Table of Contents

Unit 1 Analytic Geometry 1

Lesson 1 Introduction to Conic Sections and Circles 2

Lesson 2 Parabola 8

Lesson 3 Ellipses 15

Lesson 4 Hyperbola 24

Lesson 5 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 31

Unit 2 Matthematical Induction 38

Lesson 6 Review of Sequences and Series 39

Lesson 7 Sigma Notation 44

Unit 3 Trigonometry 49

Lesson 8 Angels in a Unit Circle 50

Lesson 9 Circular Functions 56

Lesson 10 Fundamental Trigonometric Identities 67

Lesson 11 Sum and Difference Identities 71

Lesson 12 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities 76

Lesson 13 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 80

Lesson 14 Trigonometric Equations 85

 Foreword

To prepare learners for calculus, this module completes the foundational

knowledge on Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry specifically of learners who are
planning to take courses in the Science, Techonology, Enginnering, and Mathematics
or simply STEM track. The goal of this module is to equip and provide the learner with
conceptual understanding and computational skills by helping them to connect their
previous learning from Algebra and Geometry that are crucial for Basic Calculus and
other subjects that use problem solving and analytical thinking.

This module is divided into three units: Analytic Geometry, Summation Notation
and Mathematical Induction, and Trigonometry. Each unit consists of (1) intoduction of
the topic which gives students ideas about the lesson, intended learning outcomes
that will guide the students what should be learned and be achieved, , (3)sample
problems and real world application that direct students to practice their problem-
solving and critical thinking skills, and (4) assessment which will test their understanding
of the lesson and as basis in checking if students meet the intended learning
outcomes.

After going through this module, students problem-solving and analytical

thinking skills will truly be sharpened and they are ready for Calculus.
UNIT 1
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Stretching from Samar to Leyte with a total length of more than two kilometers,
the San Juanico Bridge has served as one of the main thoroughfares of economic and
social development in the country since its completion in 1973. Adding picturesque
effect on the whole architecture, geometric structures are subtly built to serve other
purposes. The arch-shaped support on the main span of the bridge helps maximize its
strength to withstand mechanical resonance and aero elastic flutter brought about by
heavy vehicles and passing winds

1
Lesson 1

Introduction to Conic Sections and Circles

Overview:

The conic sections (or conics) are curves of intersection of a plane with a right-
circular cone and are which oftentimes appear in nature and which have
applications in other fields. These sections are circles, parabola, ellipse, and
hyperbola. One of the first shapes we learned is circle. When you throw a ball, the
trajectory it takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun is an
ellipse. Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain telescopes
and navigation systems. The Greek mathematician Apollonius studied conic sections
about 225 B.C. in terms of geometry, by using this concept.

Learning Outcomes of the Lesson

At the end of the lesson, the student is able to:

(1) Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,
hyperbola, and degenerate cases;
(2) define a circle;
(3) Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system; and
(4) Solve situational problems involving conic sections (circles).

Getting Ready

Direction: Watch the video and answer the questions below:

Source: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HO2zAU3Eppo
Questions:
1. How are conic sections formed?
2. When does degenerated case occur?

2
Presentation

Figure 1.1

Circle- When the plane is horizontal.

Parabola - When the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded curve.
Ellipse - When the tilted plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded curve.
Hyperbola - When the plane intersects both cones to form two unbounded curves.

DEGENERATED CASES

Figure 1.2

- A point when the plane intersects the cones in their vertices. It can also
form a line and even two lines. (As shown in the above figures respectively)

STANDARD FORM OF THE EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE

Circle
- Set of points in a plane that has a fixed distance from a fixed point. The
fixed distance is called radius. The fixed point is called center.

where (h,k) is the center, r is the radius and .

To derive the standard form of the equation of

the circle, use distance formula.

let C be a given point and P is the set of all points

having the same distance from C. the point C is the
center of the circle. (see Figure 1.3)

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑟
𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 =𝑟
Figure 1.3
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 = 𝒓𝟐
3
 GRAPHING A CIRCLE IN A CARTESIAN PLANE

Step 1: Make sure that the equation of the circle is in standard form.
Step 2: Locate the center (h,k) in the Cartesian plane.
Step 3: Solve for the radius.
Step 4: Locate some points along the circle using the length of the radius.
Step 5: Connect those points in a smooth round curve.

Make it simple: Use − + − = if the center is at any point.

+ = ℎ ℎ

Examples:

1. Find the standard form of the 2. Sketch the graph of the circle
equation of the circle whose whose center at the origin and
center is at (-2,1) and whose radius 3. Write its standard form of
radius is 2. Draw the circle. the equation.

Solution: Solution:

𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 =𝑟 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 =𝑟

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − −𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 𝑥− + 𝑦− =3

𝒙+𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒚−𝟏 𝟐
=𝟒 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗

Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5

4
 GENERAL FORM OF THE EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE

- It is the expanding of the standard form of the equation of the circle.

+ + + + =
or + + + + =

- We can determine the standard form by completing the square in

both variables.

3. Given the equation + − = 3, find the center and radius of the circle.
Sketch the graph.

Solution: first step is to arrange the equation in standard form by completing the
square in x and in y.

+ − =3

− + =3

− + + =3+

− + =

Center (1,0), r = 4, Figure 1.6

Figure 1.6

Applications
Situational Problems Involving Circles

1. A highway with two lanes goes

through a semicircle tunnel with a
radius of twelve feet and the
measure of each lane is ten feet
wide. How high is the tunnel at the
edge of each lane? Round off two
decimal places. Refer to the
figure1.7

Figure 1.7

5
Solution: Base in the figure 1.7, since the origin is at the middle of the highway and the
radius is given therefor the boundary of tunnel is on the circle, then substitute x-
coordinate to find y-coordinate or the approximate high of the tunnel.

+ =
+ =
=

2. A piece of broken plate was dug up in PLV annex campus. It was put on top of a
grid as shown in the figure, with the arc of the plate
passing through A(-7,0), B(1,4), and C(7,2). Find its
center, and the standard equation of the circle
describing the boundary of the plate.

Solution. We first determine the center. It is the

intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of AB
and BC. Recall that, in a circle, the perpendicular
bisector of any chord passes through the center.
Since the midpoint M

The intersection of the two lines y = 2x - 4 and y = 3x - 9 is (1, -6) (by solving a system of
linear equations). We can take the radius as the distance of this point from any of A, B
or C (it’s most convenient to use B in this case). We then get r = 10. The standard
equation is thus − + + =100.

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Exercises 1.1

A. Identify the center and the radius of the circle with the given equation in each
item. Sketch its graph and indicate the center.

1. + = 3. + =

2. 3. − + + = 4. + − − + =

5. + − + + =

B. Given the center and the radius of the circle, write the standard equation and
sketch its graph.

6. center (6, -2), radius 7 cm 8. center (origin), radius 4 units

7.center (-3,-1), radius 5ft 9. center (3,-2), tangent to y-axis

C. Problem Solving
A river 10 ft wide goes through a semicircular tunnel with radius 9 ft. How high
is the tunnel at the edge of the river? Round off your answer to two decimal
places.

7
References

Bacani, Jerico B. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Precalculus. Sunshine Interlink
Publishing House. 3F Maine City Tower, 236 Tomas Morato Avenue, South Triangle,
Quezon City, Philippines.

Licuanan, Patricia B. Ph.D. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Precalculus.
Published by the Commission on Higher Education, 2016. 4th Floor, Commission on
Higher Education, C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

Comandante, F. Jr. (2000). Analytic geometry. Mandaluyong: Cacho Hermanos Inc.

Leithold, L. (1981). The calculus with analytic geometry. New York: Harper & Row.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HO2zAU3Eppo