes Crimea.
x. Refers to 2007.
y. Refers to 2009.
z. Refers to 2010.
aa. Refers to 2012.
ab. Includes Transnistria.
ac. Includes East Jerusalem.
ad. Includes Zanzibar.
Definitions
Adjusted net savings: Net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, minera
Total debt service: Sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods or services on
Gross capital formation: Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in inven
Skilled labour force: Percentage of the labour force ages 15 and older with intermediate or advanced educ
Concentration index (exports): A measure of the degree of product concentration in exports from a countr
Research and development expenditure: Current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on cre
Old-age dependency ratio: Ratio of the population ages 65 and older to the population ages 15–64, expres
Military expenditures: All current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping for
Ratio of education and health expenditure to military expenditure: Sum of government expenditure on e
Overall loss in HDI value due to inequality, average annual change: Percentage change in overall loss i
Gender Inequality Index, average annual change: Percentage change in Gender Inequality Index value o
Income share of the poorest 40%, average annual change: Percentage change of the income share of th

Main data sources

Columns 1-3, 6 and 8: World Bank (2019a).
Column 4: ILO (2019).
Column 5: UNCTAD (2019).
Column 7: UNDESA (2019b).
Columns 9 and 12: HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2019a).
Column 10: HDRO calculations based on the Inequality-adjusted HDI time series.
Column 11: HDRO calculations based on the Gender Inequality Index time series.
or each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and

SDG9.5
nomic sustainability Social s
Education and health
Dependency
expenditure versus military
ratio
expenditure

Research and
Skilled Concentration Old age (65 Military
development a
labour force index (exports) and older) expenditure
expenditure

(% of labour (per 100 people

(value) (% of GDP) (% of GDP)
force) ages 15-64)

2010-2018 d
2018 2010-2017 d
2030 e
2010-2018 d

84.3 0.368 2.0 31.9 h

1.6
86.5 0.246 i
3.4 37.9 0.7
84.9 0.269 1.2 27.8 0.3
87.4 0.093 2.9 44.0 1.2
77.0 0.286 0.8 43.2 ..
78.9 0.291 1.9 31.0 j
1.9
74.5 0.461 2.1 31.8 ..
86.8 0.097 3.3 36.4 1.0
65.9 0.269 2.2 34.5 3.1
78.4 0.082 2.0 40.8 1.2
78.7 0.101 2.9 37.1 1.2
89.9 0.143 2.7 43.1 k
1.4
91.8 0.147 1.5 36.7 1.3
82.2 0.175 1.3 33.3 1.2
83.6 0.111 1.7 34.8 1.8
96.4 0.099 2.7 32.5 3.2
85.5 0.096 2.5 37.6 0.9
.. .. .. .. ..
99.9 0.139 3.1 53.2 0.9
87.4 0.061 3.1 38.5 0.7
78.3 0.106 1.2 27.1 0.6
90.6 0.223 4.3 22.5 4.3
85.7 0.175 4.2 38.2 2.6
91.1 0.177 2.0 41.8 1.0
66.9 0.096 1.2 39.8 l
1.3
95.7 0.128 1.7 35.3 1.1
84.8 0.089 2.2 40.4 2.3
63.4 0.292 0.6 41.9 0.5
69.6 0.053 1.3 45.8 1.3
89.8 0.099 1.3 38.3 2.1
85.1 0.401 0.5 27.0 m
1.6
78.3 0.295 1.0 42.5 2.4
95.1 0.063 1.0 37.0 2.0
96.2 0.116 0.8 45.2 2.0
52.8 0.276 1.0 6.4 5.6
.. 0.189 .. .. ..
58.6 0.515 0.8 8.3 8.8
95.5 0.216 0.8 32.7 1.2
92.5 0.084 0.4 42.3 2.0
54.1 0.080 1.3 44.3 1.8
43.9 0.450 0.5 5.7 1.5
70.3 0.325 0.4 26.0 1.9
79.2 0.623 .. 14.4 2.4
88.6 0.108 1.2 34.5 1.1
19.3 0.372 0.1 7.1 3.6
91.5 0.071 0.8 40.5 1.5
.. 0.447 0.2 6.0 8.2
65.8 0.227 0.5 19.7 0.9
96.4 0.327 1.1 31.1 3.9
98.6 0.183 0.6 32.5 1.3
74.0 0.601 0.1 17.4 1.0
88.8 0.092 0.8 37.2 1.7
90.7 0.218 0.4 30.1 1.5
81.0 0.114 0.5 32.6 1.9
92.6 0.499 .. .. ..
.. 0.160 .. 35.4 ..
.. 0.303 0.1 10.0 5.1
26.4 0.226 0.4 27.0 2.0
44.2 0.076 0.9 18.5 2.5
.. 0.423 .. 17.1 ..
66.9 0.218 1.3 14.7 p
1.0
94.2 0.469 0.2 19.2 1.4

83.2 0.081 0.9 32.7 r

1.9
71.9 0.348 0.1 24.1 0.8
18.0 s
0.523 0.3 14.1 2.7
61.1 0.219 0.2 26.7 t
0.2
53.3 0.143 0.1 17.4 0.0
39.1 0.262 0.5 22.6 0.0
54.6 0.292 0.2 n
32.7 1.2
92.5 0.209 0.3 29.5 u
1.9
38.1 0.194 0.1 24.2 1.9
69.4 0.235 0.3 33.8 2.9
.. 0.283 .. .. ..
.. 0.416 .. 20.7 ..
85.0 0.100 0.2 37.5 1.1
40.9 0.137 0.5 15.2 0.5
38.0 0.079 0.8 29.6 1.3
.. 0.208 .. 18.8 ..
64.1 0.159 1.3 19.9 1.5
58.1 0.341 0.2 19.3 3.2
95.7 0.264 0.2 26.1 4.8
40.4 0.483 0.5 14.0 5.3
81.4 0.221 0.4 27.4 1.0
82.8 0.295 0.1 17.5 1.2
.. 0.094 2.1 25.0 1.9
46.3 0.393 0.4 15.5 2.4
93.3 0.827 0.2 17.3 v
3.8
98.3 0.140 0.4 30.2 w
3.8
43.8 0.188 .. 15.7 0.7
.. 0.268 .. 21.1 ..
54.9 0.137 0.6 19.0 2.1
79.3 0.445 0.1 10.5 0.8
.. 0.117 .. 17.9 5.0
34.0 0.891 0.5 8.6 2.8
.. 0.524 .. 20.0 ..
.. 0.498 .. 17.9 1.4
42.3 0.734 0.1 15.0 0.5
.. 0.409 .. .. ..
62.5 0.220 .. 12.5 0.9
43.7 0.348 0.2 13.0 0.9
45.0 0.668 .. 15.1 ..
.. 0.163 0.3 8.2 4.7
43.5 0.311 .. 10.5 1.3
32.7 0.617 .. 9.0 ..
.. 0.297 .. 10.8 ..
29.9 0.250 0.1 11.5 1.1
60.0 0.189 0.3 24.6 ab
0.3
.. 0.645 .. 10.8 ..
.. 0.349 0.2 11.3 3.6
.. 0.798 .. 9.0 15.5
39.8 0.134 0.1 13.5 0.7
66.6 0.366 .. 11.4 ..
51.2 0.151 0.8 9.9 1.0
44.0 0.379 0.2 y
13.7 1.5
35.5 0.546 0.6 y
6.4 1.5
54.9 0.154 0.6 10.2 1.2

.. 0.752 .. .. ..
32.3 0.188 0.4 17.9 2.3
46.9 0.176 0.5 6.7 ac
..
28.3 0.958 0.0 6.1 2.7
18.7 s
0.174 0.7 17.1 3.1
92.7 0.364 0.1 11.3 1.6
42.0 0.452 .. 16.1 1.7
37.4 0.213 0.1 16.3 1.0
80.1 y
0.265 0.1 8.4 1.2
59.8 0.315 0.1 10.4 0.6
18.1 0.136 0.0 9.5 0.4
30.5 0.221 0.1 12.0 0.6
17.6 0.139 0.6 12.5 2.4
66.7 0.265 0.3 6.6 3.3
28.2 0.467 .. 8.2 0.6
24.3 0.222 0.0 10.0 1.7
48.3 0.907 .. 10.1 ..
19.5 0.392 .. 11.1 ..
25.8 0.404 .. 10.7 1.4
65.0 0.805 .. 9.7 ..
.. 0.688 .. 6.7 ..
.. 0.613 .. 5.9 2.5
17.9 0.331 0.3 6.0 1.5
34.2 0.231 .. 8.5 0.2
.. 0.450 .. 7.0 ..
28.6 0.459 0.4 6.8 0.4
40.3 0.681 0.3 n
4.3 1.4
.. 0.641 .. 3.5 0.2
17.5 0.216 .. 12.4 2.9
13.5 0.296 0.1 10.1 2.2
40.5 0.232 0.8 5.4 1.2
41.9 0.141 0.3 10.2 1.4
10.2 0.933 .. 4.6 1.8
19.8 0.336 .. 5.0 1.3
13.0 0.325 .. 5.4 2.2
27.9 0.204 0.2 8.3 4.0
18.7 0.676 .. 7.6 ..

.. 0.235 0.0 9.4 4.1

26.7 0.293 0.0 6.9 0.3
.. 0.560 .. 6.3 ..
17.1 0.390 .. 7.3 1.2
35.2 0.783 0.2 x
5.2 0.5
5.0 0.288 0.5 5.3 ad
1.2
37.1 0.250 0.2 4.1 1.4
5.8 0.308 .. 6.2 3.0
18.5 0.213 0.0 6.4 0.6
17.1 0.346 .. 6.3 0.9
.. 0.288 0.0 8.7 1.8
25.5 0.361 .. 5.3 1.4
10.9 0.239 0.8 5.8 1.9
47.6 0.235 0.3 5.5 2.0
22.8 0.440 .. 7.1 2.3
9.4 0.508 .. 9.7 0.0
19.2 0.387 .. 5.1 1.0
.. 0.222 .. 9.4 3.7 n

17.6 0.558 .. 4.8 0.8

6.8 0.288 0.6 6.4 0.6
12.3 0.449 0.1 4.8 1.1
.. 0.493 .. 5.4 2.5
21.1 0.394 .. 6.4 0.8
29.7 0.319 .. 5.4 4.0
.. 0.875 .. 5.1 1.6
43.1 0.505 0.1 y
5.9 0.7
7.1 0.305 0.3 5.1 1.0
15.2 0.255 .. 5.2 0.8
3.9 0.658 0.2 4.8 2.1
.. 0.319 .. 7.0 ..
4.7 0.670 0.3 4.5 2.9
2.5 0.425 0.1 5.2 1.9
.. .. .. 6.2 1.3
.. 0.774 0.3 4.7 2.1
.. 0.313 .. 5.0 1.4
1.8 0.352 .. 5.2 2.5

.. 0.255 .. 18.7 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
96.5 0.512 .. .. ..
55.7 .. .. .. ..
.. 0.552 .. 5.6 ..
50.1 0.554 .. .. ..

84.7 — 2.3 33.2 2.3

.. — 1.5 20.4 1.7
21.6 — 0.5 11.4 2.3
22.2 — .. 5.7 1.0

32.5 — 1.3 14.7 2.1

 41.1 — 0.6 9.7 5.5
.. — .. 21.7 1.8
71.8 — 0.6 20.1 2.4
54.6 — 0.7 17.8 1.2
20.0 — 0.5 11.9 2.5
25.6 — 0.5 5.7 1.1

20.6 — .. 7.0 1.6

44.3 — .. 17.1 ..

81.9 — 2.4 34.1 2.1

46.3 — 2.0 18.0 2.2

s by indicator. For each indicator countries are divided into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles): the top third, the
ext for the indicator on education and health expenditure.
8 and 9 and at http://hdr.undp.org/en/data.

ion, health and military) are available during the period specified.
 energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage. Net national s
ncy, goods or services on long-term debt; interest paid on short-term debt; and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the I
plus net changes in inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (such as fences, ditches and drains); plant, machinery
ediate or advanced education, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education.
in exports from a country (also referred to as the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index). A value closer to 0 indicates that a country's e
public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture
ation ages 15–64, expressed as the number of dependants per 100 people of working age (ages 15–64).
cluding peacekeeping forces; defence ministries and other government agencies engaged in defence projects; paramilitary forc
ernment expenditure on education and health divided by military expenditure.
e change in overall loss in Human Development Index (HDI) value due to inequality over 2010–2018, divided by the respective
Inequality Index value over 2005-2018, divided by the respective number of years.
of the income share of the poorest 40 percent of the population over 2005–2017, divided by the respective number of years.
s): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cutoffs. See Notes a

SDG10.1 SDG5 SDG10.1

Social sustainability
ducation and health
nditure versus military
expenditure

Overall loss in Gender Income share

Ratio of HDI value due c
Inequality c
of the poorest
education to inequality Index 40%
and health b
expenditure
to military
expenditure
Average annual change (%)

2010-2016 f
2010/2018 g
2005/2018 g
2005/2017

11.7 0.3 -3.7 0.3

25.5 -0.4 -3.8 0.8
32.7 -2.3 -4.0 0.4
13.5 0.5 -2.2 0.0
.. .. .. ..
7.5 0.4 -2.0 -0.6
.. -1.7 -4.2 0.2
17.2 -0.4 -1.8 -0.4
2.1 .. -4.7 ..
13.9 -2.1 -3.9 0.3
15.5 -0.7 -2.9 -0.5
11.5 -3.6 -3.3 0.0
13.0 0.2 -2.9 -0.3
13.2 .. -2.2 ..
8.5 -1.9 -3.2 0.3
6.2 2.2 -2.4 -0.4
18.1 -1.2 -4.3 0.1
.. .. .. ..
15.3 .. -2.5 ..
22.6 0.4 -2.9 -0.5
20.9 0.7 -3.8 -0.9
2.3 -1.8 -3.2 0.7
4.7 -1.8 -3.5 0.1
14.4 -3.9 -3.9 -0.2
10.6 5.9 -2.8 -1.2
13.7 -3.0 -0.8 0.2
7.5 -0.1 -4.8 -0.5
29.8 .. -2.8 -0.3
10.8 0.1 -4.7 -0.6
5.8 -3.2 -4.4 0.0
7.9 -2.0 -3.0 -0.9
.. 2.4 -2.4 -0.7
5.2 -3.2 -2.1 0.9
9.4 -0.6 -2.5 -0.7
.. .. -6.2 ..
.. .. .. ..
1.1 n
.. -5.1 ..
10.3 -1.0 0.1 0.2
10.5 -2.2 -1.7 1.2
7.7 0.8 -4.3 0.4
4.2 .. .. ..
7.2 1.0 -1.9 1.4
1.9 .. .. ..
12.7 -0.9 0.0 0.7
1.6 .. -2.8 ..
6.9 -5.7 -1.9 0.6
0.9 .. -1.7 ..
16.1 -3.6 -0.4 2.0
1.9 -1.8 -2.2 1.2
8.9 -3.9 .. 0.5
6.8 -5.9 -3.4 3.1
7.4 1.4 -1.1 -0.3
.. -1.6 .. -0.4
5.5 -1.0 -0.8 0.8
.. .. .. ..
.. .. -2.0 ..
.. .. -2.5 ..
7.6 -2.4 -2.0 1.7
4.6 -3.9 -3.5 0.2
.. .. -0.1 ..
6.1 .. -1.2 1.5
4.5 .. .. ..

7.0 0.4 .. 2.0

.. .. -0.6 ..
3.9 .. -0.3 1.0
57.3 .. 0.0 -0.1
.. -3.1 -0.2 1.5
.. -0.7 -1.3 -0.1
9.7 -1.7 -2.2 0.5
5.6 -3.7 -0.7 0.0
3.4 -3.7 -1.0 0.3
7.1 .. -0.6 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. -3.7 .. 0.2
16.5 0.9 -1.7 1.6
5.4 -2.5 0.6 1.2
.. .. .. ..
13.0 -1.2 -1.4 1.0
3.4 -2.4 -1.3 1.0
3.1 -1.2 -2.8 0.4
2.8 n
.. -1.6 ..
.. -2.7 .. 3.3
6.9 -4.6 -1.3 2.0
.. -3.7 -2.3 0.7
5.2 -0.2 -1.2 2.4
2.6 -4.0 -0.1 ..
3.2 -2.5 -1.8 0.9
10.0 x
-1.7 -0.4 1.2
.. .. .. ..
6.0 -2.2 -0.9 1.3
10.4 -1.3 -1.7 0.2
2.4 .. .. ..
5.1 y
.. -0.9 3.6
.. .. .. ..
11.9 0.1 -1.0 ..
11.2 y
-2.3 -0.3 ..
.. .. .. ..
5.3 .. -1.2 0.5
13.2 -1.1 -0.8 0.9
.. -0.8 -0.8 ..
2.0 -2.9 -1.3 1.2
10.6 -2.7 -1.2 ..
.. 4.4 -1.2 -0.1
.. .. -1.1 0.4
5.6 y
-0.5 -0.7 0.3
35.8 -2.9 -1.7 2.2
.. -3.7 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. -3.3 ..
7.4 -0.2 -1.2 -1.4
.. .. -1.6 0.5
13.1 1.3 0.0 -0.2
6.9 -4.6 -1.5 4.4
4.5 0.8 -0.7 0.5
3.8 n
1.0 -1.7 0.1

.. .. .. ..
5.5 -0.1 -0.1 0.1
.. .. .. 0.0
.. .. .. -0.6
3.4 y
.. -1.2 0.3
7.5 -4.6 -3.4 1.1
6.8 -0.1 -0.6 ..
10.5 -2.6 -1.4 2.9
9.9 -4.3 0.0 -0.2
17.1 .. .. ..
20.4 -2.3 -1.1 1.4
20.0 -0.8 -1.2 0.8
3.1 -5.4 -1.6 -0.5
2.7 -2.5 -1.0 0.3
6.9 -2.0 .. 1.5
8.8 -2.1 -0.5 3.2
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 0.4
2.8 -2.2 -1.2 0.0
.. .. .. 0.6
.. .. .. 0.5
1.3 -2.7 -0.5 -1.4
8.1 -2.2 -0.5 -0.5
29.7 0.1 -1.2 -0.9
.. .. .. ..
26.7 1.5 -0.4 -0.5
3.3 n
0.7 -1.0 -1.4
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
5.2 -3.8 -1.2 ..
7.5 -2.2 -1.3 1.6
6.3 -2.4 -2.1 3.3
1.5 -2.5 .. 4.5
5.6 0.1 -1.1 -1.7
7.0 -3.0 -0.8 ..
1.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.2
.. .. .. 3.4

2.2 y
.. 0.0 ..
.. .. 0.7 ..
.. 0.4 .. 2.1
8.0 -2.8 -1.2 2.1
.. -2.1 .. -1.1
7.3 -1.5 -0.7 0.2
 6.9 -2.1 -0.8 -0.1
2.4 -1.1 .. 1.5
12.1 -1.4 .. -1.5
8.5 0.7 -0.5 -2.8
13.2 n
-0.5 -0.5 -1.1
5.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4
5.9 -1.3 -1.3 -0.5
6.3 -0.4 -0.8 -0.9
1.4 y
.. -1.2 ..
9,318.7 -0.1 0.3 ..
15.1 .. -1.1 ..
3.2 x
.. .. -0.3
22.8 -1.3 -0.5 -0.7
12.4 -2.2 -1.3 -2.2
4.9 -0.6 -0.4 2.9
3.2 -1.6 .. 2.4
19.5 -1.7 -0.3 0.3
2.5 n
-0.9 0.2 -0.6
3.3 -1.4 .. -4.8
6.3 -1.8 -0.1 -0.1
12.0 -4.0 -0.7 -1.8
17.2 -1.2 -0.3 1.9
7.5 -2.1 -0.4 2.3
.. .. .. ..
2.7 -2.3 -0.3 2.4
5.1 -2.4 -0.7 1.0
.. .. .. ..
1.4 -0.5 .. -1.7
2.2 -0.1 -0.1 -6.7
4.6 -2.2 -0.6 2.6

.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..

7.0 -1.1 -2.4 —

.. -2.5 -1.2 —
3.3 -3.9 -1.2 —
4.1 -1.7 -0.6 —

4.5 -2.8 -0.9 —

 1.7 -1.3 -1.0 —
.. -3.0 -0.8 —
4.6 -3.5 -2.1 —
10.9 -1.4 -1.1 —
3.0 -4.5 -1.2 —
7.0 -1.7 -0.6 —

3.7 -1.8 -0.8 —

.. -2.1 .. —

7.8 -0.6 -2.3 —

6.7 -2.6 -0.8 —

qual size (terciles): the top third, the middle third and the bottom third. Aggregates are colour coded using the same tercile cuto
e emissions damage. Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
(repurchases and charges) to the International Monetary Fund. It is expressed as a percentage of exports of goods, services a
itches and drains); plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and construction of roads, railways and the like, including scho

oser to 0 indicates that a country's exports are more homogeneously distributed among a series of products (reflecting a well d
ding knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. Research and development c
ages 15–64).
n defence projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space

10–2018, divided by the respective number of years.

y the respective number of years.

ile cutoffs. See Notes after the table.
ng the same tercile cutoffs. See Technical note 6 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf for detail
 ption of fixed capital.
orts of goods, services and primary income.
the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories a

ucts (reflecting a well diversified economy); a value closer to 1 indicates that a country's exports are highly concentrated amon
arch and development covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.

tions; and military space activities.

hnical_notes.pdf for details about partial grouping in this table.
 ial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales

highly concentrated among a few products.

ons in production or sales as well as goods that are work in progress. Net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital f
e also considered capital formation. Gross capital formation was formerly known as gross domestic investment.
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