5.

To design a CE transistor amplifier of a given gain (mid-gain) using voltage divider

bias.
6. To study the frequency response of voltage gain of a two stage RC-coupled
transistor amplifier.
7. To design a Wien bridge oscillator for given frequency using an op-amp.
8. To design a phase shift oscillator of given specifications using BJT.
9. To design a digital to analog converter (DAC) of given specifications. 10. To design an
inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351)for dc voltage of given gain 11. (a) To design
inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) & study its frequency response
(b) To design non-inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) & study frequency response
12. (a) To add two dc voltages using Op-amp in inverting and non-inverting mode (b) To
study the zero-crossing detector and comparator.
13. To design a precision Differential amplifier of given I/O specification using Op-amp.
14. To investigate the use of an op-amp as an Integrator.
15. To investigate the use of an op-amp as a Differentiator.
16. To design a circuit to simulate the solution of simultaneous equation and
1​st​/2​nd​order differential equation.

Reference Books:
∙ ​Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B.Zbar, A.P.Malvino, M.A.Miller, 1994,
Mc-Graw Hill.
∙ ​OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4​th​ ​edition, 2000, Prentice Hall. ​∙
Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
∙ ​Electronic Devices & circuit Theory, R.L.Boylestad & L.D.Nashelsky, 2009, Pearson
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Semester V
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PHYSICS-C XI: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND APPLICATIONS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Time dependent Schrodinger equation​: Time dependent Schrodinger equation and

dynamical evolution of a quantum state; Properties of Wave Function. Interpretation of
Wave Function Probability and probability current densities in three dimensions;
Conditions for Physical Acceptability of Wave Functions. Normalization. Linearity and
Superposition Principles. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Position, momentum and
Energy operators; commutator of position and momentum operators; Expectation values
of position and momentum. Wave Function of a Free Particle. ​(10 Lectures)
 30
Time independent Schrodinger equation​-Hamiltonian, stationary states and energy
eigenvalues; expansion of an arbitrary wavefunction as a linear combination of energy
eigenfunctions; General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of
linear combinations of stationary states; Application to spread of Gaussian wave-packet
for a free particle in one dimension; wave packets, Fourier transforms and momentum
space wavefunction; Position-momentum uncertainty principle. ​(12 Lectures)

General discussion of bound states in an arbitrary potential​- continuity of wave

function, boundary condition and emergence of discrete energy levels; application to
one-dimensional problem-square well potential; Quantum mechanics of simple harmonic
oscillator-energy levels and energy eigenfunctions using Frobenius method; Hermite
polynomials; ground state, zero point energy & uncertainty principle. ​(10 Lectures)

Quantum theory of hydrogen-like atoms​: time independent Schrodinger equation in

spherical polar coordinates; separation of variables for second order partial differential
equation; angular momentum operator & quantum numbers; Radial wavefunctions from
Frobenius method; shapes of the probability densities for ground and first excited states;
Orbital angular momentum quantum numbers l and m; s, p, d,..shells. ​(10 Lectures)

Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields​: Electron angular momentum. Space

quantization. Electron Spin and Spin Angular Momentum. Larmor’s Theorem. Spin
Magnetic Moment. Stern-Gerlach Experiment. Normal Zeeman Effect: Electron
Magnetic Moment and Magnetic Energy. ​(8 Lectures)

Many electron atoms​: Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Symmetric and Antisymmetric

Wave Functions. Spin orbit coupling. Spectral Notations for Atomic States. Total
angular momentum. Spin-orbit coupling in atoms-L-S and J-J couplings. ​(8 Lectures)

Reference Books:
∙ ​A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, 2​nd​ ​Ed., 2010,
McGraw Hill
∙ ​Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2​nd​ ​Edn., 2002, Wiley. ​∙
Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3​rd ​Edn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill. ​∙ ​Quantum
Mechanics for Scientists & Engineers, D.A.B. Miller, 2008, Cambridge University
Press
∙ ​Quantum Mechanics, Eugen Merzbacher, 2004, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ​∙
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffith, 2​nd​ ​Ed. 2005, Pearson Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS PRACTICAL-C XI LAB

60 Periods
​ ​/Scilab for solving the following problems based on Quantum Mechanics like
Use C/C++
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited
state of the hydrogen atom:

31
�​ �​�​
�​ � =− ​ �
�​
ℏ​ ​ here ​�(�)
[​ �(�) − �] w
�​ ��
��​ = �(�)�(�)​, ​�(�) = ​
Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and plot
the corresponding wavefunctions. Remember that the ground state energy of the
hydrogen atom is ​≈ ​-13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)​1/2​, ħc = 1973 (eVÅ) and m =
0.511x10​6​ ​eV/c​2​.

2. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for an atom:

�​
�​ �
�​
��​ = �(�)�(�)​, ​�(�) = ��​
�​
ℏ​ [�(�) − �]
where m is the reduced mass of the system (which can be chosen to be the mass of
an electron), for the screened coulomb potential
�​ ��/�
�(�) ​= − �​
​ �​�​
Find the energy (in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of three
significant digits. Also, plot the corresponding wavefunction. Take e = 3.795
(eVÅ)​1/2​, m = 0.511x10​6 ​eV/c​2​, and a = 3 Å, 5 Å, 7 Å. In these units ħc = 1973
(eVÅ). The ground state energy is expected to be above -12 eV in all three cases.

3. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m:

�​
�​ �
�​
��​ = �(�)�(�)​, ​�(�) = �� ​
�​
ℏ​ [�(�) − �]
For the anharmonic oscillator potential
1​ 1​
�(�) ​= ​ 2 ​��​� ​+ ​ 3 ��​
​
�

for the ground state energy (in MeV) of particle to an accuracy of three significant
digits. Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Choose m = 940 MeV/c​2​, k = 100
MeV fm​-2​, b = 0, 10, 30 MeV fm​-3​In these units, cħ = 197.3 MeV fm. The ground
state energy I expected to lie between 90 and 110 MeV for all three cases.

4. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen
molecule:
�​
�​ �
�​
��​ = �(�)�(�)​, ​�(�) = ��
​
�​
ℏ​ ​[�(�) − �]

Where ​µ ​is the reduced mass of the two-atom system for the Morse potential
 �(�) = ���​����​�​− �​���​�​�, �​� ​= � ​ − �​�
�
Find the lowest vibrational energy (in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of
three significant digits. Also plot the corresponding wave function.
Take: m = 940x10​6​eV/C​2​, D = 0.755501 eV, α = 1.44, r​o​ ​= 0.131349 Å

Laboratory based experiments (Optional):

5. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the
resonance frequency
6. Study of Zeeman effect: with external magnetic field; Hyperfine splitting
7. Quantum efficiency of CCDs

32
Reference Books:
∙ ​Schaum's outline of Programming with C++. J.Hubbard, 2000,McGraw​-​Hill ​Publication ​∙ ​An
introduction to computational Physics, T.Pang, 2​nd​ ​Edn.,2006, Cambridge Univ.​Press ​∙
Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific &
Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V. Fernández.2014 Springer.
∙ ​Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab)​: ​H. Ramchandran, A.S. Nair. 2011 S. Chand & Co. ​∙ ​A
Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3​rd​ ​Edn., Cambridge
University Press
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-C XII: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Crystal Structure: ​Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Lattice Translation

Vectors. Lattice with a Basis– Central and Non-Central Elements. Unit Cell. Miller
Indices. Reciprocal Lattice. Types of Lattices. Brillouin Zones. Diffraction of X-rays by
Crystals. Bragg’s Law. Atomic and Geometrical Factor. ​(12 Lectures)

Elementary Lattice Dynamics: ​Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic

and Diatomic Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons. Qualitative Description of the
Phonon Spectrum in Solids. Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of
specific heat of solids. T​3 ​law. ​(10 Lectures)

Magnetic Properties of Matter: ​Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferromagnetic Materials.

Classical Langevin Theory of dia– and Paramagnetic Domains. Quantum Mechanical
Treatment of Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s Theory of Ferromagnetism and
Ferromagnetic Domains. Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.
​(8 Lectures)

Dielectric Properties of Materials: ​Polarization. Local Electric Field at an Atom.

Depolarization Field. Electric Susceptibility. Polarizability. Clausius Mosotti Equation.
Classical Theory of Electric Polarizability. Normal and Anomalous Dispersion. Cauchy
and Sellmeir relations. Langevin-Debye equation. Complex Dielectric Constant. Optical
Phenomena. Application: Plasma Oscillations, Plasma Frequency, Plasmons, TO modes.
(10 Lectures)

Ferroelectric Properties of Materials: ​Structural phase transition, Classification of

crystals, Piezoelectric effect, Pyroelectric effect, Ferroelectric effect, Electrostrictive
effect, Curie-Weiss Law, Ferroelectric domains, PE hysteresis loop. ​(6 lectures)

Elementary band theory: ​Kronig Penny model. Band Gap. Conductor, Semiconductor
(P and N type) and insulator. Conductivity of Semiconductor, mobility, Hall Effect. ​(8
Lectures)

33