ENGINEERING MECHANICS 1

Ry = ΣFy
ΣMo = 0
Rectangular Components of Force If the resultant is a couple, CR:
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
Q P ΣMo = CR

 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
T
A body is in equilibrium if the resultant of the force
system that acts on the body vanishes. Equilibrium
means that both the resultant force and the resultant
S couple are zero.

Force x – component y – component

P Px = P cos  Py = P sin  O
Q Qx = -Q sin  Qy = Q cos 
T Tx = -T Ty = 0
S Sx = 0 Sy = -S Equation of Equilibrium in Two-Dimension:

Resultant of a Force System ΣFx = 0

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
2
Q Ry
P R
  y
 =
T Rx

Resultant: b
y
RS = (R x ) 2  (R y )2
F
Horizontal component of resultant:
Rx = ΣFx a
Vertical component of resultant: x
Ry = ΣFy z
Equation of Equilibrium in Three-Dimension:
Angle that the resultant makes with horizontal: ΣFx = 0 ΣMx = 0
Ry = R sin β ΣFy = 0 x ΣMy = 0
Rx = R cos β ΣFz = 0 ΣMz = 0
z
To get components of force in three dimension:
F F Fy F
= x = = z
d x y z
d = distance from a to b
= (xb -x a )2  (y b -y a )2  (z b -z a )2
x = xb – xa
y = yb – ya
z = zb – z a
If the resultant is a force, R:
Rx = ΣFx Friction
Friction – is the contact resistance exerted by one Forces acting on a body in motion:
body upon a second body when the second body 1. Applied force : P
moves or tends to move past the first body. 2. Weight : W = mg
3. Normal force : N
Static Friction – the two contact surfaces has no relative 4. Friction : F =  N
motion between each other.
Kinetic Friction – the two contact surfaces are sliding relative 5. Reversed Effective Force: REF = ma
to each other. m = mass of body
a = acceleration of the body

Rectilinear Translation
Rectilinear Motion with Constant Acceleration
F
motion


Impending Motion R V1 V2
N
( to the right )
R = resultant of friction and normal forces Equation of motion:
= F2 + N2 x
V2  V1   at
tan  = 
V22  V12   2ax
 = angle of internal friction
x  V1 t  1
2
at 2
V2 = final velocity
W V1 = initial velocity
a = constant acceleration
P x = linear distance traveled

F Freely Falling Bodies (air resistance neglected)

N
Forces acting on a body at rest :
Impending Motion Note : At the highest
1. Applied force
( to :the
P right ) point the velocity is zero.
2. Weight : W = mg
3. Normal force : N
4. Friction : F =  N
 = coefficient of friction

Equation of motion:
Note: The direction of friction always opposes impending V2  V1   gt
sliding. The surfaces are on the verge of sliding is a condition
V22  V12   2gy
known as impending sliding.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
y  V t  gt 1 2 3
1 2
V2 = final velocity
Reversed Effective Force V1 = initial velocity
W g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
P y = vertical distance traveled
a
REF Rectilinear Translation using Motion Diagram
F

N
2 t
In Motion
( to the right ) 0 1
 Rectangular Coordinates of Acceleration
and Velocity:
Acceleration – Time Diag
v
To get the velocity using acceleration – time diag:
 velocity at t = 0 is the initial velocity
at
 velocity at t = 1 is the initial velocity plus the area
ENGINEERING MECHANICS 4
of a – t diag from 0 to 1 a
v
V1
V2 an
V0
Tangential acceleration : at = r
Velocity – Time Diag t
0 2 Normal acceleration : an = r2
1 velocity – time diag:
To get the distance using
v2
 distance at t = 1 is the area of v – t diag from 0 to =
1 r
 distance at t = 2 is the area of v – t diag from 0 to Resultant acceleration : a  (at ) 2  ( a n ) 2
2
S2 Tangential velocity : v = r
s Normal velocity is zero.
S1 r = radius of the curve
 = angular acceleration
ENGINEERING MECHANICS  = angular velocity
5
Polar Coordinates of Acceleration
t and Velocity:
0
Rotation Distance
with 1– Time
Constant 2
Diag Acceleration
Angular
a
ar


 r


v
Equation of motion: vr
r – component of acceleration: a r  r  r 
2
2 – 1 =  t
22 – 12 = 2 θ – component of acceleration: a  r   2 r 
1 Resultant acceleration : a  (a ) 2  ( a r ) 2
 = 1t  2
t2 r

2 = final angular velocity


1 = initial angular velocity
 = angular acceleration
 = angular distance

Curvilinear Translation
r – component of velocity: v r  r
θ – component of velocity: v  r  W = mg
Resultant velocity: v  (v ) 2  (v r ) 2 P

dr x V1
where : r 
dt 1
2
d r
r 
dt 2 F
d V2 h N
 
dt Work 2
– Energy Equation:
d 2
 

U1-2 = T + Vg + Ve
dt 2
U = work done due to external forces
Projectile Motion (air resistance neglected) = Force x Distance

y T = change in kinetic energy

= T2 – T1
Vy2 = 0 = ½m(V22 – V12)
T2 = final kinetic energy = ½mV22
Vx T1 = initial kinetic energy = ½mV12

Vg = gravitational potential energy

Vo h =  mgh (positve if vertically upward)
Vy1 Vx
V = elastic potential energy (due to spring)
 Vy3 e
= ½k(22 - x12)
origin k = spring constant
V
Horizontal distance from origin at xany time: 2 = final deformation of spring
y
x = Vx t 1 = initial deformation of spring
= (Vocos ) t x = Vx t

Vertical distance from origin at any time: R

g x2 Impulse and Momentum
y = x tan  -
2 Vo 2 cos 2 θ
V1 V2
V 2 sin 2  P
Max range of projectile, R  0 F
g
V sin 2 
2
x
Max height of projectile, h  0 Impulse – Momentum Equation:
2g
N
where : F (t) = m(V)
V0 = initial velocity of projectile
θ = the angle that V0 makes with horizontal ΣF = external forces on the body
t = time interval from V1 to V2
m = mass of the body
W
= g
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
V = change in velocity
6
= V2 – V1
Work and Energy
Note : External forces on the body are applied and friction
forces.

Prepared by:
Engr. Ric O. Palma
Besavilla Engg Review Center