EL

Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi: Part 2

PT
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor

N
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

IOT

Internet Of Things
 Creating an interactive environment

EL
 Network of devices connected together

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
IOT: Remote Data Logging

 Collect data from the devices in the network

 Send the data to a server/remote machine

EL
 Control the network remotely

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 3
IOT: Remote Data Logging

System Overview:
 A network of Temperature and humidity sensor connected with

EL
Raspberry Pi
 Read data from the sensor

PT
 Send it to a Server
 Save the data in the server
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 4
IOT: Remote Data Logging (contd..)

Requirements
 DHT Sensor

EL
 4.7K ohm resistor

PT
 Jumper wires
 Raspberry Pi
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 5
DHT Sensor
 Digital Humidity and
Temperature Sensor (DHT)

EL
 PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to
right)
PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power

PT

supply
 PIN 2- Data


PIN 3- Null
N
PIN 4- Ground

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

Sensor- Raspberry Pi Interface
 Connect pin 1 of DHT sensor to the
3.3V pin of Raspberry Pi

EL
 Connect pin 2 of DHT sensor to any
input pins of Raspberry Pi, here we
have used pin 11

PT
 Connect pin 4 of DHT sensor to the
ground pin of the Raspberry Pi
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
 Read Data from the Sensor
Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor

Install the library in Raspberry Pi

EL
Use the function Adafruit_DHT.read_retry() to read data from the sensor

PT
N
Source: ADAFRUIT DHTXX SENSORS, Lady Ada, 2012-07-29

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

Program: DHT22 interfaced with Raspberry Pi

Code Output

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
Sending Data to a Server

Sending data to Server using network protocols

 Create a server and client

EL
 Establish connection between the server and the client
 Send data from the client to the server

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 10
Sending Data to a Server (contd..)

Socket Programming:
 Creates a two-way communication between two nodes in a network

EL
 The nodes are termed as Server and Client
 Server performs the task/service requested by the client

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 11
Sending Data to a Server (contd..)

Creating a socket:
s = socket.socket (SocketFamily, SocketType, Protocol=0)

EL
 SocketFamily can be AF_UNIX or AF_INET

PT
 SocketType can be SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM
 Protocol is set default to 0

N
Source: PYTHON NETWORK PROGRAMMING, TutorialsPoint

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)

Server:
s = socket.socket() # creating a socket object

EL
host = socket.gethostname() # local machine name/address
port = 12321 # port number for the server
s.bind((host, port)) # bind to the port

PT
s.listen(5) # waiting for the client to connect
while True:
c, addr = s.accept() # accept the connection request from the client
print ‘Connected to', addr
c.send(‘Connection Successful')
c.close()
N
#close the socket
Source: PYTHON NETWORK PROGRAMMING, TutorialsPoint

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

 Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Client:

EL
s = socket.socket() # creating a socket object
host = socket.gethostname() # getting local machine name
port = 12345 # assigning a port

PT
s.connect((host, port))
print s.recv(1024)
s.close
N
Source: PYTHON NETWORK PROGRAMMING, TutorialsPoint

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Client Code: Obtain readings from the sensor

def sensordata():

EL
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)

PT
sensor = Adafruit_DHT.AM2302
humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor,17)
return(humidity, temperature)

N
This function returns the values from the DHT sensor

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Client Code: Connecting to the server and sending the data

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) #create UDP socket

server_address = ('10.14.3.194', 10001)
try:

EL
while (1):
h,t = sensordata()
message = str(h)+','+str(t)

PT
#Send data
print >>sys.stderr, 'sending "%s"' % message

sent = sock.sendto(message, server_address)

finally:
N
print >>sys.stderr, 'closing socket'
sock.close()

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Server Code: Receive data from client and save it
# Create a UDP socket

EL
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
# Bind the socket to the port
server_address = ('10.14.3.194', 10001)

PT
sock.bind(server_address)
while True:
data, address = sock.recvfrom(4096)
with open(“Datalog.txt","a") as f:
mess=str(data)
f.write(mess)
print mess
N
f.close()

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Result
 The client takes reading from
the sensor and sends it to the
server

EL
 The server receives the data
from the client and saves it in
a text file DataLog.txt

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 18
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 19
 EL
Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi: Part 3

PT
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor

N
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

IOT

Internet Of Things
 Creating an interactive environment

EL
 Network of devices connected together

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
IOT: Remote Data Logging

 Collect data from the devices in the network

 Send the data to a server/remote machine

EL
 Processing the data

PT
 Respond to the network

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 3
IOT: Remote Data Logging

System Overview:
 A network of Temperature and humidity sensor connected with

EL
Raspberry Pi
 Read data from the sensor

PT
 Send it to a Server
 Save the data in the server
 Data Splitting
 Plot the data
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 4
IOT: Remote Data Logging (contd..)

Requirements
 DHT Sensor

EL
 4.7K ohm resistor

PT
 Jumper wires
 Raspberry Pi
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 5
DHT Sensor
 Digital Humidity and
Temperature Sensor (DHT)

EL
 PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to
right)
PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power

PT

supply
 PIN 2- Data


PIN 3- Null
N
PIN 4- Ground

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

Sensor- Raspberry Pi Interface
 Connect pin 1 of DHT sensor to the
3.3V pin of Raspberry Pi

EL
 Connect pin 2 of DHT sensor to any
input pins of Raspberry Pi, here we
have used pin 11

PT
 Connect pin 4 of DHT sensor to the
ground pin of the Raspberry Pi
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
Read Data from the Sensor

Use the Adafruit library for DHT22 sensor to read the sensor
data

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 8
Sending Data to a Server

 Sending data to server using socket programming

 Create a client and server

EL
 Establish connection between the two
 Send data from the client to the server

PT
 Save the data in a file

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
Data Processing

Data from the client needs to be processed before it can be

used further

EL
 Data splitting/filtering
 Data plotting

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 10
 Data Processing
Data splitting/filtering:
 Data from the client is saved in a text file
 The values are separated by a comma(‘ , ’)

EL
message = str(h)+','+str(t)
 Split() function can be used to split a string into multiple strings depending on the type of

PT
separator/delimiter specified.
Example:
Data= ‘sunday,monday,tuesday’ #Data is a string with 3 words separated by a comma
Data.split(“,”)
[‘sunday’,’monday’,’tuesday’] N # split the data whenever a “,” is found
# Gives 3 different strings as output

Source: HOW TO USE SPLIT IN PYTHON, PythonForBeginners, Sep 26, 2012

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

Data Processing

Plotting the data:

 MATPLOTLIB is a python library used to plot in 2D

EL
 Plot(x,y): plots the values x and y
 xlabel(‘X Axis'): Labels the x-axis

PT
 ylabel(‘Y Axis'): Labels the y-axis
 title("Simple Plot"): Adds title to the plot
N
Source: MATPLOTLIB, John Hunter, Darren Dale, Eric Firing, Michael Droettboom and the Matplotlib development team, 2012 - 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Data Processing (contd..)

Plotting the data:

import matplotlib.pyplot as myplot

EL
myplot.plot([1,2,3,4])
myplot.ylabel(‘Y-Axis’)

PT
myplot.show()
By default the values are taken for y-axis, values for x-axis are generated automatically starting
from 0

N
Source: MATPLOTLIB, John Hunter, Darren Dale, Eric Firing, Michael Droettboom and the Matplotlib development team, 2012 - 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

Data Processing (contd..)

Basic Plot:

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 14
Data Proceessing (contd..)

Some other common functions used in plotting:

 figure(): Creates a new figure

EL
 grid(): Enable or disable axis grids in the plot
 ion(): turns on the interactive mode

PT
 subplot(): Adds subplot in a figure
 Close(): Close the current figure window
 N
Scatter(): make a scatter plot of the given points

Source: MATPLOTLIB, John Hunter, Darren Dale, Eric Firing, Michael Droettboom and the Matplotlib development team, 2012 - 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,
Client: socket.SOCK_DGRAM) #create UDP socket
server_address = ('10.14.3.194', 10001)
try:

EL
def sensordata(): while (1):
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) h,t = sensordata()
GPIO.setwarnings(False) message = str(h)+','+str(t) #Send data

PT
sensor = Adafruit_DHT.AM2302 print >>sys.stderr, 'sending "%s"' % message
sent = sock.sendto(message, server_address)
humidity, temperature =
finally:
Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor,17)
N
return(humidity, temperature)
print >>sys.stderr, 'closing socket'
sock.close()

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

 Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Server:
ax.grid()
ax = fig.add_subplot(122)
def coverage_plot(data,i):

EL
ax.plot(hum,i, c='b', marker=r'$\Phi$')
hum=data.split(",")[0] plt.xlabel('Humidity ($\%$)')
tem=data.split(",")[1] ax.grid()
print 'temp='+(str(tem))+'iter='+str(i) fig.show()

PT
plt.ion() fig.canvas.draw()
fig=plt.figure(num=1,figsize=(6,6))
plt.title(' IoT Temperature and Humidity Monitor') sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
ax = fig.add_subplot(121)

plt.xlabel('Temp ($^0 C$)’) N

ax.plot(tem,i, c='r', marker=r'$\Theta$') # Bind the socket to the port
server_address = ('10.14.3.194', 10001)
sock.bind(server_address)

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Sending Data to a Server (contd..)
Server:
i=0

EL
while True:
data, address = sock.recvfrom(4096)
with open("DataLog.txt","a") as f:

PT
mess=str(data)
f.write(mess)
coverage_plot(mess,i)
print mess
i+=1
f.close() N
Introduction to Internet of Things 18
Output
 The Reading from the sensor is
sent to the Server and saved in
a text file.

EL
 Two different plots for
temperature and humidity
data

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 19
Output

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 20
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 21
 EL
Software-Defined Networking – Part I
Restructuring the Current Network Infrastructure

PT
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor

N
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

Overview of Current Network

EL
PT
User II
User I
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
Overview of Current Network
OSPF Protocol executing
at the switches

EL
PT
User II
User I
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 3
Overview of Current Network
OSPF Protocol executing
at the switches

EL
PT
User II
User I
N
the switch has been attacked!

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

Overview of Current Network
OSPF Protocol executes
at the switches

EL
PT
User II
User I
N
the switch has been attacked!
needs to route through an alternate path!
Present: No centralized control.

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Limitations in Current Network

app
app

EL
OS
OS hardware app
hardware OS
app

PT
OS hardware
app
hardware
OS app
hardware OS Switches forward traffic

N hardware in a distributed manner.

They do not have a
global view of the
network

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

Limitations in Current Network

 Vendor-specific architecture of switches limits dynamic

configuration according to application-specific requirements.

EL
 Switches are required to configure according to the installed
operating system (OS).

PT
 Centralized control is not feasible in traditional network.

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
Limitations in Current Network

Routing, mobility

EL
Thousands app app app
management, etc.
lines of
Operating system

PT
code Cost-expensive

Millions of gates, Specialized packet

N~10GB RAM forwarding hardware

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

Current Network to SDN
app
app OS
app OS app

EL
OS OS
hardware
hardware
hardware

PT
hardware app app
OS OS

hardware

N hardware

Introduction to Internet of Things 9

Current Network to SDN

app app app

EL
Operating system

PT
packet packet packet
N
forwarding
hardware
forwarding
hardware
forwarding
hardware

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

Origin of SDN
 2006: At Stanford university, a team proposes a clean-slate security architecture
(SANE) to control security policies in a centralized manner instead of doing it at
edges.

EL
 2008: The idea of software-defined network is originated from OpenFlow project
(ACM SIGCOMM 2008).

PT
 2009: Stanford publishes OpenFlow V1.0.0 specs.
 June 2009: Nicira network is founded.

N
 March 2011: Open Networking Foundation is formed.
 Oct 2011: First Open Networking Summit. Many Industries (Juniper, Cisco
announced to incorporate.

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

SDN Architecture
Network Function
Virtualization

EL
PT
N -
-
Notes
Northbound API
Southbound API
(via OpenFlow)

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Basic Concepts of SDN

 Separate control logic from hardware switches

 Define the control logic in a centralized manner

EL
 Control the entire network including individual switches

PT
 Communication between the application, control, and data
planes are done through APIs
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 13
Components/Attributes of SDN

 Hardware switches
 Controller

EL
 Applications

PT
 Flow-Rules
 Application programming interfaces (APIs)
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 14
Current Status of SDN

 Companies such as Google have started to implement SDN at

their datacenter networks.

EL
 It is required to change the current network with SDN in a
phased manner.

PT
 Operational cost and delay caused due to link failure can be
significantly minimized.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 15
Challenges

 Rule placement
 Controller placement

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 16
Rule Placement I

 Switches forward traffic based on a rule – ‘Flow-Rule’ –

defined by the centralized controller.

EL
 Traditionally, Routing Table in every switch (L3 switch/router). SDN
maintains Flow Table at every switch.

PT
 Flow-Rule: Every entry in the Flow Table.
 Each rule has a specific format, which is also defined by a
N
protocol (e.g., OpenFlow).

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Rule Placement II

EL
PT
N
Example of a flow-rule based on OpenFlow protocol

Source: http://networkstatic.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/OFP_normal_rules.png

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

Rule Placement Challenges I

 Size of ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is limited

at the switches.

EL
 Limited number of rules can be inserted.
 Fast processing is done using TCAM at the switches.

PT
 TCAM is very cost-expensive.

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 19
Rule Placement Challenges II
 On receiving a request, for which no flow-rule is present in
the switch, the switch sends a PACKET-IN message to the
Controller

EL
controller.
 The controller decides a suitable

PT
flow-rule for the request.
 The flow-rule is inserted at the switch.
N
 Typically, 3-5ms delay is involved in a
new rule placement

Introduction to Internet of Things 20

Rule Placement III

 How to define/place the rules at switches, while considering

available TCAM.

EL
 How to define rules, so that less number of PACKET-IN
messages are sent to controller.

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 21
OpenFlow Protocol I

 Only one protocol is available for rule placement – OpenFlow.

 It has different versions – 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. – to have

EL
different number of match-fields.

PT
N
Source: http://networkstatic.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/OFP_normal_rules.png

Introduction to Internet of Things 22

OpenFlow Protocol II

 Different match-fields
 Source IP

EL
 Destination IP
 Source Port

PT
 Priority
 etc.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 23
OpenFlow Protocol III

How much time a flow-rule is to be kept at the switch?

 Hard timeout

EL
 All rules are deleted from the switch at hard timeout.
 This can used to reset the switch.

PT
 Soft timeout
 If NO flow is received associated with a rule for a particular time, the
rule is deleted. N
 This is used to empty the rule-space by deleting an unused rule.

Introduction to Internet of Things 24

OpenFlow Protocol IV

 SDN is NOT OpenFlow

 SDN is a technology/concept

EL
 OpenFlow is a protocol used to communicate between data-plane and
control-plane.

PT
 We may have other protocols for this purpose. However, OpenFlow is
the only protocol present today.

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 25
OpenFlow Switch Software
 Indigo: Open source, it runs on Mac OS X.
 LINC: Open source, it runs on Linux, Solaris, Windows, MacOS, and

EL
FreeBSD.
 Pantou: Turns a commercial wireless router/access point to an

PT
OpenFlow enabled switch. OpenFlow runs on OpenWRT.
 Of13softswitch: User-space software switch based on Ericsson
TrafficLab 1.1 softswitch.
N
 Open vSwitch: Open Source, it is the MOST popular one present
today.

Introduction to Internet of Things 26

Summary

 Basics of SDN
 Challenges present in SDN

EL
 Rule Placement with OpenFlow

PT
 Controller Placement – to be discussed in next lecture

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 27
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 28
 EL
Software-Defined Networking – Part II
Restructuring the Current Network Infrastructure

PT
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor

N
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

SDN - Recap

 SDN – restructuring current network infrastructure

 Architecture of SDN – Application, Control and Infrastructure

EL
layers
 Rule Placement – TCAM and Delay

PT
 OpenFlow protocol – flow-rule and math-fields
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
APIs in SDN
 Southbound API
 Used to communicate between control layer and infrastructure layer.

EL
 OpenFlow protocol is used.
 Northbound API

PT
 Used to communicate between control layer and application layer.
 Standard APIs are used.
 East-Westbound APIs
N
 Used to communicate among multiple controllers in the control layer.

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

Controller Placement I

 Controllers define flow-rule according to the application-

specific requirements.

EL
 The controllers must be able to handle all incoming requests
from switches.

PT
 Rule should be placed without incurring much delay.
 Typically, a controller can handle 200 requests in a second
N
(through a single thread).

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

Controller Placement II

 The controllers are logically connected to the switches in one-

hop distance.

EL
 Physically, they are connected to the switches in multi-hop distance.
 If we have a very small number of controllers for a large

PT
network, the network might be congested with control
packets (i.e., PACKET-IN messages).
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 5
 Flat Architecture

EL
PT
Packet-IN
Flow-Rule

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 6
Hierarchical (tree) Architecture

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
Ring Architecture

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 8
Mesh Architecture

EL
PT
User II
User I
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
Control Mechanisms

 Distributed
 The control decisions can be taken in a distributed manner

EL
 Ex: each subnetwork is controlled by different controller
 Centralized

PT
 The control decisions are taken in a centralized manner.
 Ex: A network is controlled by a single controller.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 10
Backup Controller

 If a controller is down, what will happen?

 Backup controller is introduced

EL
 Replica of the main controller is created
 If the main controller is down, backup controller controls the network

PT
to have uninterrupted network management.

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 11
Security I

 Enhanced security using SDN

 Firewall

EL
 Proxy
 HTTP

PT
 Intrusion detection system (IDS)

N
12
Security II

EL
PT
Example of potential data plane ambiguity to implement the policy chain
N
Firewall-IDS-Proxy in the example topology.

Source: SIMPLE-fying Middlebox Policy Enforcement Using SDN, SIGCOMM 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

Experimenting with SDN

 Simulator/Emulator
 Infrastructure deployment – MUST be supported with OpenFlow

EL
 Controller placement – MUST support OpenFlow
 Remote – controller can be situated in a remote place, and communicated

PT
using IP address and port number
 Local

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 14
Switch Deployment

 Mininet
 Used to create a virtual network with OpenFlow-enabled switches

EL
 Based on Python language
 Supports remote and local controllers

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 15
Controller Configuration Software

 Pox
 Nox

EL
 FloodLight

PT
 OpenDayLight [Popular!]
 ONOS [Popular!]
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 16
Summary

 Performance of SDN depends on rule placement and

controller placement in the network.

EL
 Control message overhead may be increased due to
additional number of packets (PACKET-IN messages).

PT
 Unified network management is possible using SDN, while
leveraging global view of the network.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 17
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 18
 EL
Software-Defined IoT Networking – Part I
Recent Advances of SDN in IoT

PT
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor

N
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

 IoT Architecture

EL
PT
Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com
N Source: http://www.luxhotels.info/p/46800/internet-of-things-iot/

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Benefits of Integrating SDN in IoT

 Intelligent routing decisions can be deployed using SDN

 Simplification of information collection, analysis and decision

EL
making
 Visibility of network resources – network management is

PT
simplified based on user, device and application-specific
requirements
N
 Intelligent traffic pattern analysis and coordinated decisions

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

SDN for IoT I

EL
PT
N
Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

SDN for IoT II

EL
Control of end-devices, such as sensors
and actuators

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 5
SDN for IoT III

EL
Rule-placement at access devices,
while considering mobility and

PT
heterogeneity of end-users

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 6
SDN for IoT IV

EL
Rule-placement and traffic
engineering at backbone networks

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
SDN for IoT V

EL
Flow classification and enhanced
security at data center networks

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 8
Wireless Sensor Network I

 Challenges
 Real-time programming of sensor nodes

EL
 Vendor-specific architecture
 Resource constrained – heavy computation cannot be performed

PT
 Limited memory – cannot insert too many control programs

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
Wireless Sensor Network II

 Opportunities
 Can we program the sensor nodes in real-time?

EL
 Can we change the forwarding path in real-time?
 Can we integrate different sensor nodes in a WSN?

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 10
Software-Defined WSN I

 Sensor OpenFlow (Luo et al., IEEE Comm. Letters ’12)

 Value-centric data forwarding

EL
 Forward the sensed data if exceeds a certain value
 ID-centric data forwarding

PT
 Forward the sensed data based on the ID of the source node

N
Real-life implementation of such method NOT done

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

Software-Defined WSN II

 Soft-WSN (Bera et al., IEEE SJ ’16)

 Sensor Device Management

EL
 Sensor management
 Multiple sensors can be implemented in a single sensor board

PT
 Sensors can be used depending on application-specific requirements
 Delay management
 Delay for sensing can be changed dynamically in real-time
N
 Active-Sleep Management
 States of active and sleep mode can be changed dynamically

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Software-Defined WSN III

 Soft-WSN
 Topology Management

EL
 Node-specific management – forwarding logic of a particular sensor can
be modified

PT
 Network-specific management
 Forward all traffic of a node in the network
 Drop all traffic of a node in the network
N
Experimental results show that network performance can be improved using
software-defined WSN over traditional WSN

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

Soft-WSN: Result I

EL
PT
N
Packet delivery ratio in the network increases using Soft-WSN
compared to the traditional WSN.

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

Soft-WSN: Result II

EL
PT
N
Number of replicated data packets is reduced using Soft-WSN over
the traditional WSN.

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Soft-WSN: Result III

EL
PT
N
Number of control messages in the network is higher using Soft-WSN over the
traditional WSN. This is due to the PACKET-IN message in the network. Each time a
node receives a new packet, it asks the controller for getting adequate forwarding logic.

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Software-Defined WSN III

 SDN-WISE (Galluccio et al., IEEE INFOCOM ’15)

 A software-defined WSN platform is designed

EL
 Flow-table for rule placement at sensor nodes is designed
 Any programming language can be used through API to program the

PT
nodes in real-time

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 17
SDN-WISE Protocol Stack
 Sensor node includes
 IEEE 802.15.4 protocol

EL
 Micro control unit (MCU)
 Above IEEE 802.15.4 stack,

PT
Forwarding layer consists of
Flow-rules.
 INPP – In Network Packet
Processing N
Source: Galluccio et al., IEEE INFOCOM ’15

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

Summary

 SDN is useful to manage and control IoT network

 Wireless sensor nodes and network can be controlled using

EL
SDN-based applications
 Network performance can be improved significantly using

PT
SDN-based approaches over the traditional approaches

N
Introduction to Internet of Things 19
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 20