APPENDIX A.

1
Fundamental Constants
and Conversion Factors

A.l-l Gas Law Constant R

N lJmerical Va/lJe Units

1.9872 g eal/g mol· K

1.9872 btu/Ib mol· oR
82.057 em 3 . atm/g mol· K
8314.34 J/kg mol, K
82.057 X 10 - 3 m 3 • atm/kg mol· K
8314.34 kg- m 2 /s 2 - kg mol· K
10.731 ft 3 ·lbrJin. 2 ·Ib mol· oR
0.7302 ft 3 . atm/lb mol, oR
1545.3 ft ·Ibrllb mol, oR
8314.34 m 3 . Pa/kg mol· K

A.1-2 Volume and Density

I g mol ideal gas at O°C, 760mm Hg = 22.4140 liters 22414em 3
lib mol ideal gas at ooe, 760 mm Hg 359.05 ft3
1 kg mol ideal gas at ace, 760 mm Hg = 22.414m 3
Density of dry air at ooe, 760 mm Hg = 1.2929 gfliter
0.080711 Ibmlft3
Molecular weight of air 28.97 Ibm lib mol 28.97 gig mol
1 g/em 3 62.431bmlft 3 = 1000 kg/m 3
1 g/em 3 = 8.345IbmlU.S. gal
1 Ib.Jft 3 16.0185 kg/m 3

A.1-3 Length
1 in. 2.540 em
100 em = 1 m (meter)

850
 1 micron = 10 - (, m = 10 - 4 cm 10 -:; mm 1 pm (micrometer)
1 A (angstrom) = 10 10 m 10- 4 Ilm
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 m 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in.

A.l-4 Mass
1 Ibm 453.59 g = 0.45359 kg
1 Jb m = 16 oz = 7000 grains
1 kg 1000 g = 2.2046 Ibm
1 ton (short) 2000 Ibm
1 ton (long) = 2240 Ibm
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kg

A.1-5 Standard Acceleration of Gravity

g = 9.80665 m/s2
g 980.665 cm/s2
g 32.174 ft/S2
gc (gravitational conversion factor) = 32.1740 Ibm' ft/lb r ' S2
980.665 gm . cm/g! . S2

A.1-6 Volume
1 L (liter) 1000 cm:> 1 m:; = 1000 L (liter)
1 in.:; 16.387 em 3 I U.S. gal 4 qt
1 ft 3 = 28.317 L (liter) I U.S. gal = 3.7854 L (liter)
1 ft 3 = 0.028317 m 3 1 U.S. gal = 3785.4 cm 3
1 ft3 7.481 U.S. gal 1 British gal 1.20094 U.S. gal
1 m 3 = 264.17 U.S. gal 1 m3 35.313 ft 3

A.1-7 Force
1 g' cm/s2 (dyn) 10- 5 kg· m/s 2 = 10- 5 N (newton)
1 g' cm/s 2 7.2330 x 10- 5 Ibm' ft/S2 (poundal)
1 kg· m/5 2 = 1 N (newton)
1 Ib r = 4.4482 N
1g' cm/s2 = 2.2481 x 10- (,lb r

A.l-8 Pressure
1 bar = 1 x 10 5 Pa (pascal) 1 x 10 5 N/m2
2
1 psia = 1Ibr/in.
1 psia = 2.0360 in. Hg at ooe
1 psia 2.311 ft H 2 0 at 70°F
I psia = 51.715 mm Hg at ooe (PHs = 13.5955 gjcm 3 )
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 1.01325 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1.01325 bar
1 atm 760 mm Hg at O°C 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa
I atm = 29.921 in. Hg at ooe
1 atm = 33.90 ft H 2 0 at 4°C

AppenduA.l 851
 1 psia = 6.89476 x 104 g/cm' S2
1 psia 6.89476 x dyn/cm2
1 dyn/cm2 2.0886 x 10- 3 Ibrlft2
1 psia = 6.89476 x 10 3 Nlm 2 6.89476 x 10 3 Pa
2
1 Ibr/ft = 4.7880 x 102 dyn/cm2 = 47.880
1 mm Hg (O°C) 1.333224 x 10 2 N/m2 = 0.1333224 kPa

A.l-9 Power
1 hp = 0.74570 kW 1 watt (W) 14.340 cal/min
1 hp = 550 ft ·Ibr/s I btu/h = 0.29307 W (watt)
I hp 0.7068 btu/s I J/s (joule/s) 1W

A.I-IO Heat, Energy, Work

IJ=lN'm lkg·m 2 /s 2
2 2
1 kg· m /s 1 J (joule) = 10 7 g' cm 1 /s 1 (erg)
1 btu = 1055.06 J = 1.05506 kJ
1 btu = 252.16 cal (thermochemical)
1 kcal (thermochemical) 1000 cal 4.1840 kJ
1 cal (thermochemical) = 4.1840 J
1 cal (IT) = 4.1868 J
1 btu 251.996 cal (IT)
1 btu = 778.17 ft . Ib f
Ihp'h 0.7457kW·h
1 hp . h = 2544.5 btu
1 ft· Ib f = 1.35582 J
1 ft ·Ibr/lb m = 2.9890 J/kg

A.l-ll Thermal Conductivity

1 btu/h·ft·OF = 4.1365 x 10 3cal/s·cm "C
1 btu/h· ft· of 1.73073 W /m . K

A.l-12 Heat-Transfer Coefficient

1 btu/h' ft 2 . OF = 1.3571 x 10- 4 calls' cm 2 • °C

1 btu/h· ft l . OF 5.6783 x 10- 4 W/cm 2 . °C
1 btu/h· ft 2 . OF = 5.6783 W/m 2 • K
1 kcal/h' m 2 . OF 0.2048 btu/h· ft 2 . OF

A.1-13 Viscosity
I cp 10 2 g/cm . s (poise)
1 cp = 2.4191Ib.Jft· h
1 cp = 6.7197 x 1O- 4 Ib;;jft's
lcp 1O- 3 Pa's=10 3kg/m's=1O- 3 N's/m 2
1 cp = 2.0886 x 10- 'lb e ' S/ft2
1 Pa' s = 1 N· s1m 2 = 1 kg/m· s 1000 cp 0.67197 Ib m lft· S

852 App. A.l Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors

A.I-I4 Diffusivity

1 cm 2 /s = 3.875 ft1lh 1 m 2 /s = 3.875 x 104 fe/h

1 cm 2/s 10- 4 mlls 1 centistoke 10- 2 cm 2 /s
1 m 2 /h = 10.764 ftllh

A.I-IS Mass Flux and Molar Flux

1 gls' cm 2 = 7.3734 x 10 3 1b"ih ' ft2

1 g molls' em 1 = 7.3734 x 10 3 1b mol/h· ft2
1 g mol/s' em 2 10 kg molls' m 1 = 1 x 104 g mol/s' m 1
lIb mol/h· ft2 = 1.3562 X 10- 3 kg molfs· m 2

A.I-I6 Heat Flux and Heat Flow

1 btu/h' ft2 = 3.1546 W/m 2

1 btu/h = 0.29307 W
1 ealfh 1.1622 x 10- 3 W

A.I-17 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy

1 btu/Ibm' OF = 4.1868 kJ/kg' K

1 btu/Ibm' cF = 1.000 cal/g . cC
1 btu/Ibm = 2326.0 J/kg
1 ft· Ibrllb m 2.9890 J/kg
1 cal (IT)/g' °c 4.1868 kJ/kg' K
1 keal/g mol = 4.1840 x 10 3 kJ/kg mol

A.I-I8 Mass-Transfer Coefficient

1 kc em/s = 10- 2 mis
1 kc ft/h 8.4668 x 10 - 5 m/s
1 k, g molls' em 2 • mol frac 10 kg molls' m 2 • mol frac
2
1 kx g moljs' em . mol frac 1 x 10 4 g moljs' m 2 . mol frae
I kx Ib mol/h' ft • mol frae = 1.3562 x 10- 3 kg molls' m 2 • mol frae
2

1 k< a Ib moljh . ft 3 . mol frac = 4.449 x 10 - 3 kg molls' m 3 • mol frae

1 kG kg molls' m 2 . atm 0.98692 x 10- 5 kg molls' m 2 • Pa
1 kG a kg molls' m 3 . atm 0.98692 x 10- 5 kg molls' m 3 . Pa

Appendix A.I 853

 APPENDIX A.2
Physical Properties
of Water

A.2-1 Latent Heat of Water at 273.15 K (O°C)

Latent heat of fusion = 1436.3 cal/g mol
79.724 caljg

= 2585.3 btu/lb mol

6013.4 kJ/kg mol

Source: O. A. Hougen. K. M. Watson. and R. A. Ragatz., Chemical Process

Principles. Put I. 2nd cd. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc .• 1954.

Latent heat of vaporization at 298.15 K (2Ye)

Pressure (mm Hg) Laten! Heal

23.75 44 020 kJ/kg mol, 10.514 kcal/g mol, 18925 btu/lb mol
760 44 045 kJ/kg mol, 10.520 kcaljg mol, 18936 btuflb mol

Source: National Bureau of Standards. Circular 500.

A.2-2 Vapor Pressure of Water

T emperarure Vapor Pressure T emperarure Vapor Pressure

K cC kPa mmHg K °C kPa mmHg

273.15 0 0.611 4.58 323.15 50 12.333 92.51

283.15 10 1.228 9.21 333.15 60 19.92 149.4
293.15 20 2.338 17.54 343.15 70 31.16 233.7
298.15 25 3.168 23.76 353.15 80 47.34 355.1
303.15 30- 4.242 31.82 363.15 90 70.10 . 525.8
313.15 40 7.375 55.32 373.15 100 101.325 760.0

Source: Physikalish·technishe. Reichsansalt, Holborn. Scheel. and Henning, Warmetabel-

len. Brunswick. Germany: Friedrich Viewig and Son, 1909.

854
A.2-3 Density of Water

T emperalUre DensilY T emperat lire Density

K "C g/cm 3 kg/m J K °C g/cm J kg/';lJ

273.15 0 0.99987 999.87 323.15 50 0.98807 988.07

277.15 4 1.00000 1000.00 333.15 60 0.98324 983.24
283.15 10 0.99973 999.73 343.15 70 0.97781 977.81
293.15 20 0.99823 998.23 353.15 80 0.97183 971.83
298.15 25 0.99708 997.08 363.15 90 0.96534 965.34
303.15 30 0.99568 995.68 373.15 100 0.95838 958.38
313.15 40 0.99225 992.25

Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission.

A.2-4 Viscosity d Liquid Water

ViscosilY ViscosilY
TemperalUre [(Pa· s) 10 3 , T emperalllre [(Pa· s) J03,
(kg/m's) 10J, (kg/m s) 10 3 ,
K "C or cp] K cC or cp]

273.15 0 1.7921 323.15 50 0.5494

275.15 2 1.6728 325.15 52 0.5315
277.15 4 1.5674 327.15 54 0.5146
279.15 6 1.4728 329.15 56 0.4985
281.15 8 1.3860 331.15 58 0.4832
283.15 10 1.3077 333.15 60 0.4688
285.15 12 1.2363 335.15 62 0.4550
287:15 14 1.1709 337.15 64 0.4418
289.15 16 1.111 1 339.15 66 0.4293
291.15 18 1.0559 341.15 68 0.4174
293.15 20 1.0050 343.15 70 0.4061
293.35 20.2 1,0000 345.15 72 0.3952
295.15 22 0.9579 347.15 74 0.3849
297.15 24 0.9142 349.15 76 0.3750
298.15 25 0.8937 351.15 78 0.3655
299.15 26 0.8737 353.15 80 0.3565
301.15 28 0.8360 355.15 82 0.3478
303.15 30 0.8007 357.15 84 0.3395
305.15 32 0.7679 359.15 86 0.3315
307.15 34 0.7371 361.15 88 0.3239
309.15 36 0.7085 363.15 90 0.3165
311.15 38 0.6814 365.15 92 0.3095
313.15 40 0.6560 367,15 94 0.3027
315.15 42 0.6321 369.15 96 0.2962
317.15 44 0.6097 - 371.15 98 0.2899
319.15 46 0.5883 373.15 100 0.2838
321.15 48 0.5683
and Plasticity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Com-

Appendix A.2 855

A.2-5 Heat Capacity of Liquid Water at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm)

Tempera/llre Heat Capacity,c p T emperalUre Heat Capacity, c p

°C K cal/g'oC kJjkg' K 'C K cal/g'oC kJjkg' K

0 273.15 1.0080 4.220 50 323.15 0.9992 4.183

10 283.15 1.0019 4.195 60 333.15 1.0001 4.187
20 293.15 0.9995 4.185 70 343.15 1.0013 4.192
25 298.15 0.9989 4.182 80 353.15 1.0029 4.199
30 303.15 0.9987 4.181 90 363.15 1.0050 4.208
40 313.15 0.9987 4.181 100 373.15 1.0076 4.219

Source: N. S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and D. C. Ginnings, Bur. SWlldards J. Res., 23, 197
(1939).

A.2-6 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Water

Temperature Thermal Conductivity

°C OF K bllljh '/t . =F Wjm'K

0 32 273.15 0.329 0.569

37.8 100 311.0 0.363 0.628
93.3 200 366.5 0.393 0.680
148.9 300 422.1 0.395 0.684
215.6 420 588.8 0.376 0.651
326.7 620 599.9 0.275 0.476

Source: D. L. Timrot and N. B. Vargaflik, J. Tech. Phys, (U .S's.R.),

10, 1063(1940); 6th International Conference on the Properties or
Steam, Paris, 1964.

A.2-7 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Ice-Water Vapor and Heat

of Sublimation

Heat of
Temperature VapoT Pressure Sublimation

K OF °C kPa psia mmHg btujlbm kJjkg

273.2 32 0 6.1 07 X 10- 1 8.858 X 10- 2 4.581 1218.6 2834.5

266.5 20 -6.7 3.478 X 10- 1 5.045 X 10- 2 2.609 1219.3 2836.1
261.0 10 12.2 2.128 X 10 1 3.087 X 10- 2 1.596 1219.7 2837.0
255.4 0 -17.8 1.275 X 10- t 1.849 X 10- 2 0.9562 1220.1 2838.0
249.9 -10 -23.3 7.411 X 10 2 1.082 X 10- 2 0.5596 1220.3 2838.4
244.3 -20 28.9 '3.. 820 x 10- 2 6.181 X 10- 3 0.3197 1220.5 2838.9
238.8 30 -34.4 2.372 X 10- 2 3.440 X 10- 3 0.1779 1220.5 2838.9
233.2 -40 -40.0 1.283 X 10- 2 1.861 x 10- 3 0.09624 1220.5 2838.9

Source: ASH RAE, Handbook oj Fundamenzals. New Yor\(: ASHRAE, 1972.

856 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Waler

A.2·8 Heat Capacity of Ice

Temperawre cp Temperature cp

of K bill/Ibm' F
0 kJ/kg' K of K btu/Ibm .oF kJ/kg'K

32 273.15 0.500 2.093 10 249.85 0,461 1.930

20 266.45 0,490 2.052 20 244.25 0.452 1.892
10 260.95 0.481 2.014 30 238.75 0.442 1.850
0 255.35 0.472 1.976 -40 233.15 0,433 1.813

Source: Adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972.

A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table),

SI Units

S pecijic Va/ume Enthalpy Entropy

Temper. Vapor (mJ/kg) (kJjkg) (kJ/kg' K)
ature Pressure
(0C) (kPa) Liquid Sa/'d Vapor Uquid Sa/'d Vapor Uquid Sa/'d Vapor

0.01 0.6113 0,0010002 206.136 0.00 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562

3 0.7577 0.0010001 168.132 12.57 2506.9 0.0457 9.0773
6 0.9349 0.0010001 137.734 25.20 2512.4 0.0912 9.0003
9 1.1477 0.0010003 113.386 37.80 2517.9 0.1362 8.9253
12 1.4022 0.0010005 93.784 50.41 2523.4 0.1806 8.8524
15 1.7051 0.0010009 77.926 62.99 2528.9 0.2245 8.7814
18 2.0640 0.0010014 65.038 75.58 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123
21 2.487 0.0010020 54.514 88.14 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450
24 2.985 0.0010027 45.883 100.70 2545.4 0.3534 8.5794
25 3.169 0.0010029 43.360 104.89 2547.2 0.3674 8.5580
27 3.567 0.0010035 38.774 113.25 2550.8 0.3954 8.5156
30 4.246 0.0010043 32.894 125.79 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533
33 5.034 0.0010053 28.011 138.33 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927
36 5.947 0.0010063 23.940 150.86 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336
40 7.384 0.0010078 19.523 167.57 2574.3 0.5725 8.2570
45 9.593 0.0010099 15.258 188.45 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648
50 12.349 0.0010121 12.032 209.33 2592.1 0.7038 8.0763
55 15.758 0.0010146 9.568 230.23 2600.9 0.7679 7.9913
60 19.940 0.0010172 7.671 251.13 2609.6 0.8312 7.9096
65 25.03 0.0010199 6.197 272.06 2618.3 0.8935 7.8310
70 31.19 0.0010228 5.042 292.98 2626.8 0.9549 7.7553
75 38.58 0.0010259 4.131 313.93 2635.3 1.0155 7.6824
80 47.39 0.0010291 3.407 334.91 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122
'85 57.83 0.0010325 2.828 355.90 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445
90 70.14 0.0010360 2.361 376.92 2660.1 1.1925 7,4791
95 84.55 0.0010397 1.9819 397.96 2668.1 1.2500 7.4159
100 101.35 0.0010435 1.6729 419.04 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549

Appendix A.2 857

A.2-9 SI Units, Continued

Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy

Temper. Vapor ¥ , (ml/kg) (kJjkg) (kJ/kg' K)
ature Pressure
(Oe) (kPa) Liquid Sa/'d Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor

105 120.82 0.0010475 1.4194 440.15 2683.8 1.3630 7.2958

110 143.27 0.0010516 1.2102 461.30 2691.5 1.4185 7.2387
115 169.06 0.0010559 1.0366 482.48 2699.0 1.4734 7.1833
120 198.53 0.0010603 0.8919 503.71 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
125 232.1 0.0010649 0.7706 524.99 2713.5 1.5813 7.0775
130 270.1 0.0010697 0.6685 546.31 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
135 313.0 0.0010746 0.5822 567.69 2727.3 1.6870 6.9777
140 316.3 0.0010797 0.5089 589.13 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299
145 415.4 0.0010850 0.4463 610.63 2740.3 1.7907 6.8833
150 0.0010905 0.3928 632.20 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
155 543.1 0.0010961 0.3468 653.84 2752.4 1.8925 6.7935
160 617.8 0.0011020 0.3071 675.55 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
165 700.5 0.0011080 0.2727 697.34 2763.5 1.9925 6.7078
170 791.7 0.0011143 0.2428 719.21 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
175 892.0 0.0011207 0.2168 741.17 2773.6 2.0909 6.6256
180 1002.1 0.0011274 0.19405 763.22 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857
190 1254.4 0.0011414 0.15654 807.62 2786.4 2.2359 6.5079
200 1553.8 0.0011565 0.12736 852.45 2793.2 2.3309 6.4323
225 2548 0.0011992 0.07849 966.78 2803.3 2.5639 6.2503
250 3973 0.0012512 0.05013 1085.36 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730
275 5942 0.0013168 0.03279 1210.07 2785.0 3.0208 5.8938
300 8581 0.0010436 0.02167 1344.0 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045

Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and 1. G. Moore, Steam Tables-Metric Units. New
New York: John WlIey & Sons, Inc., 1%9. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table),

English Units

Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy

Temper- Vapor (ft3/Ib m ) (bw/lb..J (btullb m . 0 F)
alUre Pressure
(OF) (psia) Liquid Sa/'J Vapor Liquid Sar'd Vapor Liquid Sat'J Vapor

32.02 0.08866 0.016022 3302 0.00 1075.4 0.000 2.1869

35 0.09992 0.016021 ,,2948 3.00 1076.7 0.00607 2.1764
40 0.12166 0.016020 2445 8.02 1078.9 0.01617 2.1592
45 0.14748 0.016021 2037 13.04 1081.1 0.02618 2.1423
50 0.17803 0.016024 1704.2 18.06 1083.3 0.03607 2.1259
55 0.2140 0.016029 1431.4 23.07 1085.5 0.04586 2.1099

858 .r1.pp. A.2 Physical Properties of Water

 A.2-9 English Units, Continued

Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy

Temper- Vapor (ji3/1b"J (btu/lbJ (btu/Ibm' 0 F)
aIUre Pressure
(oF) (psia) Liquid Sm'd Vapor Liquid '}at'd Vapor Liquid Sar'd Vapor

60 0.2563 0.016035 1206.9 28.08 1087.7 0.05555 2.0943

65 0.3057 0.016042 1021.5 33.09 1089.9 0.06514 2.0791
70 0.3622 0.016051 867.7 38.09 1092.0 0.07463 2.0642
75 0.4300 0.016061 739.7 43.09 1094.2 0.08402 2.0497
80 0.5073 0.016073 632.8 48.09 1096.4 0.09332 2.0356
85 0.5964 0.016085 543.1 53.08 1098.6 0.10252 2.0218
90 0.6988 0.016099 467.7 58.07 1100.7 0.11165 2.0083
95 0.8162 0.016114 404.0 63.06 11 02.9 0.12068 1.9951
100 0.9503 0.016130 350.0 68.05 1105.0 0.12963 1.9822
110 1.2763 0.016166 265.1 78.02 1109.3 ,0.14730 1.9574
120 1.6945 0.016205 203.0 88.00 1113.5 0.16465 1.9336
130 2.225 0.016247 157.17 97.98 1117.8 0.18172 1.9109
140 2.892 0.016293 122.88 107.96 1121.9 0.19851 1.8892
150 3.722 0.016343 96.99 117.96 1126.1 0.21503 1.8684
160 4.745 0.016395 77.23 127.96 1130.1 0.23130 1.8484
170 5.996 0.016450 62.02 137.97 1134.2 0.24732 1.8293
180 7.515 0.016509 50.20 147.99 1138.2 0.26311 1.8109
190 9.343 0.016570 40.95 158.03 1142.1 0.27866 1.7932
200 11.529 0.016634 33.63 168.07 1145.9 0.29400 1.7762
210 14.125 0.016702 27.82 178.14 1149.7 0.30913 1.7599
212 14.698 0.016716 26.80 180.16 1150.5 0.31213 1.7567
220 17.188 0.016772 23.15 188:22 1153.5 0.32406 1.7441
230 20.78 0.016845 19.386 198.32 1157.1 0.33880 1.7289
240 24.97 0.016922 16.327 208.44 1160.7 0.35335 1.7143
250 29.82 0.017001 13.826 218.59 1164.2 0.36772 1.7001
260 35.42 0.017084 11.768 228.76 1167.6 0.38193 1.6864
270 41.85 0.017170 10.066 238.95 1170.9 0.39597 1.6731
280 49.18 0.017259 8.650 249.18 1174.1 0.40986 1.6602
290 57.33 0.017352 7.467 259.44 1177.2 0.42360 1.6477
300 66.98 . 0.017448 6.472 269.73 1180.2 0.43720 1.6356
310 77.64 0.017548 5.632 280.06 1183.0 0.45067 1.6238
320 89.60 0.017652 4.919 290.43 1185.8 0.46400 1.6123
330 103.00 0.Dl7760 4.312 300.84 1188.4 0.47722 1.6010
340 117.93 0.017872 3.792 311.30 1190.8 0.49031 1.5901
350 134.53 0.017988 3.346 321.80 1193.1 0.50329 1.5793
360 152.92 0.018108 2.961 332.35 1195.2 0.51617 1.5688
370 173.23 0.018233 2.628 342.96 1197.2 0.52894. 1.5585
r
380 195.60 0.018363 2.339 353.62 1199.0 0.54163 1.5483
390 220.2 0.018498 2.087 364.34 1200.6 0.55422 1.5383
400 247.1 0.018638 1.8661 375.12 1202.0 0.56672 1.5284
410 276.5 0.Dl8784 1.6726 385.97 1203.1 0.57916 1.5187
450 422.1 0.019433 1.1011 430.2 1205.6 0.6282 1.4806

Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables-Eng/ish Units.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1%9. Reprinted by pennission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

r Appendix A.2 859

A.2-10 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), SI Units (v, specific volume, m 3 /kg; H,
enthalpy, kJ/kg; s, entropy, kJ/kg· K)

Absolute
Pressure,
kPa
(Sat. Temperature (0C)
Temp.,
0C) JOO 150 200 250 300 360 420 500

V 17.196 19.512 21.825 24.136 26.445 29.216 31.986 35.679

10 H 2687.5 2783.0 2879.5 2977.3 3076.5 3197.6 3320.9 3489.1
(45.81) s 8,4479 8.6882 8,9038 9.1002 9.2813 9,4821 9.6682 9.8978
V 3.418 3.889 4.356 4.820 5.284 5.839 6.394 7.134
50 H 2682.5 2780.1 2877.7 2976.0 3075.5 3196.8 3320,4 3488.7
(81.33) s 7.6947 7.9401 8.1580 8.3556 8.5373 8.7385 8.9249 9.1546
V 2.270 2.587 2.900 3.211 ' 3.520 3.891 4.262 4.755
75 H 2679.4 2778.2 2876.5 2975.2 3074.9 3196,4 3320.0 3488.4
(91.78) s 7.5009 7.7496 7.9690 8.1673 8.3493 8.5508 8.7374 8.9672
V 1.6958 1.9364 2.172 2.406 2.639 2.917 3.195 3.565
100 If 2672.2 2776.4 2875.3 2974.3 3074.3 3195.9 3319.6 3488.1
(99.63) s 7.3614 7.6134 7.8343 8.0333 8.2158 8,4175 8.6042 8.8342
v 1.2853 1.4443 1.6012 1.7570 1.9432 2.129 2.376
150 H 2772.6 2872.9 2972.7 3073.1 3195.0 3318.9 3487.6
(111.37) s 7,4193 7.6433 7.8438 8.0720 8.2293 8,4163 8.6466
V 0,4708 0.5342 0.5951 0.6548 0.7257 0.7960 0.8893
400 H 2752.8 2860.5 2964.2 3066.8 3190.3 3315.3 3484.9
(143.63) s 6.9299 7.1706 7.3789 7.5662 7.7712 7.9598 8.1913
v 0.2999 0.3363 0.3714 0,4126 0,4533 0.5070
700 H 2844.8 2953.6 3059.1 3184.7 3310.9 3481.7
(164.97) s 6.8865 7.1053 7.2979 7.5063 7.6968 7.9299
V 0.2060 0.2327 0.2579 0.2873 0.3162 0.3541
1000 H 2827.9 2942.6 3051.2 3178.9 3306.5 3478.5
(179.91) s 6.6940 6.9247 7.1229 7.3349 7.5275 7.7622
V 0.13248 0.15195 0.16966 0.18988 0.2095 0.2352
1500 H 2796.8 2923.3 3037.6 3.1692 3299.1 3473.1
( 198.32) s 6.4546 6.7090 6.9179 7.1363 7.3323 7.5698
V 0.11144 0.12547 0.14113 0.15616 0.17568
2000 H 2902.5 3023.5 3159.3 3291.6 3467.6
(212,42) s 6.5453 6.7664 6.9917 7.1915 7,4317
v 0.08700 0.09890 0.11186 0.12414 0.13998
2500 H 2880.1 3008.8 3149.1 3284.0 3462.1
(223.99) s 6.4085 6.6438 6.8767 7.0803 7.3234
V 0.07058 0.08114 0.09233 0.10279 0.11619
3000. H 2855.8 2993.5 3138.7 3276.3 3456.5
(233.90) s 6.2872 6.5390 6.7801 6.9878 7.2338

Source: Abridged from 1. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and 1. G. Moore, Sream Tables-Merrie Unirs. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1%9. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley. & Sons, Inc.

860 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Water

 A.2-10 Properties of Superheated Steam (Steam Table), English Units (v, speci-
fic volume, ft 3/lb",; H, enthalpy, btu/Ibm; s, entropy, btu/Ibm' OF)

Absolute
Pressure,
psia (Sat. Temperature (OF)
Temp.,
oF) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

v 392.5 452.3 511.9 571.5 631.1 690.7 750.3 809.9 869.5

1.0 H 1150.! 1195.7 1241.8 1288.5 1336.1 1384.5 1433.7 1483.8 1534.8
(101.70) s 2.0508 2.1150 2.1720 2.2235 2.2706 2.3142 2.3550 2.3932 2.4294
V 78.15 90.24 102.24 114.20 126.15 138.08 150.01 161.94 173.86
5.0 H 1148.6 1194.8 1241.2 1288.2 1335.8 1384.3 1433.5 1483.7 1534.7
(162.21) s 1.8715 1.9367 1.9941 2.0458 2.0930 2.1367 2.1775 2.2158 2.2520
v 38.85 44.99 51.03 57.04 63.03 69.01 74.98 80.95 86.91
10.0 H 1146.6 1193.7 1240.5 1287.7 1335.5 1384.0 1433.3 1483.5 1534.6
(193.19) s 1.7927 1.8592 1.9171 1.9690 2.0164 2.0601 2.1009 2.1393 2.1755
v 30.52 34.67 38.77 42.86 46.93 51.00 55.07 59.13
14.696 H 1192.6 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8 1433.1 1483.4 1534.5
(211.99) s 1.8157 1.8741 1.9263 1.9737 2.0175 2.0584 2.0967 2.1330
v 22.36 25.43 28.46 31.47 34.77 37.46 40.45 43.44
20.0 H 1191.5 1239.2 1286.8 1334.8 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3
(227.96) s 1.7805 1.8395 1.8919 1.9395 1.9834 2.0243 2.0627 2.0989
V 7.260 8.353 9.399 10.425 11.440 12.448 13.452 14.454
60.0 H 1181.9 1233.5 1283.0 1332.1 1381.4 1431.2 1481.8 1533.2
(292.73) s 1.6496 1.7134 1.7678 1.8165 1.8609 1.9022 1.9408 1.9773
V 4.934 5.587 6.216 6.834 7.445 8.053 8.657
100.0 H 1227.5 1279.1 1329.3 1379.2 1429.6 1480.5 1532.1
(327.86) s 1.6517 1.7085 1.7582 1.8033 1.8449 1.8838 1.9204
V 3.221 3.679 4.111 4.531 4.944 5.353 5.759
150.0 f-I 1219.5 1274.1 1325.7 1376.6 1427.5 1478.8 1530.7
(358.48) s 1.5997 1.6598 1.7110 1.7568 1.7989 1.8381 1.8750
V 2.361 2.724 3.058 3.379 3.693 4.003 4.310
200.0 H 1210.8 1268.8 1322.1 1373.8 1425.3 1477.1 1529.3
(381.86) s 1.5600 1.6239 1.6767 1.7234 1.7660 1.8055 1.8425
V 2.150 2.426 2.688 2.943 3.193 3.440
250.0 H 1263.3 1318.3 1371.1 1423.2 1475.3 1527.9
(401.04) s 1.5948 1.6494 1.6970 1.7401 1.7799 1.8172
V 1.766 2.004 2.227 2.442 2.653 2.860
300.0 H 1257.5 1314.5 1368.3 1421.0 1473.6 1526.5
(417.43) s 1.5701 1.6266 1.6751 1.7187 1.7589 1.7964
V 1.2843 1.4760 1.6503 1.8163 1.9776 2.136
400 H 1245.2 1306.6 1362.5 1416.6 1470.1 1523.6
(444.70) s 1.5282 1.5892 1.6397 1.6884 1.7252 1.7632

Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore. Sream Tables-Merric
·hn Units. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Appendi.x A.2 861

A.2-11 Heat-Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, SI Units

Jl x 10 3 (gfJp2I p l)
T T P Cp (Pa ·s, or k p x 10" X 10- 8
(0C) (K) (kg/m 3 ) (kJ/kg'K) kg/m's) (W/m'K) N p , (11K) (I/K ·m 3 )

0 273.2 999.6 4.229 1.786 0.5694 13.3 0.630

15.6 288.8 998.0 4.187 1.131 0.5884 8.07 1.44 10.93
26.7 299.9 996.4 4.183 0.860 0.6109 5.89 2.34 30.70
37.8 311.0 994.7 4.183 0.682 0.6283 4.51 3.24 68.0
65.6 338.8 981.9 4.187 0.432 0.6629 2.72 5.04 '256.2
93.3 366.5 962.7 4.229 0.3066 0.6802 1.9\ 6.66 642
12l.! 394.3 943.5 4.271 0.2381 0.6836 1.49 8.46 1300
148.9 422.1 917.9 4.312 0:1935 0.6836 1.22 10.08 2231
204.4 477.6 858.6 4.522 0.1384 0.6611 0.950 14.04 5308
260.0 5:>3.2 784.9 4.982 0.1042 0.6040 0.859 19.8 11030
315.6 588.8 679.2 6.322 0.0862 0.5071 l.07 31.5 19260

A.2-11 Heat-Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, English Units

p cp Jl X 10 3 k
(gPp2Ipl)
T ( btu ) fJ X 104 X 10- 6
("F) Ibm·oF hIt·oF N p, (ltR) (It R It 3)

32 62.4 1.01 1.20 0.329 13.3 -0.350

60 62.3 1.00 0.760 0.340 8.07 0.800 17.2
80 62.2 0.999 0.578 0.353 5.89 1.30 48.3
100 62.1 0.999 0.458 0.363 4.51 1.80 107
150 61.3 1.00 0.290 0.383 2.72 2.80 403
200 60.1 1.01 0.206 0.393 1.91 3.70 1010
250 58.9 1.02 0.160 0.395 1.49 4.70 2045
300 57.3 1.03 0.130 0.395 1.22 5.60 3510
400 53.6 1.08 0.0930 0.382 0.950 7.80 8350
500 49.0 1.19 0.0700 0.349 0.859 11.0 17350
600 42.4 1.51 0.0579 0.293 1.07 17.5 30300

862 App. A.2 Physical Properties of Water

 . A.2-12 Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam)
at 101.32 kPa (l Atm Abs), SI Units

p x 10 5
T T P Cp (Pa's,or k fJ x 10 3 gf3p2/p2
(0C) (K) (kg/m3) (kJ /kg· K) kglm' s) (Wlm·K) N pr (11K) (ilK m 3 )

100.0 373.2 0.596 1.888 1.295 0.02510 0.96 2.68 0.557 x 10 8

148.9 422.1 0.525 1.909 1.488 0.02960 0.95 2.38 0.292 x lOB
204.4 477.6 0.461 1.934 1.682 0.03462 0.94 2.09 0.154 x lOB
260.0 533.2 0.413 1.968 1.883 0.03946 0.94 1.87 0.0883 x 10 8
315.6 588.8 0.373 1.997 2.113 0.04448 0.94 1.70 52.1 x 10 5
371.1 644.3 0.341 2.030 2.314 0.04985 0.93 1.55 33.1 x 10 5
426.7 699.9 0.314 2.068 2.529 0.05556 0.92 1.43 21.6 x 10 5

A.2-12 Heat-Transfer Properties of Water Vapor (Steam)

at 101.32 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units

p cp J-l. x 105 k
T
(F)
('fb
l3
m
) ( bIll
h-Jt·oF
)
N pr
fJ X 10 3
(JtR)
gfJ p 2/ p 2
(itR .p)

212 0.0372 0.451 0.870 0.0145 0.96 1.49 0.877 x 10 6

300 0.0328 0.456 1.000 0.0171 0.95 1.32 0.459 x 10 6
400 0.0288 0.462 1.130 0.0200 0.94 1.16 0.243 x 10 6
500 0.0258 0.470 1.265 0.0228 0.94 1.04 0.139 x 10 6
600 0.0233 0.477 1.420 0.0257 0.94 0.943 82 x 10 3
700 0.0213 0.485 1.555 0.0288 0.93 0.862 52.1 x 10 3
800 0.0196 0.494 1.700 0.0321 0.92 0.794 34.0 x 10 3

Source: D. L Timrot and N. B. Vargaftik, J. Tech. Phys. (U.S.S.R.}, 10, 1063 (1940); R. H.
Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hili
Book Company, 1973; J. H. Keenan. F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam
Tables. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969; National Research Council, Internation-
al Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; L. S. Marks, Mechani-
cal Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw. Hill Book Company, 1951.

r Appendix A.2 863

 APPENDIX A.3
Physical Properties
of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds

A.3-1 Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm
Abs), (c) crystalline, (g) = gas, (I) = liquid

flU; flH;

Compound (kJJk{1 moT)lO- J kealJg mol Compound (kJ /kg mol)lO- 3 keal/g mol

NH)(g) -46.19 -11.04 CaCOJ(e). 1206.87 288.45

NO(g) + 90.374 +21.600 CaO(e) 635.5 151.9
H 2 O(l) 285.840 -68.3174 CO(g) -110.523 26.4157
H 2 O(y) 241.826 57.7979 CO 2 (y) - 393.513 -94.0518
HCN(y) + 130.1 + 31.1 CH 4 (y) -74.848 -17.889
HCI(y) 92.312 -22.063 C 1 H 6 (g) -84.667 -20.236
H 2 S0 4 (1) - 81 L32 -193.91 CJHs(Y) 103.847 -24.820
H 3 P0 4 (C) -J28L1 -306.2 CH)OH(I) 238.66 57.04
NaCl(e) 411.003 98.232 ·CH)CH)OH(l) 277.61 66.35
NH 4 CI(e) 315.39 75.38

Source: J. H. Perry and C. H. Chillon. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw·HiII Book
Company, 1973; and O. A. Hougen. K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragalz, Chemical Process Principles, Pan I. 2nd cd.
New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1954.

864
 A.3-2 Standard Heats of Combustion at 298.15 K (2S°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)
(g) == gas, (I) == liquid, (s) = solid

(J.:.J /kg
Compound Combustion Reaction kcai/g mol mol)10- 3

C(s) C(s) + t02(g)-' CO(g) -26.4157 -110.523

CO(g) CO(g) + t02(g)-+ COl(g) - 67.6361 -282.989
C(s) C(s) + 02(g)-> CO 2(g) 94.0518 - 393.513
H 2(g) H 2(g) + t02(g) -, H 2 0 (1) - 68.3174 -285.840
H 2(g) H 2 (g) + i02(g)-' H 2 O(g) 57.7979 241.826
CH.,.(g) CH.(g) + 20 2 (g)-+ COl(g) + 2H 2O(1) -212.798 -890.346
C Z H 6 (g) C 2H 6 (g) + i02(g)-' 2C0 2 (g) + 3H 2O(1) -372.820 -1559.879
CJHa(g) C JHs(g) + 50 2(g)·_> 3C0 2 (g) + 4H 20(1) - 530.605 2220.051
d-Glucose
(dextrose)
C 6 H,206(S) C6H,206(S) + 60 2 (g)-' 6C0 2 (y) + 6H 2 O(1) 673 2816
Lactose
(anhydrous)
C, 2H220'l(S) C 12 H 12 0 ll (s) + 120 2 (g)-> 12COAg) + IIH 20(l) 1350.1 -5648.8
Sucrose
C'2 H 120,,(S) C 1z H 22 0, ,(s) + 120 2(g)-> 12C0 2(g) + IIH zO(1) -1348.9 - 5643.8

SOl/ree: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 51h ed, New York: McGraw·HiII Book
Company, 1973; and O. A. Hougen. K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part I. 2nd ed.
New York: Jonn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954.

fc J
16 C2 H 6
J S03

15
J 2 4 /

/ II /
-
I

13 II / /
/cH4 I I
:.---
I- i--

,... 12 1// / -
S02
--- C0
;::/V
--
E 'I /
c. 0 21
<.J
11
. II /'
--
0

::l
0 l--
..a E 10 L--"
:9
9

8
P"'"' --- Cl 2
O2
air
N2
K H2

1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200

Temperature (OF)
FIGURE A.3-1. Mean molar heat capacitiesjrom 7T'F (25°C) to tOF at conswnc pressure oj 101.325
kPa (1 atm abs). (From O. A. Hougen, K. M. Wacson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical
Process Principles, Part J, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954. Wicl!
permission.)

Appendix A.3 865

A.3-3 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units

T T P cp
Jl x JOS
(Pa's,ar k - fJ X ]0> gfJp l l/12

('e) (K) (kgjm» (kJ /kg' K) kg/m s) (W/m' K) N p, (ilK) (i/K 'm»

-17.8 255.4 1.379 1.0048 1.62 0.02250 0.720 3.92 2.79 x 10 8

0 273.2 1.293 1.0048 1.72 0.02423 0.715 3.65 2.04 x 108
10.0 283.2 1.246 1.0048 1.78 0.02492 0.713 3.53 1.72 x 10 8
37.8 311.0 1.137 1.0048 1.90 0.02700 0.705 3.22 1.12 x 108
65.6 338.8 1.043 1.0090 2.03 0.02925 0.702 2.95 0.775 x 10 8
93.3 366.5 0.964 1.0090 2.15 0.03115 0.694 2.74 0.534 x 108
121.1 394.3 0.895 1.0132 2.27 0.03323 0.692 2.54 0.386 x 108
148.9 422.1 0.838 1.0174 2.37 0.03531 0.689 2.38 0.289 x 10 8
176.7 449.9 0.785 1.0216 2.50 0.03721 0.687 2.21 0.214 x 108
204.4 477.6 0.740 1.0258 2.60 0.03894 0.686 2.09 0.168 x 108
232.2 505.4 0.700 1.0300 2.71 0.04084 0.684 1.98 0.130 x 10 8
260.0 533.2 0.662 1.0341 2.80 0.04258 0.680 1.87 0.104 x 108

A.3-3 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (l Atm Abs), English

Units

p cp k
T
rF)
('bII)m) ( Ibm'bIU)
C
J1 (bW)
F (cenripoise) h"/I" F N p'
{J X
(J/"R)
10 3 9{JP2/112
(l;oR "/t)

0 0.0861 0.240 0.0162 0.0130 0.720 2.18 4.39 X 10 6

32 0.0807 0.240 0.0172 0.0140 0.715 2.03 3.21 X 10 6
50 0.0778 0.240 0.0178 0.0144 0.713 1.96 2.70 X 10 6
100 0.Q710 0.240 0.0190 0.0156 0.705 1.79 1.76 X 10 6
150 0.0651 0.241 0.0203 0.0169 0.702 1.64 1.22 X 10 6
200 0.0602 0.241 0.0215 0.0180 0.694 1.52 0.840 X 10 6
250 0.0559 0.242 0.0227 0.0192 0.692 1.41 0.607 X 106
300 0.0523 0.243 0.0237 0.0204 0.689 1.32 0.454 X 10 6
350 0.0490 0.244 0.0250 0.0215 0.687 1.23 0.336 X 10 6
400 0.0462 0.245 0.0260 0.0225 0.686 L16 0.264 X 10 6
450 0.0437 0.246 0.0271 0.0236 0.674 LlO 0.204 X 10 6
500 0.0413 0.247 0.0280 0.0246 0.680 1.04 0.163 X 10 6

Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS-NACA,
Tables of Thermal Propeflies of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes. Trans. A.S.M.E., 73,590,597
(1951); 74, 1303 (1952): D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic
Properties. Washinglon, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards., 1953.

866 App,A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-4 Viscosity of Gases at 101315 kPa (1 Atm Abs) IViscosity in
(Pa • s) 10 3 , (kg/m. s) 10\ orcp)

Temperalllre

K of °C 11 z
°2 N2 CO CO 2

255.4 0 -17.8 0.00800 0.0181 0.0158 0.0156 0.0128

273.2 32 0 0.00840 0.0192 0.0166 0.0165 0.0137
283.2 50 10.0 0.00862 0.0197 0.0171 0.0169 0.0141
311.0 100 37.8 0.00915 0.0213 0.0183 0.0183 0.0154
338.8 150 65.6 0.00960 0.0228 0.0196 0.0195 0.0167
366.5 200 93.3 0.0101 0.0241 0.0208 0.0208 0.0179
394.3 250 121.1 0.0106 0.0256 0.0220 0.0220 0.0191
422.1 300 148.9 0.0111 0.0267 0.0230 0.0231 0.0203
449.9 350 176.7 0.0115 0.0282 0.0240 0.0242 0.0215
477.6 400 204.4 0.0119 0.0293 0.0250 0.0251 0.0225
505.4 450 232.2 0.0124 0.0307 0.0260 0.0264 0.0236
533.2 500 260.0 0.0128 0.Q315 0.0273 0.0276 0.0247

Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; SM, 1955; NBS-NACA,
Tables oj Thermal Properties oj Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597
(1951): 74. 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selecred Values oj Chemical Thermodynamic
Properries. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau ofSlandards, 1953.

Appendix A.3 867

 g;

A.3-5 Thermal Conductivity of Gases at 101.325 kPa (I Atm Abs)

).. H, 0, N, CO
Telllpera/llre
)..
1...., K "C OF W/m·K h.!t of W/m'K II'!I·oF W/m·K h-ji·oF W/m·K h·!t·oF

255.4 -17.8 0 0.1592 0.0920 0.0228 0.0132 0.0228 0.0132 0.0222 0.0128 0.0132 0.0076
273.2 0 32 0.1667 0.0963 0.0246 0.0142 0.0239 0.0138 0.0233 0.0135 0.0145 0.0084
283.2 10.0 50 0.1720 0.0994 0.0253 0.0146 0.0248 0.0143 0.0239 0.0138 0.0152 0.0088
311.0 37.8 100 0.1852 0.107 0.0277 0.0160 0.0267 0.0154 0.0260 0.0150 0.0173 0.0100
338.8 65.6 150 0.1990 0.115 0.0299 0.0173 0.0287 0.0166 0.0279 0.0161 0.0190 0.0110
.....,'" 366.5 93.3 200 0.2111 0.122 0.0320 0.0185 0.0303 0.0175 0.0296 0.0171 0.0216 0.0125
394.3 121.1 250 0.2233 0.129 0.0343 0.0198 0.0329 0.0190 0.Q318 0.0184 0.0239 0.0138
422.1 148.9 300 0.2353 0.136 0.0363 0.0210 0.0348 0.0201 0.0338 0.0195 0.0260 0.0150
.....
::s
Cl 449.9 176.7 350 0.2458 0.142 0.0382 0.0221 0.0365 0.0211 0.0355 0.0205 0.0286 0.0165
ci;l 477.6 204.4 400 0.2579 0.149 0.0398 0.0230 0.0382 0.0221 0.0369 0.0213 0.0308 0.0178
;::,
::.
n' 505.4 232.2 450 0.2683 0.155 0.0422 0.0244 0.0400 0.0231 0.0384 0.0222 0.0334 0.0193
t:>
::. 533.2 260.0 500 Q.2786 0.161 0.0438 0.0253 0.0419 0.0242 0.0407 0.0235 0.0355 0.0205
1:1..
C Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C. 1947; 564,1955; NBS-NACA, Table of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. O. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E.,
ci;l
;::, 73. 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selecred Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properries. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards.
::.
i";' 1953.

Cl
t::
::.
!:}

, .. .. ;;,,,.
'I:l
'"t).
;:,
>;.

l...
A.3-6 Heat Capacity of Gases at Constant Pressure at 10 1.325 kPa (l Atm Abs)

co CO 2
------
kJf btu/ kJf btu/
K "C OF kl/·K Ib .OF kg' K Ib m. OF kg'K Ibm' OF kg· K Ibm' OF kg· K Ibm' OF

255.4 -17.8 0 14.07 3.36 0.909 0.217 1.034 0.247 1.034 0.247 0.800 0.191
273.2 0 32 14.19 3.39 0.913 0.218 1.038 0.248 1.038 0.248 0.816 0.195
283.2 10.0 50 14.19 3.39 0.917 0.219 1.038 0.248 1.038 0.248 0.825 0.197
311.0 37.8 100 14.32 3.42 0.921 0.220 1.038 0.248 1.043 0.249 0.854 0.204
338.8 65.6 150 14.36 3.43 0.925 0.221 1.038 0.248 1.043 0.249 0.883 0.211
366.5 93.3 200 14.40 3.44 0.929 0.222 1.043 0.249 1.047 0.250 0.904 0.216
394.3 12l.! 250 14.44 3.45 0.938 0.224 1.043 0.249 1.047 0.250 0.929 0.222
422.1 148.9 300 14.49 3.46 0.946 0.226 1.047 0.250 1.051 0.251 0.950 0.227
449.9 176.7 350 14.49 3.46 0.955 0.228 1.047 0.250 1.055 0.252 0.976 0.233
477.6 204.4 400 14.49 3.46 0.963 0.230 1.051 0.251 1.059 0.253 0.996 0.238.
505.4 232.2 450 14.52 3.47 0.971 0.232 1.055 0.252 1.063 0.254 1.017 0.243
533.2 260.0 500 14.52 3.47 0.976 0.233 1.059 0.253 1.068 0.255 1.030 0.246

or
S""rn:: National Bureau Sta",larcis. Cire"!,,, 46lC, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS-NACA, Tubles o/Thermal Proper/ies 0/ Guses, 1949; F. G.
Tru/lS. A.S.M .E., 73, 590, 5')7 (1951); 74, 130J (1952); D. D. Wagman, Sclecled Va/ues oj Chemku/ Thermudy,wmic ['ruperties.
Washington, D.C.: Nationul13urcau or Standards, 1953.
A.3-7 Prandtl Number of Gases at 101325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)

T emperat ure

°C OF K H2
°2 N2 CO CO 2

17.8 0 255.4 0.720 0.720 0.720 0.740 0.775

0 32 273.2 0.715 0.711 0.720 0.738 0.770
10.0 50 283.2 0.710 0.710 0.717 0.735 0.769
37.8 100 311.0 0.700 0.707 0.710 0.731 0.764
65.6 150 338.8 0.700 0.706 0.700 0.727 0.755
93.3 200 366.5 0.694 0.703 0.700 0.724 0.752
121.1 250 394.3 0.688 0.703 0.696 0.720 0.746
148.9 300 422.1 0.683 0.703 0.690 0.720 0.738
176.6 350 449.9 0.677 0.704 0.689 0.720 0.734
204.4 400 477.6 0.670 0.706 • 0.688 0.720 0.725
232.2 450 505.4 0.668 0.702 0.688 0.720 0.716
260.0 500 533.2 0.666 0.700 0.688 0.720 0.702

Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C. 1947; 564,1955; NB5-NACA, Taoles of
Thermal Propenies of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73,590,597 (1951); 74, 1303
(1952): D. D. Wagman, SeleCTed Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properries. Washington,
D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

870 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

 Temperature Viscosity
('C) (OP) [(kglm' s)10 3 or cp]
-100 0.1
0.09
-100 0.08

0.07

0.06
o
o 0.05
30
100
28

26
t± #
0.04

200
100 24 I
i I 0.03
22
300 ! I
i
20
200 , !
400 ! !
18
I I ! : I
I , 0.02
500 16
i I
i i
! !
Y I !
300 ! i I !
600 14 i !
-
I
i-
700 12
i i I [ i- -
400
i i ! ! :

800 10 I i : ! i i
I I i I
I

900 I : i
500 8 ,
I i i :
1000 I I I 0.01
6 I I
I 0.009
600 1100
4 i I
1200 I II 0.008
700 1300 2 1

1400 0.007
I
800 1500 8 10 12 14 16 18
1600 x 0.006
1700
1800

FIGURE A.J-2. Viscosities of gases at 101.325 kPa (l atm abs). (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilcon,
Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1973. With permission.) See Table A.3-8 for coordinates for use with Fig.
A.3-2.

Appendix A.3 871

A.3-8 Viscosities of Gases (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-2)

No. Gas X Y No. Gas X Y

Acetic acid 7.7 14.3 29 Freon-I 13 11.3 14.0

2 Acetone 8.9 13.0 30 Helium 10.9 20.5
3 Acetylene 9.8 14.9 31 Hexane 8.6 11.8
4 Air . 11.0 20.0 32 Hydrogen 11.2 12.4
5 Ammonia 8.4 16.0 33 3H 2 + IN2 11.2 17.2
f> Argon 10.5 22.4 34 Hydrogen bromide 8.8 20.9
7 Benzene 8.5 13.2 35 Hydrogen chloride 8.8 18.7
8 Bromine 8.9 19.2 36 Hydrogen cyanide 9.8 14.9
9 Butene 9.2 13.7 37 Hydrogen iodide 9.0 21.3
10 Butylene 8.9 13.0 38 Hydrogen sulfide 8.6 18.0
II Carbon dioxide 9.5 18.7 39 Iodine 9.0 18.4
12 Carbon disulfide 8.0 16.0 40 Mercury 5.3 22.9
13 Carbon monoxide 11.0 20.0 41 Methane 9.9 15.5
14 Chlorine 9.0 18.4 42 Methyl alcohol 8.5 15.6
15 Chloroform 8.9 15.7 43 Nitric oxide 10.9 20.5
16 Cyanogen 9.2 15.2 44 Nitrogen 10.6 20.0
17 Cyclohexane 9.2 12.0 45 Nitrosyl chloride 8.0 17.6
1& Ethane 9.1 14.5 46 Nitrous' oxide 8.& 19.0
19 Ethyl acetate 8.5 13.2 47 Oxygen 11.0 21.3
20 Ethyl alcohol 9.2 14.2 48 Pentane 7.0 12.8
21 Ethyl chloride 8.5 15.6 49 Propane 9.7 12.9
22 Ethyl ether 8.9 13.0 50 Propyl alcohol 8,4 13.4
23 Ethylene 9.5 15.1 51 Propylene 9.0 13.8
24 Fluorine 7.3 23.8 52 Sulfur dioxide 9.6 17.0
25 Freon-II 10.6 15.1 53 Toluene 8.6 12.4
26 Freon-12 11.1 16.0 54 2,3,3·T rimeth yl butane 9.5 10.5
27 Freon-21 10.8 15.3 55 Water 8.0 16.0
2& Freon-22 10.1 17.0 56 Xenon 9.3 23.0

872 App. A.3 Physical Properties of inorganic and Organic Compounds

 cp = cal/g. °c = btu/Ibm. of
4.0

2
o 3.0

Temperature
2.0
(0C) (OF)

0
100
100 200
300
200 400
500 7 1.0
300 0
600 3 5 0.9
0 6 80
700 40 0 9 0
400 0.8
800 o 11 12 &13
900 1000 0 14 0.7
500
1000 0 0.6
15 016
600 1100
017
1200 0.5
700 1300 17A
1400 o 17C 18 20 0.4
800 17BOo o
1500 o 19 21 0
1600 17D o 0
900
1700 22 230 240 26 28 0.3
1800 o o COg
1000 25 27
1900 29
30
1100 2000
2100 '6 0.2
32 31
1200 2200 o
2300
1300 2400 33
0
2500
1400 340
35
0 0.1
0.09
0.08
36
0 0.07
0.06

0.05
FIGURE A.3:3. Heal capacifY of gases at constant pressure at 101.325 kPa (1 aIm abs). (From R. H.
Perry and C. lI. Chi/con, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. Wilh permission.) See Table r1.3-9 for lise
with Fig. A3-3.

Appendix A.3 873

A.3-9 Heat Capacity of Gases at Constant Pressure
(for Use with Fig. A.3-3)

No. Gas Range (0C)

10 Acetylene 0-200
15 Acetylene 200-400
16 Acetylene 400--1400
27 Air 0-1400
12 Ammonia 0-600
14 Ammonia 600--1400
18 Carbon dioxide 0-400
24 Carbon dioxide 400--1400
26 Carbon monoxide,
0-1400
32 Chlorine 0-200
34 Chlorine 200--1400
3 Ethane 0-200
9 Ethane 200--600
8 Ethane 600--1400
4 Ethylene 0-200
11 Ethylene 200--600
13 Ethylene 600--1400
17B Freon-ll (CCI 3 F) 0-150
17C Freon-21 (CHClIF) 0-150
17A Freon-22 (CHCIF 2) 0-150
17D Freon-l13 2) 0-150
Hydrogen 0-600
2 Hydrogen 600--1400
35 Hydrogen bromide 0-1400
30 Hydrogen chloride 0-1400
20 Hydrogen fluoride 0-1400
36 Hydrogen iodide 0-1400
19 Hydrogen sulfide 0-700
21 Hydrogen sulfide 700--1400
5 Methane 0-300
6 Methane 300--700
7 Methane 700--1400
25 Nitric oxide 0-700
28 Nitric oxide 700--1400
26 Nitrogen 0-1400
23 Oxygen 0-500
29 Oxygen 500--1400
33 Sulfur 300--1400
22 Sulfur dioxide 0-400
31 Sulfur dioxide 400-1400
17 Water 0-1400

874 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-10 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vap<>rs
at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs); k = W/m· K)

Gas or Vapor. K k Gas or Vapor K k

Acetone(l) 273 0.0099 Ethane's. 6) 239 0.0149

319 0.0130 273 0.0183
373 0.0171 373 0.0303
457 0.0254 Ethyl alcohol!l) 293 0.0154
Ammonia t2l 273 0.0218 373 0.0215
373 0.0332 Ethyl ether(l) 273 0.0133
473 0.0484 319 0.0171
Butane(3) 273 0.0135 373 0.0227
373 0.0234 Ethylene(6) 273 0.0175
Carbon monoxidet2l 173 0.0152 323 0.0227
273 0.0232 373 0.0279
373 0.0305 n-Hexane(3) 27: 0.0125
Chlorine(4) 273 0.00744 293 0.0138
Sulfur dioxide(7) 273 0.0087
373 0.0119

Source: (I) Moser. dissertation, Berlin, 1913; (2) F. G. Keyes, Tech. Rep!. 37, Project Squid,
Apr. 1. 1952; (3) W. B. Mann and B. G. Dickens. Proe. Roy. Soc. (London), A134, 77 (1931): (4)
InrermHional Crilical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 1929; (5) T. H.
Chilton and R. P. Genereaux, personal communication. 1946; (6) A. Eucken, Physik, Z., 12.
1101 (1911); 14, 324 (1913); (7) B. G. Dickens, Proe. Roy. Soc. (London), At43, 517 (1934).

A.3-11 Heat Capacities of Liquids (c p = kJ /kg . K)

Liquid K cp Liquid K cp

Acetic acid 273 1.959 Hydrochloric acid (20 mol %) 273 2.43
3 II 2.240 293 2.474
Acetone 273 2.119 Mercury 293 0.01390
293 2.210 Methyl alcohol 293 2.512
Aniline 273 2.001 313 2.583
323 2.18 I Nitrobenzene 283 1.499
Benzene 293 1.700 303 1.419
333 1.859 363 1.436
Butane 273 2.300 Sodium chloride (9.1 mol %) 293 3.39
i-Butyl alcohol 303 2.525 330 3.43
Ethyl alcohol 273 2.240 Sulfuric acid (100%) 293 1.403
298 2.433 Toluene 273 1.616
Formic acid 273 1.825 323 1.763
289 2.131 o-Xylene 303 1.721
Glycerol 288 2.324
.... 305 2.412

Source: N. A. Lange, Handbook ojChemislry. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
National Rcs.:arch Council, Inlemlllional Crirical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1929; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.

Appendix A3 875
Temperature Viscosity
(0C) (OF)
[(kg/m • S)]03 or cp]
200 390
190 380 F
370 F
180 360 f-
350 l-
f- 60
170 340 l-
330 f- 50
t;-
160 320
150
310 rI'- 40
300 E--
290 30
140 280 i=-
270 20
130 260
f-
,
120 250 l-
240
110 230
30 I
100
220
210
I I ._- rl=- 10
9
I 1
t
200 28 I
, F 8
I
l- I 7
90 190 26 I
i
I f- i f- 6
180 i, !
l-

-
80 I
I
, f- 5
170 24 ,I
I \ ·'1
I I , i ! .! '!
4
70 160 I
I
,
, ,
I I i i l:-
150 22 i ,
I I I F- 3
60

50
140
130 iFR
20
i
i
i . ! !
i
I,
F-- 2
120 18 ,i i
!
110 ,
I

40 i , I I r
100 16
y ,
i ... ! i
90 I ' , I I i
30 14 ,
80
,1
I .
f-f-;
!: ;
I
i
r I
0.9
20 70 12
i i i I l=-
l-
0.8
0.7
60 10 I I ,I I
i
i
i I --
l-
0.6
10 50 I , J
,-- 0.5
8
40 : I l':-- 0.4
: i
0 30 6
i
, E-
I i ; i E-- 0.3
20 ; i
i i I
!
-10 4

;R=ffi
I ! i
i
10 !
I

,, r-- 0.2
2
I
I I I
0 I I ! l - I-
-20 \ I I I I
-10 o0 2 4 6
\
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
I-

- 20 x
30 '-- 0.1
FIGURE A.3-4. Viscosities of liquids. (From R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilron, Chemical Engineers'
Handbook,5lh ed. New York : McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1973. With permission.)
See Table A.3-i2 for use with Fig. A.3-4.

876 App.A3 Physical Properties of inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-12 Viscosities of Liquids (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-4)

Liquid X Y Liquid X Y

Acetaldehyde 15.2 4.8 Cyclohexanol 2.9 24.3

Acetic acid, 100% 12.1 14.2 Cyclohexane 9.8 12.9
Acetic acid, 70% 9.5 17.0 Dibromomethane 12.7 15.8
Acetic anhydride 12.7 12.8 Dichloroetha ne 13.2 12.2
Acetone, 100% 14.5 7.2 Dichloromethane 14.6 8.9
Acetone, 35% 7.9 15.0 Diethyl ketone 13.5 9.2
Acetonitrile 14.4 7.4 Diethyl oxalate 11.0 16.4
Acrylic acid 12.3 13.9 Diethylene glycol 5.0 24.7
Allyl alcohol 10.2 14.3 Diphenyl 12.0 18.3
Allyl bromide 14.4 9.6 Dipropyl ether 13.2 8.6
Allyl iodide 14.0 11.7 Dipropyl oxalate 10.3 17.7
Ammonia, 100% 12.6 2.0 Ethyl acetate 13.7 9.1
Ammonia, 26% 10.1 13.9 Ethyl acrylate 12.7 lOA
Amyl acetate 11.8 12.5 Ethyl alcohol, 100% 10.5 13.8
Amyl alcohol 7.5 18.4 Ethyl alcohol, 95% 9.8 14.3
Aniline 8.1 18.7 Ethyl alcohol, 40% 6.5 16.6
Anisole 12.3 13.5 Ethyl benzene 13.2 11.5
Arsenic trichloride 13.9 14.5 Ethyl bromide 14.5 8.1
Benzene 12.5 10.9 2-Ethyl butyl acrylate 11.2 14.0
Brine, CaCL 2 , 25% 6.6 15.9 Ethyl chloride 14.8 6.0
Brine, NaCI, 25% 10.2 16.6 Ethyl ether 14.5 5.3
Bromine 14.2 13.2 Ethyl formate 14.2 8.4
Bromotoluene 20.0 15.9 2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate 9.0 15.0
Butyl acetate 12.3 11.0 Ethyl iodide 14.7 10.3
Butyl acrylate 11.5 12.6 Ethyl propionate 13.2 9.9
Butyl alcohol 8.6 17.2 Ethyl propyl ether 14.0 7.0
Butyric acid 12.1 15.3 Ethyl sulfide 13.8 8.9
Carbon dioxide 11.6 0.3 Ethylene bromide 11.9 15.7
Carbon disulfide 16.1 7.5 Ethylene chloride 12.7 12.2
Carbon tetrachloride 12.7 13.1 Ethylene glycol 6.0 23.6
Chlorobenzene 12.3 12.4 Ethylidene chloride 14.1 '8.7
Chloroform 14.4 10.2 FI uorobenzene 13.7 10.4
Chlorosulfonic acid 11.2 18.1 Formic acid 10.7 15.8
Chlorotoluene, ortho 13.0 13.3 Freon-ll 14.4 9.0
Chlorotoluene, meta 133 12.5 Freon-12 16.8 15.6
Chlorotoiuene, para 13.3 12.5 Freon-21 15.7 7.5
Cresol, meta 2.5 20.8 Freon-22 17.2 4.7

Appendix A3 877
A.3-12 Viscosities of Liquids, Continued

Liquid X Y Liquid X Y

Freon-113 12.5 11.4 Octyl alcohol 6.6 21.1

Glycerol, 100% 2.0 30.0 Pentachloroethane 10.9 17.3
Glycerol, 50% 6.9 19.6 Pentane 14.9 5.2
Heptane 14.1 8.4 Phenol 6.9 20.8
Hexane 14.7 7.0 Phosphorus tribromide 13.8 16.7
Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% 13.0 16.6 Phosphorus trichloride 16.2 10.9
Iodobenzene 12.8 15.9 Propionic acid 12.8 13.8
Isobutyl alcohol 7.1 18.0 Propyl acetate 13.1 10.3
Isobutyric acid 12.2 14.4 Propyl alcohol 9.1 16.5
Isopropyl alcohol 8.2 16.0 Propyl bromide 14.5 9.6
Isopropyl bromide 14.1 9.2 Propyl chloride 14.4 7.5
Isopropyl chloride 13.9 7.1 Propyl formate 13.1 9.7
Isopropyl iodide 13.7 11.2 Propyl iodide 14.1 11.6
Kerosene 10.2 16.9 Sodium 16.4 13.9
Linseed oil, raw 7.5 27.2 Sodium hydroxide, 50% 3.2 25.8
Mercury 18.4 16.4 Stannic chloride 13.5 12.8
Methanol, 100% 12.4 10.5 Succinonitrile 10.1 20.8
Methanol, 90% 12.3 11.8 Sulfur dioxide 15.2 7.1
Methanol, 40% 7.8 15.5 Sulfuric acid, 110% 7.2 27.4
Methyl acetate 14.2 8.2 Sulfuric acid, 100% 8.0 25.1
Methyl acrylate 13.0 9.5 Sulfuric acid, 98% 7.0 24.8
Methyl i-butyrate 12.3 9.7 Sulfuric acid, 60% 10.2 21.3
Methyl n-butyrate 13.2 10.3 Sulfuryl chloride 15.2 12.4
Methyl chloride 15.0 3.8 Tetrachloroethane 11.9 15.7
Methyl ethyl ketone 13.9 8.6 Thiophene 13.2 11.0
Methyl formate 14.2 7.5 Titanium tetrachloride 14.4 12.3
Methyl iodide 14.3 9.3 Toluene 13.7 lOA
Methyl propionate 13.5 9.0 Trichloroethylene 14.8 10.5
Methyl propyl ketone 14.3 9.5 Triethylene glycol 4.7 24.8
Methyl sulfide 15.3 6.4 Turpentine 1l.5 14.9
Naphthalene 7.9 18.1 Vinyl acetate 14.0 8.8
Nitric acid, 95% 12.8 13.8 Vinyl toluene 13.4 12.0
Nitric acid, 60% 10.8 17.0 Water 10.2 13.0
Nitrobenzene 10.6 16.2 Xylene, ortho 13.5 12.1
Nitrogen dioxide 12.9 8.6 Xylene, meta 13.9 10.6
Nitrotoluene 11.0 17.0 Xylene, para 13.9 10.9
Octane 13.7 10.0

878 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

Temperature
(oC) (oF) 0.2
1
200 2A 2
No Uqold
3 0
29
32
Acetic Acid 1
Acetone
o· aO
20 50
·70 - 50
o 03A
"
37
Ammonl.a
Amy. Alcohol
Amyl Acet .. ,.
·50· 25
0·100
4° 04A
2'
30 Aniline 0·130 0.3
23 B-enllW>. 10· 60
27
10
Benzyl AlcoOo.I
a..nzyl ChlotiOe
-20
.)0"
30
30
50
49
,1
Bdne, 25--' CtCf2
Sd ..... 25% ,....CJ
.40·
-40· 20
20
60
44 1:3'1,.11)'1 Alcohol 0- 100
2 ·100· 25
Ohuilio.
7
3
•
c..rOOn latr.K;hlotlde
Ch!otoo.nzen.
Chlo'oform
10·
0- 100
o·
60

50
o
0.4
4
21 -ao. 25
6A Oic1llofOftth.lne -30· 60
5 Ok;hlmometh.na -40· 50
15 Olphenyl eO'120

,.I.
22 D'phenylm&thJlno
CHph.nyt Oxide
Oowthefm A
30·100
0- 200
0- Zoo

4.
24 Ethyl Acet .. to -50· 25
42 •• AlCOhol 100')1. 30· 80
95" 20· 80
50 20 - BO
25
1
Senzene
8romid.
0- 1(}0
5· 25
0.5
13 eh-torle'll!! ·30· 40
30°26
36
7
Ether ·100 - 25
0·100
27

°
39 Ethylene Glycol -40 - 200

150 28_0
350 33
41
8
3 6 3&39 36 0.6
100
42
CD 44°
43
45
°
48 °
40
0
46 047
0 49
50 No Uqu!d 0.7
2A Freon·ll (CCIJF) -20 70
6 •• -12(CC1ZF2) -40· 15
4A •• -Zl(CHCI 2 F ) -20· 70
7A •• -22tCHCI F 2) ·20 60
3A .. -11J(CC t 2F-CCIF 2) ·20· 70
o 38
28
Gly<.ero1
Kephnli
.40 - 20
o· 60
35 Hi:.l<)Ol!! ·80· 20
48
41
f-tyd,<xh1orlc Add. 30%
ho.amyl Alcohol
20· 100
}O 100 050 51 0 0.8
43 llobutyl Ah;ohoJ o· 100
<7 hopropyl Akohol ·20· 50
31 I$.o!l,opyl EUuu ·ao· 20
-50 40
13A
Methyl AI<.ohol
Methyl Chloride
-40 - 20
-80- 20
14 N.aph\hlileoe 90 ;zoo
II 0- 100
34 Noo.ane -50· 25
33 Ocune ·50· 25-
Perchlo(ethyhme ·30 1.40
J
45 Propyl Alcohol ·20·100 0.9
-100 20
9
PyrldlOfl
Sulfuric Acid 98%
·50 #

10· 45
25

11 Sulfur Olo)(lde ·20 - 100

23 lolueofl O· 60

,.
53
18
Watet'
Xylene
••
)0·200
o 100
0·100
17 "",. 0·100
53
52
o
° 1.0

F1GURE A.3-5_ Heat capacity of liquids. (From R. If. Perry and C. H. Chillon, Chemical Engineers'
If andbook. 5th ed. New York,' McGraw-Hill Book Company, /973. With permission.)

Appendix A.3 879

A.3-t3 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids (k = W/m . K)*
Liquid K k Liquid K k

Acetic acid Ethylene glycol 273 0.265

100% 293 0.171 Glycerol, 100% 293 0.284
50% 293 0.346 n-Hexane 303 0.138
Ammonia 243-258 0.502 333 0.135
n-Amyl alcohol 303 0.163 Kerosene 293 0.149
373 0.154 348 0.140
Benzene 303 0.159 Methyl alcohol
333 0.151 100% 293 0.215
Carbon tetrachloride 273 0.185 60% 293 0.329
341 0.163 20% 293 0.492
n-Decane 303 0.147 100% 323 0.197
333 0.144 n-Octane 303 0.144
Ethyl acetate 293 0.175 333 0.140
Ethyl alcohol NaCl brine
100% 293 0.182 25% 303 0.571
60% 293 0.305 12.5% 303 0.589
20°!.) 293 0.486 Sulfuric acid
100% 323 0.15 I 90% 303 0.364
60% 303 0.433
Vaseline 332 0.183

• A linear variation with temperature may be assumed between the temperature limits given.
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1973. With permission.

880 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-14 Heat Capacities of Solids (c p kJ/kg . K)

Solid K cp Solid K cp

Alumina 373
0.84 Benzene 273 1.570
1773
1.147 Benzoic acid 293 1.243
Asbestos 1.05 Camphene 308 1.591
Asphalt 0.92 Caprylic acid 271 2.629
Brick, fireclay 373 0.829 Dextrin 273 1.218
1773 1.248 Formic acid 273 1.800
Cement, portland 0.779 Glycerol 273 1.382
Clay 0.938 Lactose 293 1.202
Concrete 0.63 Oxalic acid 323 1.612
Corkboard 303 0.167 Tartaric acid 309 1.202
Glass 0.84 Urea 293 1.340
Magnesia 373 0.980
1773 0.787
Oak 2.39
Pine, yellow 298 2.81
Porcelain 293-373 0.775
Rubber, vulcanized 2.01
Steel 0.50
Wool 1.361

Source: R. H. Perry and C H. Chilton. Chemical Ellgineers" Handbook, 5th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 1973; National Research Council, In/emotional
Critical Tables, Yol. Y. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1929; L. S. Marks,
,>."techanical Engineers" flandbook. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company,
1951; f. Kreith, Principles of fleat Transfer, 2nd ed. Scranton, Pa.: International
Textbook Co .. 1965.

Appendix A.3 881

 -'

A.3-J5 Thermal Conductivities of Building and Insulating Materials

Material (:;) I·
(0G) k(W/m·K)

Asbestos 577 0.151 (O°C) 0.168 (37.8°C) 0.190 (93.3°C)

Asbestos sheets 889 51 0.166
Brick, building 20 0.69
Brick, fireclay 1.00 (200°C) 1.47 (600°C) 1.64 (1 OO(rC)
Clay soil, 4% H 2 O 1666 4.5 0.57
Concrete, 1 :4 dry 0.762
Corkboard 160.2 30 0.()433
Cotton 80.1 0.055 (O°C) 0.061 (37.8°C) 0.068 (93.3°C)
Felt, wool 330 30 0.052
Fiber insulation
board 237 21 0.()48
Glass, window 0.52-1.06
Glass wool 64.1 30 0.0310 (- 6.7°C) 0.()414 (37.8°C) 0.0549 (93.3°C)
Ice 921 0 2.25
Magnesia, 85% 271 0.068 (37.8°C) 0.071 (93.JDC) 0.080 (2()4.4°C)
208 0.059 (37.8°C) 0.062 (93.3°C) 0.066 (148.9°C)
Oak, across grain 825 15 0.208
Pine, across grain 545 15 0.151
Paper 0.130
Rock wool 192 0.0317 ( 6.7°C) 0.0391 (37.8°C) 0.()486 (93.3°C)
128 0.0296 ( 6.7°C) 0.0395 (37.8°C) 0.0518 (93.3°C)
Rubber, hard 1198 0 0.151
Sand soil
4% H 2 O 1826 4.5 1.51
10% H 2 O 1922 4.5 2.16
Sandstone 2243 40 1.83
Snow 559 0 0.47
Wool 1l0.5 30 0.036

• Room temperature when none is noted.

Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company,
1951; W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 1954; F. H.
Norton, Refractories. New York: McGraw-Hill Bool:: Company, 1949; National Research Council, Interna-
tional CriricaJ Tables. New Yorl::: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 1929; M. S. Kersten, Univ. Minn. Eng. Ex.
Sra., Bull. 28, June 1949; R. H. Heilman, Ind. Eng. Chern., 28, 782 (1936).

882 App. A.3 Physical Properties of inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-16 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Heat
Capacities of Metals

p cp

t
Material (0C) k(W/m K)

Aluminum 20 2707 0.896 202 (O°C) 206 (lOO°C) 215 (200°C)

230 (300°C)
Brass (70-30) 20 8522 0.385 97 (O°C) 104 (lOODC) 109 (200°C)
Cast iron 20 7593 0.465 55 (ODC) 52 (100°C) 48 (200°C)
Copper 20 8954 0.383 388 (O°C) 377 (lOO°C) 372 (200°C)
Lead 20 11370 0.130 35 (O°C) 33 (tOO°C) 31 (200°C)
Steel 1%C 20 7801 0.473 45.3 (18°C) 45 (lOO°C) 45 (200°C)
43 (300°C)
308 stainless 20 7849 0.461 15.2 (100°C) 21.6 (500°C)
304 stainless 0 7817 0.461 13.8 (O°C) 16.3 (100°C) 18.9 (300°C)
Tin 20 7304 0.227 62 (O°C) 59 (lOO°C) 57 (200°C)

Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1951; E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959; R. H. Perry and C H. Chilton. Chemical Engineers' Handbook,
5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hii] Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International
Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1929.

Appendix A3
A.3-17 Normal Total Emmissivities of Surfaces

Surface K G Surface K G

Aluminum Lead, un oxidized 400 0.057

highly oxidized 366 0.20 Nickel, polished 373 0.072
highly polished 500 0,039 Nickel oxide 922 0.59
850 0,057 Oak, planed 294 0,90
Aluminum oxide 550 0,63 Paint
Asbestos board 296 0,96 aluminum 373 0.52
Brass, highly 520 0,028 oil (16 different,
all colors) 373 0,92-0,96
polished 630 0,031 Paper 292 0.924
Chromium,
polished 373 0,075 Roofing paper 294 0,91
Copper Rubber (hard, glossy) 296 0,94
oxidized 298 0,78 Steel
polished 390 0,023 oxidized at 867 K 472 0,79
Glass, smooth 295 0,94 polished stainless 373 0,074
Iron 304 stainless 489 0,44
oxidized 373 0,74 Water 273 0,95
tin-plated 373 0,07 373 0,963
Iron oxide 772 0,85

Source: R, H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York:
McGraw·Hill Book Company, 1973; W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd cd. New York:
McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1954; E. Schmidt, Gesundh.-Ing. Beihefr, 20, Reihe 1,1 (1927).

A.3-18 Henry's Law Constants for Gases in Water (H x 10- 4)*

K 'C CO 2 CO C zH 6 C/f 4 He H2 IllS Clf .. Nz

°2
273.2 0 0.0728 3.52 1.26 0.552 12.9 5.79 0.0268 2.24 5.29 2.55
283.2 IO 0.104 4.42 1.89 0.768 12.6 6.36 0.0367 2.97 6.68 3.27
293.2 20 0.142 5.36 2.63 1.02 12.5 6.83 0.0483 3.76 8.04 4.0l
303.2 30 0.186 6.20 3.42 1.27 12.4 7.29 0.0609 4.49 9.24 4.75
313.2 40 0.233 6.96 4.23 12.1 7.51 0.0745 5.20 10.4 5.35

• PA Hx., P. partial pressure of A in gas in atm, x A mole fraction of A in liquid,

H Henry's law constant in atm/mole frac.
Source: National Research Council, Inrernational Critical Tables, Vol. Ill. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1929.

884 App. A3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-19 Equilibrium Data fOT SOcWater System

Partial Pressure of so l Mole Fraction SOl

in Vapor, PA (mm Hg) in Vapor, Y A ; P 1 Atm
M ole Fraction
SO 2 in Liquid, x A 20 0 e (293 K) 300 e (303 K) 20"C 300 e
0 0 0 0 0
0.0000562 0.5 0.6 0.000658 0.000790
0.0001403 1.2 1.7 0.00158 0.00223
0.000280 3.2 4.7 0.00421 0.00619
0.000422 5.8 8.1 0.00763 0.01065
0.000564 8.5 11.8 0.01120 0.0155.
0.000842 14.1 19.7 0.01855 0.0259
0.001403 26.0 36 0.0342 0.0473
0.001965 39.0 52 0.0513 0.0685
0.00279 59 79 0.0775 0.1040
0.00420 92 125 0.121 0.1645
0.00698 161 216 0.212 0.284
0.01385 336 452 0.443 0.594
0.0206 517 688 0.682 0.905
0.0273 698 0.917

Source: T. K. Sherwood, Ind. Eng. Chern., 17,745 (1925).

A.3-20 Equilibrium Data for Methanol-Water System

Partial Pressure of'\1 ethanol

in Vapor, PA (mm Hg)
lvfole Fraction
M ethanol in Liquid, x A 39.9°e (313.1 K) 59.4°e (332.6K)

0 0 0
0.05 25.0 50
0.10 46.0 102
0.15 66.5 151

Source: National Research Council, Inrernariona/ Critical Tables, Vol. 1I1.

New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company,'t?29. .

Appendix A3 885
A.3-21 Equilibrium Data for Acetone-Water System
at 20"C (293 K)

Mole Fraction Partial Pressure of Acetone

Acetone in Liquid, x A in Vapor, p A (mm Hg)

o o
0.0333 30.0
0.0720 62.8
0.117 85.4
0.171 103

Source: T. K. Sherwood, Absorption and Ex/raction. New York:

McGraw·HilI Book Company, 1937. With pennission.

A.3-22 Equilibrium Data for Ammonia-Water System

Partial Pressure of N H J M ole Fraction N 11 J in

in Vapor, PA (mm Hg) Vapor,y ... : P 1 Atm
Mole Fraclioll
N H J ill Liquid, x ... 20°C (293 K) 30°C (303 K) 20ne 30°C

0 0 0 0 0
0.0126 11.5 0.0151
0.0167 15.3 0.0201
0.0208 12 19.3 0.0158 0.0254
0.0258 15 24.4 0.0197 0.0321
0.0309 18.2 29.6 0.0239 0.0390
0.0405 24.9 40.1 0.0328 0.0527
0.0503 31.7 51.0 0.0416 0.0671
0.0737 50.0 79.7 0.0657 0.105
0.0960 69.6 110 0.0915 0.145
0.137 114 179 0.150 0.235
0.175 166 260 0.218 0.342
0.210 227 352 0.298 0.463
0.241 298 454 0.392 0.597
0.297 470 719 0.618 0.945

Source: 1. H. Perry, Chemical' Engineers' Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company,
1963. With permission.

886 App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-23 Equilibrium Data for Ethanol-Water System at 101.325 kPa (I Atm)*

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Enthalpy Enthalpy

Temperature Mass Fraction Ethanol Temperature M ass Fraction Ethanol Temperature (btu/lb", of mixture) (kJ /kg of mixture)
Mass
·C vF x" Y" ·C OF x" y"
cc OF FractiolJ Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor

100.0 212 0 0 81.0 177.8 0.600 0.794 100.0 212 0 180.1 1150 418.9 2675
98.1 208.5 0.020 0.192 80.1 176.2 0.700 0.822 91.8 197.2 0.1 159.8 1082 371.7 2517
95.2 203.4 0.050 0.377 79.1 174.3 0.800 0.858 84.7 184.5 0.3 135.0 943 314.0 2193
91.8 197.2 0.100 0.527 78.3 173.0 0.900 0.912 82.0 179.6 0.5 122.9 804 285.9 1870
87.3 189.2 0.200 0.656 78.2 172.8 0.940 0.942 80.1 176.2 0.7 111.1 664 258.4 1544
84.7 184.5 0.300 0.713 78.1 172.7 0.960 0.959 78.3 173.0 0.9 96.6 526 224.7 1223
83,2 181.7 00400 0.746 78.2 172.8 0.980 0.978 78.3 173.0 1.0 89.0 457.5 . 207.0' 1064
82.0 179.6 0.500 0.771 78.3 173.0 1.00 1.00

• Reference stale for enthalpy is pure liquid at 273 K or O°c.

Source: Data (rom L. W. Cornell and R. E. Monlonna, Ind. Eng. Chenl., 25,1331 (1933); and W. A. Noyes and R. R. Warfel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 23,463 (1901), as given by O. O. Brown, Unit
Operatiolls. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. With permission.
A.3-2S Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data for
Acetone-Water-Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIK)
System at 298-299 K or 25-26°C

Composilion Dow Act?tone Dislriblllion Daw

(wI %) (w! 'Yo)

AIIK Acetone Wwer Wa/er Pilase MIK Phase

98.0 0 2.00 2.5 4.5

93.2 4.6 2.33 5.5 10.0
77.3 18.95 3.86 7.5 13.5
71.0 24.4 4.66 10.0 17.5
65.5 28.9 5.53 12.5 21.3
54.7 37.6 7.82 15.5 25.5
46.2 43.2 10.7 17.5 28.2
12.4 42.7 45.0 20.0 31.2
5.01 30.9 64.1 22.5 34.0
3.23 20.9 75.8 25.0 36.5
2.12 3.73 94.2 26.0 37.5
2.20 0 97.8

Source: Reprinted with permission from D. F. Othmer, R. E. White. and E.

Trueger, Ind. Eng. Chern., 33,1240 (1941). Copyright by the American Chemi-
cal Socicty.

App. A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Orgallic Compounds

 APPENDIX A.4
Physical Properties
of Foods and
Biological Materials

AA-1 Heat Capacities of Foods (Average cp

273-373 K or 0-100°0

H2O cp
Material (we %) (kJ/kg'K)

Apples 75-85 3.73-4.02

Apple sauce 4.02*
Asparagus
Fresh 93 3.94t
Frozen 93 2.01t
Bacon, lean 51 3.43
Banana puree 3.66§
Beef, lean 72 3.43
Bread, white 44-45 2.72-2.85
Bulter 15 2. 3O'\l
Cantaloupe 92.7 3.94t
Cheese, Swiss 55 2.68t
Corn, sweet
Fresh 3.32t
Frozen l.77t
Cream, 45-60% fat 57-73 3.06-3.27
Cucumber 97 4.10
Eggs
Fresh 3.18t
Frozen 1.68t
Fish, cod
Fresh 70 3.18
Frozen 70 l.72t
Flour 12-13.5 1.80-1.88
Ice 100 1.95811

Appendix A.4 889

A.4-1 Continued

H 2O cp
Material (wt %) (kJjkg' K)

Ice cream
Fresh 58-66- 3.27t
Frozen 58-66 1.88t
Lamb 70 3.18*
Macaroni 12.5--13.5 1.84-1.88
Milk, cows'
Whole 87.5 3.85
Skim 91 3.98-4.02:
Olive oil 2.01 **
Oranges
Fresh 87.2 3.77t
Frozen 87.2 1.93t
Peas, air-dried 14 1.84
Peas, green
Fresh 74.3 3.31 t
Frozen 74.3 l.76t
Pea soup 4.10
Plums 75--78 3.52
Pork
Fresh 60 2.85t
Frozen 60 l.34t
Potatoes 75 3.52
Poultry
Fresh 74 3.31t
Frozen 74 l.55t
Sausage, franks
Fresh 60 3.60t
Frozen 60 2.35t
String beans
Fresh 88.9 3.81t
Frozen 88.9 1.97t
Tomatoes 95 3.98t
Veal 63 3.22
Water 100 4.185**

• 32.S0C
t Above freezing.
t Below freezing.
§ 24,4°C
4.4°C
II -20°C
.. 20°C
Source: W. O. Ordinanz., Food Ind., 18, 101 (1946); G. A.
Reidy, Department of Food Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, 1968; S. E. Charm, The of Food Engin-
eering, 2nd ed. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing Co., Inc.,
1971; R. L. Earle, Unit in Food Processing.
Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; ASHRAf, Handbook
of Fundamentals. New York: ASHRAE, 1972, 1967; H. C
Mannheim, M. P. Steinberg, and A. I. Nelson, Food
Technol., 9, 556 (1955).

890 App. AA Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials

A.4-2 Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Viscosities of Foods

Temp-
Ii 20 erature k P J1.
Material (wt 01.,) (K) (W 1m . K) (kglm 3 ) [(Pa's)10 3 ,
or cp]

Apple sauce 295.7 0.692

Butter 15 277.6 0.197 998
Cantaloupe 0.571
Fish
Fresh 273.2 0.431
Frozen 263.2 1.22
Flour, wheat 8.8 0.450
Honey 12.6 275.4 0.50
Ice .100 273.2 2.25
100 253.2 2.42
Lamb 71 278.8 0.415
Milk
Whole 293.2 1030 2.12
Skim 274.7 0.538
298.2 1041 1.4
Oil
Cod liver 298.2 924
Corn 288.2 921
Olive 293.2 0.168 919 84
Peanut 277.1 0.168
Soybean 303.2 919 40
Oranges 61.2 303.5 0.431
Pears 281.9 0.595
Pork, lean
Fresh 74 275.4 0.460
Frozen 258.2 1.109
Potatoes
Raw 0.554
Frozen 260.4 1.09 977
Salmon
Fresh 67 277.1 0.50
Frozen 67 248.2 1.30
Sucrose solution 80 294.3 1073 1.92
Turkey
Fresh 74 276.0 0.502
Frozen 248.2 1.675
Veal
Fresh 75 335.4 0.485
Frozen 75 263.6 1.30
Water 100 293.2 0.602
100 273.2 0.569

Source: R. C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th ed. Cleveland: Chemical
Rubber Co., Inc., 1967; c. P. Lentz, Food Technol., 15, 243 (1961); G. A. Reidy, Department of
Food Science., Michigan State University, 1968; S. E. Charm, The Fundamentals of Food
Engineering, 2nd ed. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing Inc., 1971; R. Earle, Unit Operarioru
in Food Processing, Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1966; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical
Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 1973; V. E. Sweat, 1.
Food Sci., 39, 1080(1974).

Appendix AA 891
 APPENDIX A.S
Properties of Pipes,
Tubes, and Screens

A.5-1 Dimensions of Standard Steel Pipe

Nominal Outside Wall Inside Inside Cross-

Pipe Diameter Sched- Thickness Diameter Sectional Area
Size ule
(in.) in. 171m Number in. 171m in. 171m ft 2 171
2
X 10"

"8
I
0.405 10.29 40 0.068 1.73 0.269 6.83 0.00040 0.3664
80 0.095 2.41 0.215 5.46 0.00025 0.2341
4'
I
0.540 13.72 40 0.088 2.24 0.364 9.25 0.00072 0.6720
80 0.119 3.02 0.302 7.67 0.00050 0.4620
3
"8 0.675 17.15 40 0.091 2.31 0.493 12.52 0.00133 1.231
80 0.126 3.20 0.423 10.74 0.00098 0.9059
2:
I
0.840 21.34 40 0.109 2.77 0.622 15.80 0.00211 1.961
80 0.147 3.73 0.546 13.87 0.00163 1.511
3
4' 1.050 26.67 40 0.113 2.87 0.824 20.93 0.00371 3.441
80 0.154 3.91 0.742 18.85 0.00300 2.791
1.315 33.40 40 0.133 3.38 1.049 26.64 0.00600 5.574
80 0.179 4.45 0.957 24.31 0.00499 4.641
1-'4 1.660 42.16 40 0.140 3.56 1.380 35.05 0.01040 9.648
80 0.191 4.85 1.278 32.46 0.00891 8.275
11 1.900 48.26 40 0.145 3.68 1.610 40.89 0.01414 13.13
80 0.200 5.08 1.500 38.10 0.01225 11.40
2 2.375 60.33 40 0.154 3.91 2.067 52.50 0.02330 21.65
80 0.218 5.54 1.939 49.25 0.02050 19.05
?-'
-2 2.875 73.03 40 0.203 5.16 2.469 62.71 0.03322 30.89
80 0.276 7.01 2.323 59.00 0.02942 27.30
3 3.500 88.90 40 0.216 5.49 3.068 77.92 0.05130 47.69
0.300 7.62 2.900 73.66 0.04587 42.61
31 4.000 101.6 40 0.226 5.74 3.548 90.12 0.06870 63.79
80 0.318 8.08 3.364 85.45 0.06170 57.35
4 4.500 114.3 40 0.237 6.02 4.026 102.3 0.08840 82.19
80 0.337 8.56 3.826 97.18 0.07986 74.17
5 5.563 141.3 40 0.258 6.55 5.047 128.2 0.1390 129.1
80 0.375 9.53 4.813 122.3 0.1263 117.5
6 6.625 168.3 40 0.280 7.11 6.065 154.1 0.2006 186.5 "
:{
80 0.432 10.97 5.761 146.3 0.1810 168.1
8 8.625 219.1 40 0.322 8.18 7.981 202.7 0.3474 322.7 ".'
80 0.500 12.70 7.625 193.7 0.3171 294.7 .'' ;>
"f

i
892 App. A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
:
L':
to'
A.5-2 Dimensions of Heat-Exchanger Tubes

Outside Wall Inside Inside Cross-

Diameter Thickness Diameter Sectional Area
BWG
in. mm Number in. mm in. mm ft2 m 2 x I(]"

5
"3 15.88 12 0.109 2.77 0.407 10.33 0.000903 0.8381
14 0.083 2.11 0.459 11.66 0.00115 1.068
16 0.065 1.65 0.495 12.57 0.00134 1.241
18 0.049 1.25 0.527 13.39 0.00151 1.408
1
4 19.05 12 0.109 2.77 0.532 13.51 0.00154 1.434
14 0.083 2.11 0.584 14.83 0.00186 1.727
16 0.065 1.65 0.620 15.75 0.00210 1.948
18 0.049 1.25 0.652 16.56 0.00232 2.154
7
"3 22.23 12 0.109 2.77 0.657 16.69 0.00235 2.188
14 0.083 2.11 0.709 18.01 0.00274 2.548
16 0.065 1.65 0.745 18.92 0.00303 2.811
18 0.049 1.25 0.777 19.74 0.00329 3.060
25.40 10 0.134 3.40 0.732 18.59 0.00292 2.714
12 0.109 2.77 0.782 19.86 0.00334 3.098
14 0.083 2.11 0.834 2Ll8 0.00379 3.523
16 0.065 1.65 0.870 22.10 0.00413 3.836
1:t 31.75 10 0.134 3.40 0.982 24.94 0.00526 4.885
12 0.109 2.77 1.032 26.21 0.00581 5.395
14 0.083 2.11 1.084 27.53 0.00641 5.953
16 0.065 1.65 1.120 28.45 0.00684 6.357
It 38.10 10 0.134 3.40 1.232 31.29 0.00828 7.690
12 0.109 2.77 1.282 32.56 ' 0.00896 8.326
14 0.083 2.11 1.334 33.88 0.00971 9.015
2 50.80 10 0.134 3.40 1.732 43.99 0.0164 15.20
12 0.109 2.77 1.782 45.26 0.0173 16.09

Appendix A.5 893

A.5-3 Tyler Standard Screen Scale

Sieve Opening Nominal Wire Diameter

in. in. Tyler

(approx. (approx. Equivalent
mm equivalents) mm equivalents) Designation

26.9 1.06 3.90 0.1535 1.050 in.

25.4 1.00 3.80 0.1496
22.6 0.875 3.50 0.1378 0.883 in.
19.0 0.750 3.30 0.1299 0.742 in.
16.0 0.625 3.00 0.1181 0.624 in.
13.5 0.530 2.75 0.1083 0.525 in.
12.7 0.500 2.67 0.1051
11.2 0.438 2.45 0.0965 0.441 in.
9.51 0.375 2.27 0.0894 0.371 in.
8.00 0.312 2.07 0.0815 mesh
6.73 0.265 1.87 0.0736 3 mesh
6.35 0.250 1.82 0.0717
5.66 0.223 1.68 0.0661 3-1- mesh
4.76 0.187 1.54 0.0606 4 mesh
4.00 0.157 1.37 0.0539 5 mesh
3.36 0.132 1.23 0.0484 6 mesh
2.83 0.111 1.10 0.0430 7 mesh
2.38 0.0937 1.00 0.0394 8 mesh
2.00 0.0787 0.900 0.0354 9 mesh
1.68 0.0661 0.810 0.0319 10 mesh
1.41 0.0555 0.725 0.0285 12 mesh
1.19 0.0469 0.650 0.0256 14 mesh
1.00 0.0394 0.580 0.0228 16 mesh
0.841 0.0331 0.510 0.0201 20 mesh
0.707 0.0278 0.450 0.0177 24 mesh
0.595 0.0234 0.390 0.0154 28 mesh
0.500 0.0197 0.340 0.0134 32 mesh
0.420 0.0165 0.290 0.0114 35 mesh
0.354 0.0139 0.247 0.0097 42 mesh
0.297 0.0117 0.215 0.0085 48 mesh
0.250 0.0098 0.180 0.0071 60 mesh
0.210 0.0083 0.152 0.0060 65 mesh
0.177 0.0070 0.131 0.0052 80 mesh
0.149 0.0059 0.110 0.0043 100 mesh
0.125 0.0049 0.091 0.0036 115 mesh
0.105 0.0041 0.076 0.0030 150 mesh
0.088 0.0035 0.064 0.0025 170 mesh
0.074 0.0029 0.053 0.0021 200 mesh
0.063 0.0025 0.044 0.0017 250 mesh
0.053 0.0021 .0.037 0.0015 270 mesh
0.044 0.0017 0.030 0.0012 325 mesh
0.037 0.0015 0.025 0.0010 400 mesh

894 App. A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens