UNIT – 1 – ELECTROSTATICS

1. When two objects are rubbed with each other, approximately a charge of 50 nC can be produced
in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be transferred to produce this
charge.

GIVEN
q = 50 nC = 50 x 10-9 C, n = ?,
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

SOLUTION
q = ne

𝑞 50 x 10−9 50
n = 𝑒 = 1.6 x 10−19 = x 10−9 x 1019 = 31.25 × 1010 electrons
1.6

2. The total number of electrons in the human body is typically in the order of 10 28. Suppose, due
to some reason, you and your friend lost 1% of this number of electrons. Calculate the
electrostatic force between you and your friend separated at a distance of 1m. Compare this with
your weight. Assume mass of each person is 60 kg and use point charge approximation.

GIVEN
Number of electrons in human body = 1028, r = 1 m

SOLUTION
a) after 1 % of loss of electron = 1/100 x 1028 = 1026

q1 = 1026 x 1.6 x 10-19, q2 = 1026 x 1.6 x 10-19

1 2𝑞 𝑞 1026 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 9 x 109

Fe = 4𝜋𝜀 =
𝑟 0 12

Fe = 1.6 x 1.6 x 9 x 1023 = 23.04 x 1023 N

b) W = ?

W = mg = 60 x 9.8 = 588 NS

c) to compare Fe with W

Fe = 23 x 1023 N

W = 588 N

Fe 23 x 1023 W x 2300 x 1021

W
= 588
= 588

= W x 3.91 x 1021

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant on a semicircle as shown in the figure. Another
point charge q is kept at the center of the circle of radius R. Calculate the electrostatic force
experienced by the charge q.

GIVEN

SOLUTION
F1 and F2 are equal and opposite. so they cancel each other. F3 sin θ and F4 sin θ cancel each other

Fr = F + F3 cos 450 + F4 cos 450

F3 cos θ = F4 cos θ = F cos 450

F4 = F + 2F cos 450
𝑘𝑄𝑞 2𝑘𝑄𝑞
Fr = + cos 450
𝑅2 𝑅2

𝑘𝑄𝑞 2
Fr = [1 + ]
𝑅2 √2

𝑘𝑄𝑞
Fr = [1 + √2]
𝑅2

1 𝑄𝑞
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜀 [1 + √2]𝑖̂ N
0 𝑅2

4. Suppose a charge +q on Earth’s surface and another +q charge is placed on the surface of the
Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required to balance the gravitational attraction between
Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance between the Moon and Earth is halved, would the
charge q change? (Take mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg, mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg)
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS
 SOLUTION
𝑞1 𝑞2 9 x 109 x q2
Fe = 9 x 109 x =
𝑟2 r2

𝑚1 𝑚2
FG = 6.67 x 10-11 x 𝑟2

6.67 x 10−11 x 5.9 x 1024 x 7.9 x 1032

= r2

Fe = FG

9 x 109 x q2 6.67 x 10−11 x 5.9 x 1024 x 7.9 x 1032

=
r2 r2

6.67 x 5.9 x 7.9 x 1035

q2 = 9 x 109

310.88
q2 = x 1035 x 10−9
9

q2 =34.54 x 1026

q = √34.54 x 1013 = 5.9 x 1013 C

b) suppose the distance between the moon and earth is halved, the charge have no change. [since q
does not depend on r]

5. Draw the free body diagram for the following charges as shown in the figure (a), (b) and (c).

SOLUTION

6. Consider an electron travelling with a speed vo and entering into a uniform electric field ⃗𝑬
⃗,
𝒗𝟎 as shown in the Figure. Ignoring gravity, obtain the electron’s
which is perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗⃗
acceleration, velocity and position as functions of time.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 SOLUTION
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2
v2 = u2 + 2as
F = ma
a = F/m
− 𝑒𝐸
a= 𝑚
− 𝑒𝐸
𝑎= 𝑗̂
𝑚
E = F/q
𝐹
E = 𝑛𝑒 = E x (ne) = E x (1)-e
F = - eE
− 𝑒𝐸
𝑣 = 𝑣0 𝑖̂ + t 𝑗̂
𝑚
2
s = ut + ½ at
1 − 𝑒𝐸
𝑟 = 𝑣0 𝑡 𝑖̂ +2 [ t 2 𝑗̂]
𝑚
1 𝑒𝐸
𝑟 = 𝑣0 𝑡 𝑖̂ - [ 𝑚 t 2 𝑗̂]
2

7. A closed triangular box is kept in an electric field of magnitude

E = 2 × 103 N C-1 as shown in the figure.

Calculate the electric flux through the (a) vertical rectangular surface (b) slanted surface and (c)
entire surface.

SOLUTION
E = 2 x 103
ϕ = E A cos θ
a) flux at vertical rectangular surface
ϕ = E A cos 1800
ϕ = E.l.b x cos 1800
ϕ = 2 x 103 x 5 x 15 x 10-2 x 10-2 (-1)
ϕ = -150 x 10-1 = - 15 Nm2C-1
b) Flux at slanted surface
ϕ = E A cos θ
To find x
5 x 10−2
cos 600 = 𝑥
5 x 10−2
x= = 10 x 10-2
1/2
ϕ = E.l.b x cos 600 = 2 x 103 x 10 x 10-2 x 15 x 10-2 x ½ = 15 x 10-1 = 15 Nm2C-1
c) flux at entire surface
ϕT = -15 + 15 = 0
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS
8. The electrostatic potential is given as a function of x in figure (a) and (b). Calculate the
corresponding electric fields in regions A, B, C and D. Plot the electric field as a function of x for
the figure (b).

SOLUTION
a) region A
dV = - 3V
dx = 0.2 m
𝑑𝑉 −3
EA = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 0.2 = 15 Vm-1

region B
Vis constant
EB = 0
region C
dV = 2V
dx = 0.2 m
−3
EC = 0.2 = - 10 Vm-1

region D
dV = - 6V
dx = 0.2 m
𝑑𝑉 −6
ED = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 0.2 = 30 Vm-1

b) region A
dV = - 30 V
dx = 1 cm
𝑑𝑉
EA = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 30 Vm-1

region B
−30
EB = - = 30 Vm-1
1

region C
V=0
𝑑𝑉
E = - 𝑑𝑥
EC = 0
region D
ED = + 30 Vm-1
region E
EE = - 30 Vm-1
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS
9. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. It consists of
two electrodes separated by a gap of around 0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure.

To create the spark, an electric field of magnitude 3 × 106 Vm-1 is required.

(a) What potential difference must be applied to produce the spark?
(b) If the gap is increased, does the potential difference increase, decrease or remains the same?
(c) find the potential difference if the gap is 1 mm.

GIVEN
E = 3 x 106 Vm-1, d = 0.6 mm = 6 x 10-4 m
V=?

SOLUTION
a) V = E x d = 3 x 106 x 6 x 10-4 = 18 x 102 = 1800 V

b) E = constant
V α d, so increases

c) d = 1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m
V = 3 x 106 x 1 x 10-3 = 3 x 103
= 3000 V

10. A point charge of +10 μC is placed at a distance of 20 cm from another identical point charge of
+10 μC. A point charge of -2 μC is moved from point a to b as shown in the figure. Calculate the
change in potential energy of the system? Interpret your result.

SOLUTION
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
Ui = 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟2 + 4𝜋𝜀2 𝑟3 + 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟3
0 12 0 23 0 13

1 10 𝑥 10−6 𝑥−2 𝑥 10−6 −2 𝑥 10−6 𝑥10 𝑥 10−6 𝑞 𝑞3

= 4𝜋𝜀 [ + ]+ 4𝜋𝜀1
0 5 𝑥 10−2 15 𝑥 10−2 0 𝑟13

1 −20 𝑥 10−12 −20 𝑥 10−12 𝑞 𝑞3

= 4𝜋𝜀 [ + ]+ 4𝜋𝜀1
0 5𝑥 10−2 15 𝑥 10−2 0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
= 9 x 109 x - 5.33 x 10-10 + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
Ui = - 4.79 J + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 𝑞 𝑞4 𝑞 𝑞4 𝑞 𝑞3 1 −20 𝑥 10−12 −20 𝑥 10−12 𝑞 𝑞3
Uf = 4𝜋𝜀1 + 4𝜋𝜀3 + 4𝜋𝜀1 = 4𝜋𝜀 [ 5√2 𝑥 10−2 + 5√10 𝑥 10−2 ]+ 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟14 0 𝑟34 0 𝑟13 0 0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
= 9 x 109 x – 4.08 x 10-8 + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
Uf = - 3.67 J + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13

∆U = Uf – Ui = - 3.67 + 4.79 = 1.12 J

11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each of the following combinations of capacitors.

SOLUTION
a) C2 and C3 are parallel

CP = C2 + C3
CP = 2C0
Cp and C1 are in series
1 1 1 1 1 1+2 3
= 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 2𝐶 + 𝐶 = = 2𝐶
𝐶0 𝑝 0 0 0 2𝐶0 0
2
Cs = 3 𝐶0

b) C1 and C2 are in series

1 1 1 2
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠1 0 0 𝐶0
𝐶0
Cs1 = 2

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 C3 and C4 are in series
1 1 1 2
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠2 0 0 𝐶0
1 2
=𝐶
𝐶𝑠2 0

𝐶0
𝐶𝑠2 = 2

Cs1 and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallel

𝐶0 𝐶0
Cp = Cs1 + Cs2 = +
2 2

Cp = C0

c)

C1, C2 and C3 are in parallel

CP = C1 + C2 + C3
CP = 3C0

d)

C1 and C2 are in series

1 1 1 𝐶2 +𝐶1
= + =
𝐶𝑠1 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝐶1 𝐶2
𝐶𝑠1 = 𝐶2 +𝐶1

C3 and C4 are in series

1 1 1 𝐶3 +𝐶4
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠2 3 4 𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐶3 +𝐶4

Cs1 and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallel

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶4 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4
Cp = Cs1 + Cs2 = (𝐶1 +𝐶2 )(𝐶3 +𝐶4 )

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 e)

C1 , C2 are in series
1 1 1 2
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠1 0 0 𝐶0
𝐶0
𝐶𝑠1 = 2

C3 and C4 are in series

1 1 1 2
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠2 0 0 𝐶0
1 2
=𝐶
𝐶𝑠2 0

𝐶0
𝐶𝑠2 = 2

Cs1 and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallel

𝐶0 𝐶0
Cp = Cs1 + Cs2 + C3 = + + 𝐶0
2 2
4𝐶0
Cp = = 2C0
2

12. An electron and a proton are allowed to fall through the separation between the plates of a
parallel plate capacitor of voltage 5 V and separation distance h = 1 mm as shown in the figure.

(a) Calculate the time of flight for both electron and proton (b) Suppose if a neutron is allowed
to fall, what is the time of flight? (c) Among the three, which one will reach the bottom first?
(Take mp = 1.6 x 10-27 kg, me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg and g = 10 m s-2)

GIVEN
V = 5V, h = 1mm = 1 x 10-3 m
me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
mp = mn = 1.6 x 10-27 kg
e = 1.6 x 10-19

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 SOLUTION
a) s = ut + ½ at2
s = h, u = 0, t = te
h = ½ ate2
te2 = 2h/a ……………… (2)
From Newton’s second law
F = ma
Electrical force,
E = F/q
F = Eq
Ee = ma
a = eE / me
substitute a in (2) equation
2ℎ𝑚𝑒 2ℎ𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥10−3 18.2
te2 = = 𝑉 = = x 10-18
𝐸𝑒 𝑒 5 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 8
𝑑

te2 = 2.276 x 10-18

te = √2.275 𝑥 10−18 = 1.50 x 10-9 s
= 1.50 ns
b) time of flight for proton
2ℎ𝑚𝑝 2ℎ𝑚𝑝 2 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−27 𝑥10−3 2
te2 = = 𝑉 = = 5 x 10-4
𝐸𝑒 𝑒 5 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19
𝑑

te2 = 0.4 x 10-14

te = 63 x 10-9 s = 63 ns
c) Time of flight for neutron
neutron → chargeless particle
2ℎ 2 𝑥 10−3
te = √ 𝑔 = √ = √2 𝑥 10−4 = 1.414 x 10-2 s = 14.14 ms
𝑔

therefore, electron will reach the point first

13. During a thunder storm, the movement of water molecules within the clouds creates friction,
partially causing the bottom part of the clouds to become negatively charged. This implies that
the bottom of the cloud and the ground act as a parallel plate capacitor. If the electric field
between the cloud and ground exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the air (3 × 106 Vm-1 ),
lightning will occur.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 (a) If the bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine the electric potential
difference that exists between the cloud and ground.
(b) In a typical lightning phenomenon, around 25C of electrons are transferred from cloud to
ground. How much electrostatic potential energy is transferred to the ground?

GIVEN
E = 3 x 106 Vm-1, d = 1000 m, V = ?

SOLUTION
a) V = Ed = 3 x 106 x 103 = 3 x 109 V
b) q = 25 C
qV 25 x 3 x 109 75
U= = = x 109 J
2 2 2

14. For the given capacitor configuration

(a) Find the charges on each capacitor
(b) potential difference across them
(c) energy stored in each capacitor

SOLUTION
8
a) Total charge qtot = Cs V = 3 x 9 x 10-6

= 24 x 10-6 C = 24 μC
qa and qd are in series
qa = qd = 24 μC
Therefore Ca, Cb, Cd are in series. In series q is constant. But voltage varies
V = Va + Vb + Vc
b) Potential at a
𝑞𝑎 24 𝑥 10−6
Va = =
𝑐 8 𝑥 10−6

Va = Vd = 3V
qb = Cb x V = 6 x 10-6 x 3 = 18 μC
qc = CC x v = 2 x 10-6 x 3 = 6 x 10-6 C
c) Energy in each capacitor
𝑞2 24 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 24 𝑥 10−6
U1 = 2𝐶 = = 36 x 10-6 J
2 𝑥 8 𝑥 10−6

Ca = Cd
Therefore, Ua = Ud = 36 x 10-6 J
Cb and CC are in parallel
Ub = ½ CV2 = ½ x 6 x 10-6 x 3 x 3
= 27 x 10-6 J
UC = ½ CV2 = ½ x 2 x 10-6 x 9 = 9 x 10-6

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

15. Capacitors P and Q have identical cross sectional areas A and separation d. The space between
the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant εr as shown in the figure. Calculate
the capacitance of capacitors P and Q.

SOLUTION
C1 and C2 are in parallel. capacitance of air filled container
𝜀0 𝐴
C= 𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴/2 𝜀0 𝐴
C1 = =
𝑑 2𝑑
𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴/2 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴
C2 = =
𝑑 2𝑑

C1 and C2 are in parallel

𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
Cp = C1 + C2 = + = [1 + 𝜀𝑟 ]
2𝑑 2𝑑 2𝑑

C1 and C2 are in series

𝜀0 𝐴 2𝜀0 𝐴
C1 = =
𝑑/2 𝑑

𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴 2𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴
C2 = =
𝑑/2 𝑑

1 1 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 2𝜀 + = [1+ 𝜀 ]
𝐶𝑠 1 2 0 𝐴 2𝜀 0 𝜀𝑟 𝐴 2𝜀 0 𝐴 𝑟

𝑑 𝜀𝑟 + 1
= 2𝜀 [ ]
0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟

2𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟
𝐶𝑠 = [𝜀 ]
𝑑 𝑟+ 1

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

 UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. The following graphs represent the current versus voltage and voltage versus current for the six
conductors A,B,C,D,E and F. Which conductor has least resistance and which has maximum
resistance?

SOLUTION
V = IR
R = V/I
For A, R = 2/4 = 0.5 Ω
For B, R = 4/3 = 1.3 Ω
For C, R = 5/2 = 2.5 Ω
For D, R = 4/2 = 2 Ω
For E, R = 3/4 = 0.75 Ω
For F, R = 2/5 = 0.4 Ω
Least RF = 0.4 Ω
Maximum RC = 2.5 Ω

2. Lightning is very good example of natural current. In typical lightning, there is 109 J energy
transfer across the potential difference of 5 × 107 V during a time interval of 0.2 s.

Using this information, estimate the following quantities (a) total amount of charge transferred
between cloud and ground (b) the current in the lightning bolt (c) the power delivered in 0.2 s.
GIVEN
E= 109 J, V = -5 x 107 V, t = 0.2 s

SOLUTION
E=Pxt
109 = p x t
109 = P x 0.2
a) q = ? b) I = ? c) P = ?

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 From given,
109 1
P= = 2 x 1010 = 0.5 x 1010 W = 5 GW
0.2

P = VI
5 𝑥 109
I = P/V = 5 𝑥 107 = 100 A

I = q/t
q = 100 x 0.2 = 20 C

3. A copper wire of 10-6 m2 area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the number of electrons
per cubic meter is 8 × 1028, calculate the current density and average drift velocity.

SOLUTION
I = nAevd
2
J = I/A = 10−6 = 2 x 106 Am-2

J = nevd
2 𝑥 106 1 1 1
vd = J/ne = 8 𝑥 1028 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 = 4 𝑥 1.6 x 10−3 = 6.4 𝑥 103 = 1600 𝑥 4 = 0.0156 x 10-2

vd = 15.6 x 10-5 ms-1

4. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 0 0C is 10 Ω. If its temperature coefficient of resistance is

0.004/0C, find its resistance at boiling point of water. Comment on the result.

GIVEN
t0 = 00c, r0 = 10 Ω, α = 0.004/0C, T = 100 0C, RT = ?

SOLUTION
RT = r0[1 + α(T – T0) = 10 [1 + 0.004 (100 – 0)] = 10 [1 + 0.4]
RT = 14 Ω
Therefore, In a conductor temperature increases resistance also increases.

5. The rod given in the figure is made up of two different materials.

Both have square cross sections of 3 mm side. The resistivity of the first material is
4 x 10-3 Ωm and it is 25 cm long while second material has resistivity of 5 x 10-3 Ωm
and is of 70 cm long. What is the resistivity of rod between its ends?

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 GIVEN
ρ1 = 4 x 10-3 Ωm, ρ2 = 5 x 10-3 Ωm, l1 = 25 x 10-2 m, l2 = 70 x 10-2 m
A1 = 3 x 10-3 m, A2 = 9 x 10-6 m2

SOLUTION
ρ1𝑙1 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2
R1 = =
𝐴 9 𝑥 10−6
ρ2𝑙2 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2
R1 = =
𝐴 9 𝑥 10−6
4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2 100 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 350 𝑥 10−5 450 𝑥 10−5
R s = R1 + R2 = + = =
9 𝑥 10−6 9 𝑥 10−6 9 𝑥 10−6 9 𝑥 10−6

= 5 x 102
Rs = 500 Ω

6. Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of emf as shown in
the figure.

Suddenly the switch S is closed. (a) Calculate the current in the circuit when S is open and closed
(b) What happens to the intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. (c) Calculate the voltage across the
three bulbs when S is open and closed (d) Calculate the power delivered to the circuit when S is
opened and closed (e) Does the power delivered to the circuit decreases, increases or remain
same?

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

7. The current through an element is shown in the figure. Determine the total charge that pass
through the element at a) t = 0 s, b) t = 2 s, c) t = 5s

SOLUTION
At t = 0 s, dq = 0 C,
At t =2 s, dq = 10 C;
At t = 5 s, dq = 0 C

8. An electronics hobbyist is building a radio which requires 150 Ω in her circuit, but she has only
220 Ω, 79 Ω and 92 Ω resistors available. How can she connect the available resistors to get
desired value of resistance?

GIVEN
R1 = 220 Ω, R2 = 79 Ω, R3 = 92 Ω, Required resistance = 150 Ω
R1 and R2 are in parallel

SOLUTION
1 1 1 1 1 220+79 299
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 220 + = 220 𝑥 79 = 17380
𝑅𝑝 1 2 79

17380
𝑅𝑝 = = 58 Ω
299

since RP and R3 are in series

Rrequired = RP + R3 = 58 + 92 = 150 Ω

9. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 Ω resistor and a current of 0.3 A through a 7 Ω
resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell.

SOLUTION
V = IR
ξ = I(R + r)
ξ1 = I1(R1 + r)
ξ2 = I2(R2 + r)

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 I1 (R1 + r) = I2 (R2 + r)
0.9 (2 + r) = 0.3 (7 + r)
1.8 + 0.9 r = 2.1 + 0.3r
0.9 r – 0.3 r = 2.1 – 1.8
0.6 r = 0.3
0.3
r = 0.6 = 0.5 Ω

10. Calculate the currents in the following circuit.

SOLUTION
According to Kirchoff’s first rule, in B
I1 – I2 – I3 = 0
I1 – I2 = I3
In closed path ABEFA
100 I3 + 100 I1 = 15
100 (I1 – I2) + 100 I1 = 15
100 I1 – 100 I2 + 100 I1 = 15
200 I1 – 100 I2 = 15 …………………. (1)

In closed path BCDEB

100 I2 – 100 I3 = -9
100 I2 – 100 (I1 – I2) = -9
100 I2 – 100 (I1 – I2) = -9
100 I2 – 100 I1 + 100 I2 = -9
200 I2 – 100 I1 = -9
100 I1 – 200 I2 = 9 ……………………(2)

(2) x 2 = 200 I1 – 400 I2 = 18

(1) = 200 I1 – 100 I2 = 15
-----------------------------
- 300 I2 = 3
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY
 −3
I2 = 300 = - 0.01 A

substitute I2 = - 0.01 A in (2)

200 I1 – 100(-0.01) = 15
200 I1 + 1 = 15
200 I1 = 14
I1 = 14 / 200 = 0.07 A
I3 = I1 – I2 = 0.07 – (-0.01) = 0.08 A
Therefore I1 = 0.07 A
I2 = - 0.01 A
I3 = 0.08 A

11. A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and resistance of 20 Ω. It is connected in series with
resistance of 2980 Ω and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculate the potential along the wire.

GIVEN
Length of perpendicular wire l = 4 m
Resistance R1 = 20 Ω
R1 is in series with R2 = 2980 Ω
Potential along the wire (or) potential gradient (V/l) = ?

SOLUTION
R1 and R2 are in series,
Rs = R1 + R2 = 20 + 2980 = 3000 Ω
𝑉 ξ
I = 𝑅 = 3000
𝑠
4
I = 3000 A

4 8
V = IR1 = 3000 x 20 = 300 V
8 2
Potential gradient (V/l) = 300 𝑥 4 = 300
V/l = 0.66 x 10-2 Vm-1

12. Determine the current flowing through the galvanometer (G) as shown in the figure.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 GIVEN
current through G, Ig = ?

SOLUTION
closed path PQSP
5I1 + 10 Ig – 15 I2 = 0
5 I1 + 10 Ig – 15(I – I1) = 0
5I1 + 10 Ig – 15 I – 15 I1 = 0
20 I1 + 10 Ig = 15 I
20 I1 + 10 Ig = 15 x 2
20 I1 + 10 Ig = 30
2I1 + Ig = 3 …………………(1)
closed path QRSQ
10 (I1 – Ig) – 20(I2+Ig) – 10 Ig = 0
10 I1 – 10Ig – 20 I2 – 20 Ig – 10 Ig = 0
10 I1 – 40 Ig – 20(I – I1) = 0
10 I1 – 40 Ig – 20 I + 20 I1 = 0
30 I1 – 40 Ig = 20 I
30 I1 – 40 Ig = 40
3 I1 – 4 Ig = 4 ………………(2)
(1) x 3 = 6I1 + 3Ig = 9
(2) x 2 = 6I1 – 8Ig = 8
-----------------
11Ig = 1
1
Ig = 11 A

13. Two cells each of 5V are connected in series across a 8 Ω resistor and three parallel resistors of 4 Ω, 6
Ω and 12 Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above arrangement. Calculate i) the current drawn from the
cell (ii) current through each resistor

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 SOLUTION
1 1 1 1 4+6+2 12 V = 10 – 8 = 2 V
= 6 + 4 + 12 = =
𝑅𝑝 24 24
At 6 Ω
Rp = 2 Ω
I1 = V/R1 = 2/6 = 0.33 A
Rs = 8 + 2 = 10 Ω
At 4 Ω
V = IR
I2 = V/R2 = 2/4 = 0.5 A
I = V/R = 10/10 = 1 A
At 12 Ω
V = IR = 1 x 8 = 8 V
I3 = V/R3 = 2/12 = 0.166 A

14. Four light bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When each bulb
is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is observed.

Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.

SOLUTION

15. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35 cm length of the wire.
If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63 cm, what is the emf of the
second cell?
GIVEN SOLUTION
ξ1 = 1.25 V ξ1 =Irl1 ξ2 =Irl2
l1 = 35 cm ξ1 𝐼𝑟𝑙1
=
ξ1 𝐼𝑟𝑙2
l2 = 63 cm 𝑙 63
ξ2 = 𝑙2 x ξ1 = 35 𝑥 1.25
ξ1 = ? 1

ξ2 = 2.25 V

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment ⃗𝑴 ⃗⃗ is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut in two pieces
along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut into two pieces. Compute the magnetic
moment of each piece.

GIVEN
Magnet cut into two pieces
q
q’m = 2𝑚

SOLUTION
′ = q𝑚 x 2l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 𝑚 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝′ 𝑚 = ½ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝𝑚
From given
q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝′ 𝑚 = 4𝑚 x 2l = ¼ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝𝑚

2. A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m-1 suspended by two flexible wire as shown in figure.
Suppose the tension in the supporting wires is zero when it is kept inside the magnetic field of 1 T
whose direction is into the page. Compute the current inside the conductor and also the direction
of the current.
Assume g = 10 m s-2

SOLUTION
Downward gravitational force = mg = Fg
Upward Lorrentz force = BIL sin θ = FL
Fg = FL
𝑚
x l x g = BIL
𝑙
𝑚
𝑥𝑔 0.2 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 10
I= 𝑙
= = 2 x 10-3 A
𝐵 1

I = 2 mA

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
3. A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic field of strength
0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the loop is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field. Calculate
(a) total torque on the coil
(b) total force on the coil
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field of the free electron density
for the material of the wire is 1028 m-3.

SOLUTION
a) τ = NAB sin θ
θ=0
τ=0

b) F = BIL sin θ
θ=0
F=0

c) F = Bqvd , I = nAevd
𝐼
vd = 𝑛𝐴𝑒
3 𝑥 0.2
F = 1028 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 10−4 𝑥𝑞 𝑥 𝑞

F = 0.6 x 10-23 N

4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T. Suppose the bar
magnet orient at an angle 30o with the external field experiences a torque of 0.2 N m. Calculate:
(i) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(ii) the work done by an applied force in moving it from most stable configuration to the most
unstable configuration and also compute the work done by the applied magnetic field in this case.

SOLUTION
a) τ = MB sin θ
𝜏 0.2 2𝑥2 1
M = 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 1 = = 2 = 0.5 Am2
0.8 𝑥 8
2

b) Ui = - MBcos θ = - 0.5 x 0.8 x cos 0 = - 0.4

Uf = - MBcos θ = - 0.5 x 0.8 x cos 1800 = 0.4

∆U = Uf – Ui = 0.4 –(-0.4) = 0.8 J

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
5. A non - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with
turns 5 is wrapped tightly around it with each turns concentric with the sphere. This sphere is
placed on an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel to the inclined plane. A uniform
magnetic field of 0.5 T exists in the region in vertically upward direction. Compute the current I
required to rest the sphere in equilibrium.

GIVEN
m = 100 g = 100 x 10-3 kg, R = 20 cm = 20 x 10-2 m, n = 5 turns, B = 0.5 T, I = ?

SOLUTION
Sphere is in tangential motion
fs = mg sin θ
Sphere is in rotational motion and experiences a torque
τ = μB sin θ [μ = NIA]
Frictional force
fsR = mg sin θ – R
Then,
μB sin θ = mg sin θ. R
NBIA = mgR
𝑚𝑔𝑅 𝑚𝑔 100 𝑥 10−3 𝑥9.8
I = 𝑁𝐵𝜋𝑅2 = 𝑁𝐵𝜋𝑅 = 22
5 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 𝑥 20 𝑥 10−2
7

2
I=𝜋A

6. Calculate the magnetic field at the center of a square loop which carries a current of 1.5 A,
length of each loop is 50 cm.

GIVEN
I = 1.5 A, L = 50 cm = 0.5 m

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 SOLUTION
𝜇0
B = 4𝜋𝑎 [sin θ1 + sin θ2] 𝑛̂

a=l/2
B1 + B2 + B3 + B4 = B
0 𝜇 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 1 1 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10−2 2
B1 = 4𝜋 𝑙/2 [sin 450 + sin 450] = 50 𝑥 10−2
x[ + ]= x
4𝜋 𝑥 √2 √2 50 √2
2

4 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 2 8 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 √2 𝑥 √2 8 𝑥 1.414 𝑥 10−5

B = 4B1 = = =
50√2 50√2 50

B = 3.4 x 10-6 T

7. Show that the magnetic field at any point on the axis of the solenoid having n turns per unit
𝟏
length B = 𝟐 𝝁𝟎 𝒏 𝑰(cos 𝜽𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 )

GIVEN
n turns per unit length

SOLUTION
r = √𝑅 2 + (𝑥0 − 𝑥)2
𝜇0 𝐼𝑟 2
dB = N ∵ N = ndx
2𝑟 3
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥
dB = 2𝑟 3

sin θ = R/r
r = R cosec θ
𝑅
tan θ = 𝑥
0 −𝑥

𝑥0 − 𝑥 = R cot θ
𝑑𝑥
= R cosec2θ.dθ
𝑑𝜃
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝑅 2 R cosec2 θ.dθ
dB = 2𝑅 3 cosec3 θ
0 𝜇 𝑛𝐼
B = 2𝑅3 cosec 3θ

𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 2 𝜃
B= 2
∫𝜃 sin 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
1

𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝜃
B= [−cosθ]𝜃21
2
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
B= [cos 𝜃1 - cos 𝜃2 ]
2

8. Let I1 and I2 be the steady currents passing through a long horizontal wire XY and PQ
respectively. The wire PQ is fixed in horizontal plane and the wire XY be is allowed to move
freely in a vertical plane. Let the wire XY is in equilibrium at a height d over the parallel wire
PQ as shown in figure.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Show that if the wire XY is slightly displaced and released, it executes Simple Harmonic Motion
(SHM). Also, compute the time period of oscillations.

SOLUTION
F = - ky
𝑑2 𝑦
m = - ky ……………..(1)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
=-𝑚y
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑚 𝑙
=
𝑘 𝑔

l=d
𝑚 𝑑
=
𝑘 𝑔

From (1)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑔
=-𝑑y
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑔
ay = - 𝑑 y ………………. (2)

ay = - ω2y ………………… (3)

From (2) and (3)

ω2 = g / d
𝑔
ω = √𝑑

2𝜋
T= 𝜔

𝑑
T = 2𝜋 √𝑔

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The plane
of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30o to the field. Calculate the magnetic flux through the coil.

GIVEN
side = 30 cm, N = 500 turns, B = 0.4 T, θ = 900 – 300, φB = ?

SOLUTION
A = side x side = 30 x 30 x 10-4 m2
1
φB = NBA cos θ = 500 x 0.4 x 9 x 102 x 10-4 x cos 600 = 5 x 102 x 4 x 10-1 x 9 x 102 x 10-4 x 2

φB = 9 Wb

2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. Find the magnitude
of the emf induced in the wire.

GIVEN
φB = 4 mWb, t = 0.4 s, e = ?b

SOLUTION
𝑑𝜑𝐵 −4 𝑥 10−3
ε=− = = - 10 mV
𝑑𝑡 0.4

3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function of time and is
given by 𝚽𝑩 = (2t3 + 4t2 + 8t + 8) Wb . If the resistance of the coil is 5 Ω, determine the induced
current through the coil at a time t = 3 second.

GIVEN
Φ𝐵 = (2t3 + 4t2 + 8t + 8) Wb
t = 3 s, R = 5 Ω

SOLUTION
𝑑𝜑𝐵
ε= = 6t2 + 8t + 8
𝑑𝑡

t = 3s
ε = 6(3)2 + 8(3) + 8 = 54 + 24 + 8
ε = 86 V
ε 86
I=R= = 17.2 A
5

4. A closely wound coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field. When the
magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in 6 s, an emf of 44 V is induced. Calculate the
number of turns in the coil.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

 GIVEN
r = 0.02 m, B = 8000 T – 2000 T
B = 6000 T, t = 6 s, e = ε = emf = 44 V, θ = 00, N = ?

SOLUTION
𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
e= 𝑡
𝑒𝑥𝑡
N = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

A = π r2
22
= x 2 x 10-2 x 2 x 10-2
7
44 𝑥 7 𝑥 6 7 70
N = 6 𝑥 103 𝑥 22 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−4 = 2 𝑥 10−1 = = 35 turns
2

5. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T.
Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field and is then rotated through an angle of
180o. If the resistance of the coil is 35 Ω, find the amount of charge flowing through the coil.

GIVEN
A = 6 cm2 = 6 x 10-4 m2, N = 2500 turns, B = 0.4 T, R =35 Ω, q = ?

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑞
i= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜑
𝜀 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜑 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 1800 −cos 00
dq = idt = 𝑅dt = − dt = − =− =−
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
3500 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−1 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−4 (−1−1) 1680 𝑥 10−3
=- = = 4.8 x 10-2
𝑅 35

q = 48 x 10-3 C

6. An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance 100 Ω. Find out the
rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.

GIVEN
𝑑𝜑
i = 25 mA, R = 100 Ω, =?
𝑑𝑡

SOLUTION
𝑑𝜑
=ε
𝑑𝑡

ε = i x R = 2.5 x 10-3 x 100 = 250 x 10-3

𝑑𝜑
= 250 mWbs-1
𝑑𝑡

7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of 4 x 10-3 T. If the
induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is 0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of
the blade.
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
 GIVEN
l = 0.4 m, B = 4 x 10-3 T, e = 0.02 V, f = ?

SOLUTION
e = ε = ½ Bωl2
2e 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−2
ω = 𝐵𝑙2 = 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−2
1
2πf = 16 𝑥 103
1
f = 32𝜋 x 103
103
f = 100.48

f = 0.0099522 x 103
f = 9.9 revolutions /s

8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1 m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic field. The plane of the
wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Earth’s field of 4 x 10-5 T.If the emf
induced across the spokes is 31.4 mV, calculate the rate of revolution of the wheel.

GIVEN
l = 1 m, B = 4 x 10-5 T, e = 31.4 mV, f = ?

SOLUTION
e = ½ Bωl2
2e 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 10−3
ω = 𝐵𝑙2 = 4 𝑥 10 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
3.14
2πf = 𝑥 102
2
31.4
f = 4 𝑥 3.14 x 102

f = 2.5 x 102
f = 250 revolutions /s

9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and diameter
0.04 m.
GIVEN
N = 4000, l = 2 m, d = 0.04 m, L = ?

SOLUTION
L = 𝜇0 n2Al
N = nl
n = N/l
A = πr2
r = d/2 = 0.04/2 = 0.02 m
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
 𝜇0 𝑁 2 4000 x 4000
L= 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑙 = 4π x 10-7 x x 12.56 x 10-4
𝑙2 2
4π x 10−7 𝑥 16 𝑥 106 𝑥 4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 10−4
= = 128 x 9.86 x 10-5 = 12.62 x 10-3 = 12.62 mH
2

10. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. If the magnetic flux through the coil is 6 x 10-5 Wb,
find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the coil.

GIVEN
N = 200, I = 4 A, 𝜑𝐵 = 6 x 10-5 Wb, UB = ?

SOLUTION
200 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−5
L1 = N𝜑𝐵 = = 300 x 10-5 = 3 x 10-3 H
4

UB = ½ Li2 = ½ x 3 x 10-3 x 16 = 24 x 10-3 = 0.024 J

11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is 0.04 m. Find the
magnetic flux of a turn when it carries a current of 1 A.

GIVEN
length of solenoid = 50 cm, N = 400/cm, d = 0.04 m, I = 1 A

SOLUTION
400
Number of turns in coil = 10−2 = 400 x 102 m-1

Number of turns in 50 cm = 400 x 102 x 50 x 10-2 = 20000 turns

𝑑 0.04
r=2= = 0.02 m = 2 x 10-2 m
2

A = πr2 = 3.14 x 4 x 10-4 = 12.56 x 10-4 m2

N𝜑𝐵 = LI
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴𝑖
𝜑𝐵 / turn = = 12.56 x 10-7 x 4 x 108 x 12.56 x 10-4
𝑙

𝜑𝐵 = 1.26 Wb

12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is linked with the
coil, find the inductance of the coil.

GIVEN
n = 200, I = 0.4 A, 𝜑𝐵 = 4 mWb, L = ?

SOLUTION
LI = N 𝜑𝐵
N 𝜑𝐵 200 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−3
L= = = 2H
𝐼 4 𝑥 10−1

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross–sectional area 5 cm2. Find
the mutual inductance between them if the number of turns in the first coil is 1200 turns and that
in the second coil is 400 turns.

GIVEN
l1 =l2 = l = 80 cm, A1 = A2 = A = 5 cm2, N1 = 1200, N2 = 400, M = ?

SOLUTION
M = 𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 A2l
𝑁1 𝑁2
n1 = n2 =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑁1 𝑁2 1200
M = 𝜇0 𝐴2 x l = 4π x 10-7 x x 400 x 5 x 10-2 m
𝑙 𝑙 80 𝑥 10−2

= 12.56 x 10-5 x 25 x 12
M = 0.38 mH

14. A long solenoid having 400 turns per cm carries a current 2A. A 100 turn coil of cross -sectional
area 4 cm2 is placed co-axially inside the solenoid so that the coil is in the field produced by the
solenoid. Find the emf induced in the coil if the current through the solenoid reverses its
direction in 0.04 sec.

GIVEN
i = 2A, 𝑁1 = 400/cm, I = 2A, I – removed, N2 = 100, e = ?, A2 = 4 cm2, t = 0.04 s

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑖
e = - M 𝑑𝑡
𝑁1
M = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 A2l = 𝜇0 𝑁2 𝐴2 = 4π x 10-7 x 400 x 102 x 100 x 4 x 10-4
𝑙

= 200.96 x 10-5 H
𝑑𝑖
= 102
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
e = - M 𝑑𝑡 = 200.96 x 10-5 x 102 = 200.96 x 10-3 = 0.02 V

15. A 200 turn coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long solenoid of 3 cm radius. If the
turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, then calculate mutual inductance of the coil.

GIVEN
N2 = 200 turns, r2 = 2 cm, r1 = 3 cm, N1/l1 = 90/cm

SOLUTION
A = πr2 = 3.14 x 4 x 10-4 = 12.50 x 10-4
M = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 A2l

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

 𝑁1 𝑁2
n1 = n2 =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑁1 𝑁2
M = 𝜇0 𝐴2 l = 4π x 10-7 x 90 x 102 x 200 x 12.56 x 10-4 = 2839.68 x 10-3 x 10-3
𝑙 𝑙

M = 2.84 mH

16. The solenoids S1 and S2 are wound on an iron-core of relative permeability 900. The area of their
cross-section and their length are the same and are 4 cm2 and 0.04 m respectively. If the number
of turns in S1 is 200 and that in S2 is 800, calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. The
current in solenoid 1 is increased form 2A to 8A in 0.04 second. Calculate the induced emf in
solenoid 2.

GIVEN
𝜇𝑅 = 900, A = 4 cm2 = 4 x 10-4 m2, l = 0.04 m = 4 x 10-2 m, n1 = 200, n2 = 800, I1 = 2 A, I2 = 8 A
𝑑𝑖
ε = M 𝑑𝑡
𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁1 900 x 200 x 800 x 4 x 10−4
M = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴2 l = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁2 A = 4π x 10-7 x
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 4 𝑥 10−2

= 4 x 3.14 x 18 x 8 x 10-5 x 102

= 32 x 18 x 3.14 x 10-3 = 1808.64 x 10-3

M = 1.81 H
1.81 (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) 1.81 (8 − 2) 5.43
ε= = = x 102 = 2.715 x 102 = 271.5 V
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑥 10−2 2

17. A step-down transformer connected to main supply of 220 V is made to operate 11V,88W lamp.
Calculate (i) Transformation ratio and (ii) Current in the primary.

GIVEN
VP = 220 V, VS = 11 V, PS (or) VSIS = 88 W

SOLUTION
𝑉 11 1
i) k = 𝑉𝑠 = 220 =
𝑝 20

𝑉 𝐼𝑝
ii) 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑝 𝐼𝑠

11 𝐼𝑝
=
220 8
2
𝐼𝑝 = 5 = 0.4 A

18. A 200 V/ 120 V step-down transformer of 90 % efficiency is connected to an induction stove of

resistance 40 Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of the transformer.

GIVEN
V1 = 200 V, V2 = 120 V, η = 90 %, R = 40 Ω, IP = ?
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
 SOLUTION
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 2 120 𝑥 120 η = output power / input power
output power = VSIS = VS = =
𝑅 𝑅 40
90 360
=
= 360 W 100 200𝐼 𝑝

η = output power / input power 𝐼𝑝 =

360 𝑥 100
90 𝑥 200
I = output power / Vs = 360 / 120 = 3 A
𝐼𝑝 = 2 A
I=3A

19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 Ω and the resistance of its secondary
of 1200 turns is 6.2 Ω. Find the voltage across the primary if the power output from the
secondary at 1600 V is 32 kW. Calculate the power losses in both coils when the transformer
efficiency is 80 %.

GIVEN
Np = 300, RP = 0.82 Ω, NS = 1200, RS = 6.2 Ω, VP = ?, VS = 1600 V, o/p = 32 kW, η = 80 %
Power loss in coil 1 = ?, power loss in coil 2 = ?

SOLUTION
η = output power / input power o/p = Vsis
32 𝑥 103 𝑥 100 𝑜/𝑝 32 𝑥 103
i/p = 𝑖𝑠 = = = 20 A
80 𝑉𝑠 1600

i/p = 40 kW power loss in coil 1 = ip2Rp = 100 x 100 x

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
= 0.82 = 8200
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑠 300 𝑥 600 P1 = 8.2 kW
𝑉𝑝 = = = 400 V
𝑁𝑠 1200 power loss in coil 2 = is2Rs = 20 x 20 x 6.2 =
i/p = VpiP 400 x 6.2
𝑖/𝑃 40 𝑥 103
iP = = P1 = 2.48 kW
𝑉𝑝 400

iP = 100 A

20. Calculate the instantaneous value at 60o, average value and RMS value of an alternating current
whose peak value is 20 A.

GIVEN
θ = 600, Im = 20 A, I = ?, Iavg = ?, Irms = ?

SOLUTION
√3
i) I = Im sin θ = 20 x sin 600 = 20 x = 17.32 A
2
2𝐼𝑚
ii) Iavg = = 0.637 x Im = 0.637 x 20 = 12.74 A
𝜋
𝐼𝑚
iii) Irms = = 0.707 x 20 = 14.14 A
√2

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

 UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. Consider a parallel plate capacitor whose plates are closely spaced. Let R be the radius of the
plates and the current in the wire connected to the plates is 5 A, calculate the displacement
current through the surface passing between the plates by directly calculating the rate of change
of flux of electric field through the surface.

GIVEN
𝑑
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝜑𝐸 )
𝑑
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝐸𝐴)

by cos rule,
𝑄
EA = 𝜀
0

𝑑 𝑄
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝜀 )
0

𝑑𝑄
Id = = Ic
𝑑𝑡

Id = Ic = 5 A

2. A transmitter consists of LC circuit with an inductance of 1 μH and a capacitance of 1 μF. What

is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it emits?

GIVEN
f = ?, L = 1 μH, C = 1 μF

SOLUTION
1
f=
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
𝐶 3 𝑥 108
𝜆= = 1
𝑓
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

𝜆 = 3 x 108 x 2π x √𝐿𝐶 = 3 x 108 x 2(3.14) x √10−6 𝑥10−6

𝜆 = 18.84 x 102 m

3. A pulse of light of duration 10−6 s is absorbed completely by a small object initially at rest. If the
power of the pulse is 60 × 10−3 W, calculate the final momentum of the object.

GIVEN
t = 10-6 s, P = 60 x 10-3 W

SOLUTION
𝑈 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
p= =
𝐶 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑃𝑥𝑡 60 𝑥 10−3 𝑥10−6

p= = = 20 × 10−17 kg m s−1
𝐶 3 𝑥 108
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4. Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a
frequency of 1010 Hz and has an amplitude of 10−5 T, acting along the y - direction. Then,
compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write down the expression for electric field in this case.

GIVEN
f = 1010 Hz, B = 10-5 T

SOLUTION
𝐸
c = 𝐵0
0

𝐸0 = c x 𝐵0
𝐸0 = 3 x 108 x 10-5
𝐸0 = 3 x 108 NC-1
𝐶 3 𝑥 108
𝜆= = = 3 x 10-2 m
𝑓 1010
𝜔
k=
𝑐
2𝜋𝑓 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 1010
k= = = 2.09 x 102
𝑐 3 𝑥 108
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2 x 3.14 x 1010
= 6.28 x 1010

Ey = E0 sin (kz – 𝜔t)

Ey = 3 x 108 sin (2.09 x 102 z – 6.28 x 1010 t)𝑖̂

5. If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of the medium is 1.0 and 2.25, respectively.
Find the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.

GIVEN
𝜀𝑟 = 2.25, 𝜇𝑟 = 1

SOLUTION
𝐶 𝐶
𝑣= =
𝜇 √ 𝜇 𝑟 𝜀𝑟
3 𝑥 108
=
√1 𝑥 2.25
3 𝑥 108
=
1.5
= 2 x 108 ms-1

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

 UNIT – 6 - OPTICS

1. An object is placed at a certain distance from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the
distance of the object if the image obtained is magnified 4 times.

GIVEN
Focal length = 20 cm, magnification = 4

SOLUTION
𝑣
m=
𝑢

4u = v
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 4𝑢 𝑢
1 𝑢−4𝑢
=
𝑓 4𝑢2
1 −3𝑢
=
𝑓 4𝑢2

4u = - 3 x 20
u = -15 cm

2. A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. The focal length of eye piece is 5 cm.
Assuming the final image to be at least distance of distinct vision, find the magnification
produced by the objective.

GIVEN
magnification = 30, focal length = 5 cm, image distance = 25 cm for distinct vision

SOLUTION
m = m0 me
𝐷
m = m0 (1 + )
𝑓 𝑒

25
30 = m0 (1 + )
5

30 = m0 (1 + 5)
30 = m0 x 6
m0 = 5

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

3. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image formed is three
times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of the object from the mirror.

GIVEN
focal length = 20 cm, magnification = 3

SOLUTION
𝑣
m=-
𝑢

-3u=v
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
− = − -
20 3𝑢 𝑢
1 −𝑢 + 3𝑢
− =
20 3𝑢2
1 2
− =
20 3𝑢
40
u=− cm
3

u = - 13.33 cm

4. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm.What is the
area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index
of water is 1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source.)

GIVEN
Depth d = 80 cm, refractive index = 1.33,

SOLUTION
A = πR2
𝑑
R=
√𝑛2 −1
𝑑2 6400 𝑥 10−4 6400 𝑥 10−4
R2 = = = = 0.8324
𝑛2 −1 1.7689 − 1 0.7689
A = πR2 = 0.8324 x 3.14 = 2.6 m2

5. A thin converging glass lens made of glass with refractive index 1.5 has a power of + 5.0 D.
When this lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index n, it acts as a divergent lens of focal
length 100 cm. What must be the value of n?

GIVEN
1
refractive index n2 = 1.5, P = 𝑓 = 5.0 D,
divergent lens f = 100 cm = 1m, sign convention f = - 1 m (diverging lens), n1 = n = ?

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

 SOLUTION
1 𝑛 1 1
= ( 2 − 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝑛 𝑅 1 1 𝑅2

converging
1 1
5 = (1.5 – 1) ( − )
𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
5 = (0.5) (
𝑅1
−
𝑅2
) ………………(1)

diverging
1 1.5 1 1
− = ( − 1) ( − )
1 n 𝑅 1 𝑅2
1.5−n 1 1
−1 = (
n
) (𝑅 − 𝑅2
) ………….(2)
1
1.5−n
(2) n
= −1 =
(1) 0.5
0.5 1.5
− = −1
5 n
1.5
1 − 0.1 =
n
1.5
0.9 =
n

n = 15/9 = 5/3

6. If the distance D between an object and screen is greater than 4 times the focal length of a
convex lens, then there are two positions of the lens for which images are formed on the screen.
This method is called conjugate foci method. If d is the distance between the two positions of the
lens, obtain the equation for focal length of the convex lens.

SOLUTION
D=v+u
v=D–u
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝐷−𝑣 𝑢
1 𝑢+𝐷−𝑢
=
𝑓 𝑢(𝐷 − 𝑣)

u2 – Du + Df = 0
− 𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
u=
2𝑎

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

 𝐷 ± √𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝑓
u=
2

𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
u=
2

𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
u1 =
2

𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
u2 =
2

d = u2 – u1
𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓) 𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
d= -
2 2

d = √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
d2 = D2 – 4Df
𝑑 2 − 𝐷2
=f
−4𝐷
𝐷2 − 𝑑 2
f=
4𝐷

7. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant source falls on a single slit 1 mm wide and
the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2 m away. What is the distance between
the first dark fringe on either side of the central bright fringe?

GIVEN
wavelength λ = 600 x 10-9 m = 6 x 10-7 m, D = 2 m, slit d = 1 x 10-3 m

SOLUTION
𝐷λ 2 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−7
β1 = = = 12 x 10-4 β1 = β2
𝑑 1 𝑥 10−2

β1 + β2 = 12 x 10-4 + 12 x 10-4 = 24 x 10-4 = 2.4 x 10-3 = 2.4 mm

8. In Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are 2 mm apart and are illuminated with a mixture
of two wavelength λ0 = 750 nm and λ = 900 nm. What is the minimum distance from the common
central bright fringe on a screen 2 m from the slits where a bright fringe from one interference
pattern coincides with a bright fringe from the other?

9. In Young’s double slit experiment, 62 fringes are seen in visible region for sodium light of
wavelength 5893 Å. If violet light of wavelength 4359 Å is used in place of sodium light, then
what is the number of fringes seen?

GIVEN
nv = 62, nNa = ?, λNa = 5893 Å, λv = 4359 Å

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

 SOLUTION
𝐷𝑛𝜆
β=
𝑑
𝐷 𝑛 5893 Å
βNa =
𝑑
𝐷 4359 Å
βv = x 62
𝑑

(1) = (2)
𝐷 𝑛 5893 Å 𝐷 4359 Å
= x 62
𝑑 𝑑
4359 Å 𝑥 62
n=
5893 Å

n = 83.8 = 84

10. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is formed at infinity.
The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm and the tube length is 6.5 cm. What is the focal length
of the eyepiece.

GIVEN
m = 100, v = ∞, f0 = 0.5 cm, tube length L = 6.5 cm, D = 25 cm (visible range), fe = ?

SOLUTION
𝐿 𝐷 Tube length
m0 = me =
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
L = v0 + f0
m = m0 me
𝐿 𝐷
6.5 = v0 + fe ……………….(2)
m= x
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒

final is inverted so m = - 100 (2) x 4 → 4 fe + 4v0 = 26.0

(1) → - 4 𝑓𝑒 + 2𝑣0 = 1
𝑣0 𝑓0 − 𝑣0 𝑓− 𝑣
m0 =
𝑢0
=
𝑓0
[m =
𝑓
] …………….……
2𝑣0 = 27
𝑣0 𝐷 v0 = 4.5
m = (1 − ) (𝑓 )
𝑓
0 𝑒
6.5 = v0 + fe
𝑣0 25
- 100 = (1 − ) (𝑓 ) 6.5 = 4.5 + fe
0.5 𝑒
𝑣0 fe = 2 cm
- 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1 −
0.5

- 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1 − 2𝑣0
- 4 𝑓𝑒 + 2𝑣0 = 1…………. (1)

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

 UNIT – 7 – DUAL RADIATION OF RADIATION AND MATTER

1. How many photons per second emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm?

GIVEN
P = 50 x 10-3 W
𝛌 = 640 x 10-9 m

SOLUTION
P = NE
hc
P=N
λ

-3 6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108

50 x 10 = N
640 𝑥 10−9
50 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 640 x 10−9 16000 x 10−12
N= = = 161 x 1015 = 1.61 x 1017
66 x 10−34 x 3 x 107 99 x 10−27

2. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy and maximum velocity of the photoelectrons emitted
when the stopping potential is 81 V for the photoelectric emission experiment.

GIVEN
V0 = 81 V,

SOLUTION
Kmax = eV0 = 1.6 x 10-19 x 81 = 129.6 x 10-19 = 1.296 x 10-17 = 1.3 x 10-17 J
vmax = 5.93 x 105 √𝑣0 = 5.93 x 105 √81 = 5.93 x 105 x 9 = 5.337 x 106 V

3. Calculate the energies of the photons associated with the following radiation: (i) violet light of
413 nm (ii) X-rays of 0.1 nm (iii) radio waves of 10 m.

SOLUTION
hc
E= λ

i) violet light
ℎ𝑐 6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 107 198 𝑥 10−18
E1 = = = =
𝜆 413 𝑥 10−9 413 𝑥 10−9 413
0.47 𝑥 10−18
= eV = 2.9 eV = 3 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19
ii) x - ray
hc 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 198 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 107
E2 = = =
λ 0.1 𝑥 10−9 10−10
198 𝑥 10−17
= eV = 1.236 x 103 eV = 1236 eV = 1240 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

 hc 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 198 𝑥 10−17
iii) E3 = = = eV = 1.24 x 10-7 eV
λ 10 1.6 𝑥 10−19

4. A 150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å. If the efficiency is 12 %, find out the
number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second.

GIVEN
P = 150 W, λ = 5500 Å, Efficiency η = 12 %, N = ?

SOLUTION
If N photons are emitted, the total energy E = NE
we know that P = NE
𝑁𝐸 𝑁
Average power P = (n = 𝑡 )
𝑡

P = nE
n = P/E
𝑃𝜆
n = ℎ𝑐

If all power is not emitted

P = rated power x efficiency = Pη
𝑃η𝜆
Number of photons emitted is n = ℎ𝑐

150 𝑥 150 𝑥 12 𝑥 10−10 1800 𝑥 55 𝑥 10 𝑥 10−10

n= = = 4.98 x 10-19
100 𝑥 6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 198 𝑥 10−26

5. How many photons of frequency1014 Hz will make up 19.86 J of energy?

GIVEN
ν = 1014 Hz, E = 19.86 J,

SOLUTION
E = NE = Nhν
19.86 = N x 6.6 x 10-34 x 1014
19.86
N= = 2.99 x 1020 = 3 x 1020
6.6 𝑥 10−20

6. What should be the velocity of the electron so that its momentum equals that of 4000 Å
wavelength photon.

GIVEN
λ = 4000 Å

SOLUTION
p = mv

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

 ℎ ℎ
λ= =
𝑚𝑣 𝑝

ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
p= =
𝜆 4000
6.626 𝑥 10−34
mv =
4000
6.626 𝑥 10−34 6.626 𝑥 10−3
v= = 1.8181 m/s
4000 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 36.44 𝑥 103

7. When a light of frequency 9 x 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface, photoelectrons are emitted
with a maximum speed of 8 x 1051 ms-1. Determine the threshold frequency of the surface.

SOLUTION
hν = ϕ + KE
hν = hν0 + ½ mv2
hν0 = hν - ½ mv2
𝑚𝑣 2
ν0 = ν -
2ℎ

9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 (8 𝑥 105 )2 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 64 𝑥 1010

ν0 = 9 x 1014 - = 9 x 1014 - = 9 x 1014 – 4.422 x 1014
2 𝑥 6.6 𝑥 10−34 2 𝑥 6.6 𝑥 10−34
= 4.58 x 1014 = 4.6 x 14 Hz

8. When a 6000 Å light falls on the cathode of a photo cell and produced photoemission. If a
stopping potential of 0.8 V is required to stop emission of electron, then determine the
(i) frequency of the light (ii) energy of the incident photon (iii) work function of the cathode
material (iv) threshold frequency and (v) net energy of the electron after it leaves the surface.

GIVEN
λ = 6000 Å = 6 x 10-7 m, Vs = 0.8 V

SOLUTION
i) c = νλ
𝑐 3 𝑥 108
ν= = = 0.5 x 1015 = 5 x 1014 Hz
𝜆 6 𝑥 10−7

ii) Energy E = hν = 6.6 x 10-34 x 5 x 1014 J

33.0 𝑥 10−20
= eV = 2.07 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19

iii) ϕ0 = hν – eV0
1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 0.8 𝑉
ϕ0 = 6.6 x 10-34 x 5 x 1014 -
1.6 𝑥 10−19
ϕ0 = 2.07 - 0.8 = 1.27 eV
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
 iv) ϕ0 = hν0
1.27 = 6.6 x 10-34 ν0
1.27 𝑒𝑉 12.7 𝑒𝑉
ν0 = = x 1034
6.6 𝑥 10−34 66
127 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 1033
ν0 = = 30.7 x 1013 J = 3.07 x 1014 Hz
66

v) E = hν – hν0 = hν – ϕ = 2.07 - 1.27 = 0.8 eV

9. A 3310 Å photon liberates an electron from a material with energy 3 × 10-19 J while another 5000
Å photon ejects an electron with energy 0.972 x 10-19 J from the same material. Determine the
value of Planck’s constant and the threshold wavelength of the material.

10. At the given point of time, the earth receives energy from sun at 4 cal cm-2 min-1. Determine the
number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm2 per minute.
(Given : Mean wave length of sun light = 5500 Å)

GIVEN
E = 4 cal cm-2min-1, n = N/min = ?, λ = 5000 Å

SOLUTION
Total energy = Number of photon x energy of each photon
ℎ𝑐
= n x hν = n x [1 J = 0.239 cal]
𝜆
𝐸𝜆 𝐸𝜆 4 𝑥 5500 𝑥 10−10
n= = = = 4.65 x 1019
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 𝑥 0.239 6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 0.239

11. UV light of wavelength 1800 Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold wavelength
4965 Å. Determine the maximum energy of the electron emitted.

SOLUTION
hν - hν0 = ½ mv2

1 1 1 1
KMAX = hc [ − ] = 6.626 x 10-34 x 3 x 108 x [ − ]
𝜆 𝜆0 1800 𝑥 10−10 4965 𝑥 10−10

4965 𝑥 10−10 − 1800 𝑥 10−10

= 19.678 x 10-26 [ ] = 7.03 x 10-19 J
1800 𝑥 4965 𝑥 10−20

7.03 𝑥 10−19
KMAX = = 4.40 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to 81.9 × 10–15 J.
(Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron).
GIVEN
λ = ?, Kmax = 81.9 x 10-15 J, mp = 1836 me

SOLUTION
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
λ= = = 4.02 x 10-14 m
√2𝑚𝐸 √2 𝑥 1836 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 81.9 𝑥 10−15

13. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated with the same potential. Which one of the two
has i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it and ii) less kinetic energy?
Explain.

GIVEN
Deuteron = 1H2, mass of deutron md = 2mp, charge of deuteron = ep
alpha particle = 2He4, mass of alpha particle = 4mp, charge of alpha particle = 2ep

SOLUTION
ℎ ii) KE = eV
i) λ =
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
KEd α ep
1
λd α
√2𝑚𝑑 𝑒𝑑 KEα α eα
1 𝐾𝑑 𝑒𝑝
λα α =
√2𝑚𝛼 𝑒𝛼 𝐾𝛼 2𝑒𝑝

λ𝑑 2 𝑚𝛼 𝑒𝛼 𝐾𝛼
2 = 𝐾𝑑 =
λ𝛼 𝑚 𝑑 𝑒𝑑 2

λ𝑑 2 4𝑚𝑝 2𝑒𝑝
2 =
λ𝛼 2𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑝

λd = 2 λα

14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81 V. What is the de Broglie

wavelength associated with it? To which part of electromagnetic spectrum does this wavelength
correspond?

GIVEN
V = 81 V, λ = ?

SOLUTION
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
λ= = = 1.3 x 10-10 m = 1.3 Å
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉 √2 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 81

15. The ratio between the de Broglie wavelengths associated with protons, accelerated through a
potential of 512 V and that of alpha particles accelerated through a potential of X volts is found
to be one. Find the value of X.

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

 GIVEN
λ𝑃
= 1, Vp = 512 V, Vα = xα = ?
λ𝛼

SOLUTION
ℎ
λ=
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉

ℎ
λP =
√2𝑚𝑃 𝑒𝑃 (512)

ℎ
λα =
√2(4𝑚𝑃 )(2𝑒𝑃 ) 𝑥𝛼

𝜆𝑝 √2(4𝑚𝑃 )(2𝑒𝑃 ) 𝑥𝛼 √8 𝑥𝛼
= =
𝜆𝛼 √2𝑚𝑃 𝑒𝑃 (512) √512

√8 𝑥𝛼
1=
√512

√512 = √8 𝑥𝛼

512 = 8 𝑥𝛼

𝑥𝛼 = 64 V

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

 UNIT – 8 – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. Consider two hydrogen atoms HA and HB in ground state. Assume that hydrogen atom HA is at
rest and hydrogen atom HB is moving with a speed and make head-on collide on the stationary
hydrogen atom HA. After the strike, both of them move together. What is minimum value of
the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom HB, such that any one of the hydrogen atoms
reaches one of the excitation state.

GIVEN
mHA = mHB = m
After stirkes moving with same velocity (v)
KE of HB after collision n = ?

SOLUTION
KEi = ½ mu12 + ½ mu22 [u2 = 0]

KEi = ½ mu12

KEf = ½ 2mv2
KEf = mv2
loss of kinetic energy in Inelastic collision ∆E = KEf - KEi
1 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵
∆E =
2
(𝑚 ) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵

1 𝑚2
∆E =
2
(2𝑚) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2 [u2 = 0]
𝑚
∆E = 𝑢1 2
4
The minimum energy required to raise the H atom from ground state to excited state is 10.2 eV.
KE of HB atom or ½ mu12 = 2 ∆E = 2 x 10.2 eV = 20.4 eV

2. In the Bohr atom model, the frequency of transitions is given by the following expression

Consider the following transitions:

Show that the frequency of these transitions obey sum rule (which is known as Ritz
combination principle)

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

 SOLUTION
1 1 8
ν = Rc ( − ) ν3 →1 = Rc
n2 m2 9
1
ν̂ = = R(
1
−
1
) ν3 →2 n = 2, m = 3
λ n2 m2
1 1
c=λν ν3 →2 = Rc ( − )
4 9
c 5
λ= ν3 → 2 = Rc
ν 36
ν
ν̂ = ν2 →1 n = 1, m = 2
c
1
ν̂c = ν ν2 →1 = Rc (1 − )
4
1 1 3
ν = Rc ( − ) ν2 →1 = Rc
n2 m2 4

ν3 →1 = ν3 →2 + ν2 →1 ν3 →2 + ν2 →1 = Rc ( −
3 5 8
) = 9 Rc
4 36
ν3 →1 n = 1, m = 3
Therefore ν3 →1 = ν3 →2 + ν2 →1
1
ν3 →1 = Rc (1 − )
9

3. (a) A hydrogen atom is excited by radiation of wavelength 97.5 nm. Find the principal
quantum number of the excited state.
𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)
(b) Show that the total number of lines in emission spectrum is 𝟐
and compute the total number of possible lines in emission spectrum.

GIVEN
λ = 97.5 X 10-9 m = 975 x 10-10 m

SOLUTION
𝑐
a) E = hν = h J
𝜆
𝑐 6.626 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
En = h eV = eV = 12.74 eV
𝜆𝑒 975 𝑥 10−10 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19

Eexi of H atom = 13.6 eV

Eprinci.q.n = Eexi – En = 13.6 – 12.74 = 0.86 eV
13.6
En = - eV
𝑛2
13.6
n2 = - eV
0.86

n2 = 16
n=4

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

 𝑛(𝑛−1)
b) = Number of spectral lines
2
4(4−1)
= =6
2

4. Calculate the radius of the earth if the density of the earth is equal to the density of the
nucleus.[mass of earth = 5.97 x 1024 kg].

GIVEN
density ρE = ρn = 2.3 x 1017 kg/m3
mass of earth 5.97 x 1024 kg

SOLUTION
𝑚 𝑚
ρ= 𝐸= 4 𝐸3
𝑉𝐸 𝜋𝑅𝐸 3

𝑚𝐸 5.97 𝑥 1024
𝑅𝐸 3 = 4 = 4 = 6219 x 103
𝜋ρ 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 2.3 𝑥 1017
3 3

𝑅𝐸 = (6219 x 103 )1/3 = 180 m

5. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy per nucleon of the 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝟒𝟕𝐀𝐠 nucleus.
[atomic mass of Ag = 107.905949]

GIVEN
̅̅̅̅ = ?, no. of proton = 47, no. of neutron = 108 – 47 = 61
∆m = ?, 𝐵𝐸

SOLUTION
Total mass of proton = Z mP = 47 x 1.007276 = 47.36801 u
Total mass of neutron = N mn = 61 x 1.008665 u = 61.52887u
Total mass of nucleons = Z mP + N mn = 108.89688 u
Actual mass of Ag = 107.905949 u
∆m = ZmP + Nmn - MN =0.990931
BE = ∆m x 931 MeV = 0.990931 u x 931 MeV = 922.556761 MeV
922.556761 MeV
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 = = 8.5 MeV
108

6. Half lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 minutes and 40 minutes respectively.
Initially, the samples have equal number of nuclei. Calculate the ratio of decayed numbers of A
and B nuclei after 80 minutes.
GIVEN
T1/2A = 20 min, T1/2B = 40 min, Both have same nuclei initially, Total time = 80 min,
𝐴
No. of decayed = 𝐵 = ?

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

 SOLUTION
No. of undecayed atom in element
1𝑛
NA = N0
2
𝑇 80
n=𝑇 = 20 = 4
1/2

1
NA = 24 N0

NA = N0 / 16
1𝑛
NB = 2 N0
𝑇 80
n=𝑇 = 40 = 2
1/2

1
NA = 22 N0

NA = N0 / 4
No. of decayed atoms = N0 – NA = N0 - (N0 / 16) = 15N0 / 16
No. of decayed atoms in B = N0 – NB = N0 - (N0 / 4) = 3N0 / 4
𝐴
= (15N0 / 16) / (3N0 / 4) = 5/4
𝐵

Therefore the ratio of A: B is 5 : 4

7. On your birthday, you measure the activity of the sample 210Bi which has a half-life of 5.01 days.
The initial activity that you measure is 1μ Ci. (a) What is the approximate activity of the sample
on your next birthday? Calculate (b) the decay constant (c) the mean life (d) initial number of
atoms.

GIVEN
T1/2 of Bi210 = 5.01 days = 5.01 x 24 x 60 x 60 seconds
R0 = 10-6, t = 1 year = 365 x 24 x 3600 s = 3.15 x 107 s

SOLUTION
0.6931 0.6931
λ= = = 1.601 x 10-6 s-1
𝑇1/2 5.01 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600

R = R0 e-λt
−6 7
R = 10-6 Ci 𝑒 −1.601 𝑥 10 𝑥 3.15 𝑥 10 = 10-22 μ Ci
1 5.01
τ= = = 7.24 days
𝜆 0.6931
N0 = ?
R0 = λN0
N0 = R0/λ
1 𝜇𝐶𝑖
N0 = = 2.31 x 1010 atoms
1.601 𝑥 10−6 𝑠 −1

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

 8. Calculate the time required for 60% of a sample of radon undergo decay.
Given T1/2 of radon =3.8 days

GIVEN
T1/2 of radon =3.8 days, Decayed = 60 %, Amount of undecayed N = 40 % of N0, t = ?

SOLUTION
N = N0 e-λt
0.6931 0.6931
λ= = days
𝑇1/2 3.8

40 % N0 = N0 e-λt
4/10 = e-λt
eλt = 10/4
λt = log 10/4
λt = log10 2.5
0.3979 𝑥 2.3026 0.3979 𝑥 2.3026 𝑥 3.8
t= = = 5.022 days
𝜆 0.6931

9. Assuming that energy released by the fission of a single 𝟐𝟑𝟓

𝟗𝟐𝐔 nucleus is 200MeV, calculate the
number of fissions per second required to produce 1 watt power.

GIVEN
Energy per fission (E/F) of single 92U235= 200 MeV = 320 x 10-13 J
Required power = 1 watt or 1 J/s
Power = workdone / time, N = number of fissions / s

SOLUTION
Total energy = N (E/F)
1 watt = N x 320 x 10-13 J
1013
N= fissions / s = 3.125 x 1010 fissions / s
320
32 𝑥 106
N= = 1018 fissions / s
32 𝑥 10−12

10. Show that the mass of radium ( 𝟐𝟐𝟔

𝟖𝟖𝐑𝐚 ) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a gram.
Given T1/2 =1600 years.

GIVEN
T1/2 = 1600 years, 1 gram of radium226 = 1 Ci, 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq or dec/sec
𝑑𝑁
= 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq or dec/sec
𝑑𝑡

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

 SOLUTION

𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
α N or = λN
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑁
𝑁=
𝜆 𝑑𝑡
0.6931 0.6931
decay constant λ = = s-1
𝑇1/2 1600 𝑥 365 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600

3.7 𝑥 1010 𝑥 365 𝑥 1600 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600

N= = 2.694 x 1021 atoms
0.6931
(6.023 x 1023 atoms = 226 gram of radium
226
1 atom = gram)
6.023 𝑥 1023

226 𝑥 2.694 𝑥 1021

2.694 x 1021 atoms = gram ≈ 1.01 g
6.023 𝑥 1023

11. Characol pieces of tree is found from an archeological site. The carbon-14 content of this
characol is only 17.5 % that of equivalent sample of carbon from a living tree. What is the age
of tree?

GIVEN
T1/2 of carbon = 5730 years, N0 = 100 %
N = 17.5 % of N0, t = ?

SOLUTION
0.6931 0.6931
λ= = years
𝑇1/2 5730

From law of disintegration N = N0 e-λt

17.5
N0 = N0 e-λt
100
17.5 1
=
100 e𝜆𝑡
100
e𝜆𝑡 =
17.5
100
𝜆𝑡 = loge
17.5
100
5730 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 17.5 𝑥 2.3026
t= = 1.44 x 104 years
0.6931

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS