Biology Notebook: 02.

03 Early Cells
Objectives:
• Describe the developments that led to the cell theory
• Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• Describe the structure of the cell membrane
• Distinguish between active and passive transport

Key Questions and Terms Notes

What are the components of the cell theory? 1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
in living things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
What did Van Leeuwenhoek observe, and discovered cells and structure with the basic
how did it impact the development of the cell microscope
theory?
What did Hooke create, and what impacts did first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call
he make on the development of the cell them cells
theory?
Briefly describe the importance that Brown discovered the nucleus
had on the development of the cell theory.
What discoveries did Schleiden publish and said plants are made of cells
what impact did he have on the development
of the cell theory?
What impact did Schwann have on the said all animals are made of cells
development of the cell theory?
What did Von Roelliker discover? That sperm and eggs are also cells.
What did Virchow add to the development of that new cells are formed only from cells that
the cell theory? already exist
Describe Pasteur’s experiments and the made an experiment for 'cells come from other
observations he made. cells'
Types of Cells

What do all living things have? It must have at least one cell.

What are the two main types of cells? 1. Prokaryotic

2. Eukaryotic
What is a prokaryotic cell? An organism whose cells do not have an
enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.

What is a eukaryotic cell? Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own

membrane) and other internal organelles.

What are the similarities between prokaryotic Both cell types are enclosed by plasma
and eukaryotic cells? membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and contain
small structures called ribosomes.

What are the parts of a prokaryotic cell? Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm
nucleoid, ribosomes, flagella.

What are some examples of prokaryotic cells? EX: prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea.
Ex: eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants, and
animals (everything except prokaryotes).

What are examples of eukaryotic cells? Animals such as cats and dogs have eukaryotic
cells.
Plants such as apple trees have eukaryotic
cells.
Fungi such as mushrooms have eukaryotic
cells.
Protists such as amoeba and paramecium have
eukaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane
What is another name for the cell membrane? Plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.

What does selectively permeable mean? Why Selective permeability is a property of cellular
is the cells ability to do so important? membranes that only allows certain molecules
to enter or exit the cell. This is important for
the cell to maintain its internal order
irrespective of the changes to the environment.
Describe how the following are important in 1. Phospholipid bilayer: A lipid made up of
the makeup of the cell membrane: two fatty acids and one phosphate group
bonded to the glycerol molecule; makes up cell
1. Phospholipid bilayer
membranes.
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins: Proteins are important to cell
4. Cholesterol membranes. They are embedded in the
membrane and act as channels or carriers for
other molecules.
 3. Carbohydrates: The cholesterol
molecules found imbedded in the
phospholipid layers of the membrane
have been found to have an effect on
the fluidity, or movement, of the
molecules within the membrane.

4. Cholesterol
Carbohydrates seem to serve as markers that
distinguish one cell from another.
Define homeostasis. a steady balance of conditions inside a system,
such as a cell
Selective Permeability
What are the two ways a substance can move Active and passive transport.
through a cell’s membrane?
What is passive transport? Will particles Passive transport is a naturally occurring
move to an area of higher or lower phenomenon and does not require the cell to
concentration? expend energy to accomplish the movement. In
passive transport, substances move from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration in a process called diffusion
How do large molecules move across the cell In facilitated diffusion, molecules diffuse
membrane through facilitated diffusion? across the plasma membrane with assistance
from membrane proteins, such as channels and
carriers.
Describe what happens during osmosis. Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water.
What are aquaporins? Many cells contain channel proteins that allow
water to pass right through them.
What is active transport? Active transport is the movement of materials
across the membrane that requires energy from
the cell.
Why is energy needed for active transport? The reason active transport requires energy
Will particles move to an area of higher or from the cell is because the substances are
lower concentration? moving against the concentration gradient,
meaning they are moving from the side where
they are in lower concentration to a side with
higher concentration. A large amount of a cell's
daily energy use is dedicated to active
transport.
 Describe endocytosis. The intake of materials from the outside of the
cell when the membrane folds around the
material and forms a saclike vesicle.
Describe exocytosis. The discharge of materials to the outside of a
cell when a vesicle containing these materials
fuses with the plasma membrane.

Sample Questions:
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have many differences. Which of the following organelles is found
in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosomes
C. Golgi Apparatus
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum

If sodium ions are moving from outside the cell to inside the cell where there is a greater amount
of sodium ions, which type of transport will occur?
A. Passive Transport
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Osmosis