Structure of a speech

Definition
A speech is a well-reasoned, relatively extensive oral text one person addresses to others.
Characteristics
 Formal oral presentations require careful spoken preparation.
 The arguments must be analysed or explained in a systematic, well-structured way.

Linguistic features
 The audience must be addressed at the beginning of the presentation or debate.
 The language must be clear and should be easily understood by the audience.
 The ideas must be presented coherently, avoiding repetitions.
 The register is usually formal, but if the audience is composed of young people, it may be
more flexible, (formal or semi-formal).
Useful vocabulary
Arguments in favor.
Arguments against.
Text of a presentation.
Speech.
Even though.
In spite of.
Instead.

Structure

TITLE
MOBILE PHONES AT SCHOOL
SALUTATION Greet and welcome the audience.
GOOD MORNING TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
INTRODUCTION Introduce of a topic.
TODAY WE LIVE IN AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH WE ARE
IN CONSTANT CONTACT WITH TECHNOLOGY AND,
THEREFORE, WE SEE IT AS SOMETHING NATURAL.
HOWEVER, WHILE TECHNOLOGY HELPS US TO LIVE
BETTER…..
BODY Define and explore the topic discussed or state your arguments,
dedicating one paragraph each on:
- Positive aspects (for).
- Negative aspects (against).
I THINK
IN MY OPINION
IN THE FIRST PLACE.
IN THE SECOND PLACE.
IN THIRD PLACE.
ON THE ONE HAND.
ON THE OTHER HAND.
HOWEVER/NEVERTHELESS.
CONCLUSION Sum up the aspects discussed or weight the alternative cases
presented.
CLOSING Thank the audience for their attention.

1
 RUBRIC FOR ONE SPEECH
Speaker’s name: _______________________ Evaluator: __________________________

Criterion Rating Rating Rating Rating Score

Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs
Improvement
  Points 10-9 Points 9-8 Points 8-7 Points 7-6  
Introduction (1) Gets attention   Meets any three of Meets any two of Meets only one of  
(2) Clearly the four criteria the four criteria the four criteria
identifies topic
(3) Establishes
credibility 
(4) Previews the
main points
Body Main points are Main points are Main points Main points
clear, somewhat clear, need clarity are not clear
well supported, some support, and and support and have no
and some lack of support
sources are documentation sources and and no sources or
documented documentation documentation
Conclusion (1) Reviews main Reviews main Brings closure Does not bring  
points points , brings closure; the
(2) Brings closure closure audience is left
(3) Memorable hanging
Eye Contact Eye contact with Eye contact with Eye contact with Little or no eye  
audience virtually audience less audience less contact
all the time than 80% of the than 75% of the
(except for brief time time
glances at notes)
Use of Use of language Use of language Use of language Use of language is  
Language contributes to does not have causes potential inappropriate
effectiveness of negative impact, confusion, and/or
the speech, and and vocalized vocalized pauses
vocalized pauses pauses (um uh er etc.)
(um uh er etc.) (um uh er etc.) are distracting
not distracting not distracting

Body language Body language, Body language, Body language, Body language,  
gestures, and gestures, and facial expressions gestures, and
facial expressions facial and gestures facial expressions
adds greatly to the expressions lack variety and are lacking or
message compliment spontaneity inappropriate
message
Clarity Speaks clearly Speaks clearly Speaks clearly Often mumbles or  
and distinctly all and distinctly and distinctly most can not be
the time with no nearly all the time of the time with understood with
mispronounced with no more than no more than two more than three
words one mispronounced mispronounced
mispronounced words words
word
Topic is Topic is specific, Topic is clear Topic lacks clarity No specific
specific, appropriate and appropriate and and focus purpose--
follows adapted somewhat needs adapting to inappropriate for
assignment adapted audience audience or
Adapted to occasion
audience
Visual Aids Visual aids well Minor problems Significant No visual aids  
chosen and with visual aids problems with
presented visual aids
Time Within allotted Within 10% of Within 20% of Not within 20% of  
time allotted time allotted time allotted time

2
 Structure of a review
Definition

 A review is a kind of text which presents a critic of something such as a new book, film or
presentation.

What should be considered when writing a review?

 It should not retell the plot, but include an amount of information appropriate to the task.
 Opinion and evaluation should be given, concluding with a recommendation.

Useful vocabulary
Personal opinion phrases.
Highlighting adjectives on positive and negative aspects.
Expressions based on review.
Words based on recommendation.

Structure

TITLE
HOW ENJOYABLE WAS JURASSIC PARK?
OPENING ACTIVITY Brainstorming: Students look at a Jurassic Park movie poster
and give a personal ranking from 1-5 stars and mention
aspects or characteristics they consider to support their
ideas.
PRE WRITING ACTIVITY Students then work in pairs and analyse the most important
aspects to consider in a review.
The teacher leads the activity by stating the aspects such as:
plot, main characters, special effects, scenery, and experts’
facts.
The students then organize their ideas for mind mapping.
Writing the text Students Introduce the movie by stating that you’ve just seen
this movie and would like to give an opinion about it. Mention
Introduction a couple of details that might help the reader understand
what type of movie you are talking about.
Writing the text Students summarize the plot (story). Where and when did it
take place? Who are the main characters? What is the story
Body: paragraph 1 about? They talk about the actors/actresses and discuss who
did a good job and who didn’t.
Writing the text Then they talk about what they liked about the movie and
what they didn’t. They must be sure to include specific
Body: paragraph 2 details and scenes. What lessons did they learn from this
story (theme/moral)? What do you think others will learn from
it?
Writing the text: Students are told to answer the following questions at the end
of the last paragraph: What group of people would like this
Closing movie? Who would you recommend it to? Who would you
not recommend it to?

3
4
Written Assignment Rubric – HL and SL (first examinations 2013)

0
Criterion A: Fulfilling the
requirements of the reflective
statement
 To what extent does the student 1 2 3
show how their understanding of Reflection on the Reflection on the Reflection on the
cultural and contextual elements does not interactive oral shows interactive oral shows interactive oral shows
was developed through the reach superficial development of some development of the development of the
interactive oral? standard the student’s student’s understanding of student’s understanding of
understanding of cultural cultural and contextual cultural and contextual
Note: The word limit for the reflective and contextual elements. elements. elements.
statement is 300–400 words. If the
word limit is exceeded, 1 mark will be
deducted.
5-6
Criterion B: Knowledge and 3-4
1-2 The essay shows detailed
understanding The essay shows
does not The essay shows some knowledge and
 How effectively has the student knowledge and
reach knowledge but little understanding of, and
used the topic and the essay to understanding of, and
standard understanding of the work perceptive insight into, the
show knowledge and some insight into, the work
used for the assignment. work used for the
understanding of the chosen work? used for the assignment.
assignment.
1-2
Criterion C: Appreciation of the 3-4 5-6
There is some mention,
writer’s choices There is adequate There is excellent
does not but little appreciation, of
 To what extent does the student appreciation of the ways in appreciation of the ways in
reach the ways in which
appreciate how the writer’s choices which language, structure, which language, structure,
standard language, structure,
of language, structure, technique technique and style shape technique and style shape
technique and style shape
and style shape meaning? meaning. meaning.
meaning.

5
 0 1 2 3 4 5
Criterion D: Organization
and development Ideas are
Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are
 How effectively have the There is some adequately
superficially effectively persuasively
ideas been organized, and attempt to organized and
organized and organized and organized and
how well are references to organize developed,
developed, developed, developed,
the works integrated into the does not reach ideas, but little with
with some with well- with effectively
development of the ideas? standard use of appropriately
integrated integrated integrated
examples from integrated
Note: The word limit for the examples from examples from examples
the works examples from
essay is 1,200–1,500 words. If the works the works from the works
used. the works
the word limit is exceeded, 2 used. used. used.
used.
marks will be deducted.
Language is
sometimes Language is
Language is
clear and clear and
Language is very clear,
carefully carefully
Language is clear and effective,
Criterion E: Language chosen; chosen, with
rarely clear carefully carefully
 How clear, varied and grammar, an adequate
and chosen, with a chosen and
accurate is the language? vocabulary and degree of
appropriate; good degree precise, with a
 How appropriate is the sentence accuracy in
there are of accuracy in high degree of
choice of register, style and construction grammar,
many errors in grammar, accuracy in
terminology? (“Register” does not reach are fairly vocabulary
grammar, vocabulary grammar,
refers, in this context, to the standard accurate, and sentence
vocabulary and sentence vocabulary
student’s use of elements although errors construction
and sentence construction; and sentence
such as vocabulary, tone, and despite some
sentence structure and construction, register and construction;
inconsistencies lapses;
terminology appropriate to and little sense style are register and
are apparent; register and
the task.) of register and consistently style are
the register style are
style. appropriate to effective and
and style are mostly
the task. appropriate to
to some extent appropriate to
the task.
appropriate to the task.
the task.

6
 STRUCTURE OF A TRAVEL GUIDE
Definition
A Travel Guide is a piece of informational writing that describes a specific touristic destination that
usually is a city or a country. It requires the writer to have knowledge of the destination, a sense of
what is interesting and the necessary writing skills.

Linguistic features
 The audience is implicit. We know it is for tourists unless stated otherwise in the task given.
 The language must be clear and should be easily understood by everyone.
 The ideas must be presented coherently in shorter paragraphs. Bullet points are common in
travel guides. They are necessary to list places to see and things to do among others.
 The register is usually semiformal but if the audience is composed of young people, it may
be informal. The audience will be determined in the task given.
 Pictures are part of a travel guide. Nevertheless, if are sitting an exam, do not worry about
the pictures as they do not count for the evaluation.
Useful vocabulary
 How to get there
 Sightseeing and Tours
 Nightlife
 Arts & Culture
 Must see
 Safety tips
 Shopping
 Museums and galleries

Structure
TITLE
LIMA-TRAVEL GUIDE 2018
COVER - Catching title with name of the city or country
-Picture of the target place.

OPENING -Brief summary of the city/country

-Explanation of how to get there
BODY - Most common places to do sightseeing (must see places)
- Sightseeing and Tours
- Arts & Culture (Museums and galleries)
-Shopping and souvenirs
-Nightlife
-Safety tips
Note: It is not necessary to include all this information. That will
depend on the number of words allowed in the travel guide. For IB
writings (250-400), you probably just need to include 3 to 4 of these
points.

CLOSING This part is Optional and you can include any of the following:

-A map of the place where they can see places to visit.

-Some reviews given by tourists that have already visited this place.
-An interesting picture that can impact and attract tourists.
-A photo collage.
-Any other interesting fact or information about this place.