EE4230

FAULT ANALYSIS

NAME : L.S.N.BAMBARAWANE
INDEX NO : 070041M
GROUP :2
DATE OF PER : 10 – 11 – 2010
DATE OF SUB : 26 – 11 – 2010
 OBSERVATION SHEET

NAME : L.S.N.Bambarawane

INDEX NO : 070041M

GROUP NO : 02

DATE : 2009-11-25

INSTRUCTED BY : Mr. G.B.Alahendra

Single line to earth fault (L – G)

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Fault Current (mA) 3.6 3.6 3.6

Fault Voltage (V) 38.15 -10 -27.93

Double line to earth fault (L – L – G)

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Fault Current (mA) 9 -6.5 -2.5

Fault Voltage (V) 20.86 20.7 20.8

Line to line fault (L – L)

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

Fault Current (mA) 7.5 -7.5

Fault Voltage (V) 23.3 23.2

Z1 = 1084 Ω

Z2 = 897 Ω

Z3 = 2471 Ω
CALCULATIONS

The actual power system we modelled using the DC Network Analyzer,

X1 = 0.3
X2 = 0.2
X0 = 0.05

X0 = 0.09
X0 = 0.1

ANURADHAPURA
POLPITIYA

Z = 0.19 + j0.44
X0 = 2.0
Z = 0.002 + j0.005
X0 = 0.02
Z = 0.347 + j0.8
Z = 0.156 + j0.341 X0 = 2.5
Z = 0.017 + j0.04 X0 = 1.1
X0 = 0.15

Z = 0.058 + j0.102 Z = 0.057 + j0.13

X0 = 0.04 X0 = 0.45

LAXAPANA KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA

XS = 0.051
XT = 0.055
XP = 0.048 X0 = 0.08

X1 = 0.06
X2 = 0.04
X0 = 0.01

Base voltage = 132kV

Base power = 40MVA

When modelling the system, resistive components are ignored as they are of insignificant magnitude
with respect to inductive components.
Equivalent circuit of positive sequence

0.4
0.09

0.44 ANURADHAPURA
POLPITIYA

0.005
0.341 F 0.8
0.04

0.102 0.13
LAXAPANA KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA

0.048
0.08
0.08

0.055
0.051

1 pu

Reference

Equivalent circuit of negative sequence

0.3
0.09

0.44 ANURADHAPURA
POLPITIYA

0.005
0.341 F 0.8
0.04

0.102 0.13
LAXAPANA KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA

0.048 0.08
0.06

0.055
0.051

Reference
Equivalent circuit of zero sequence

0.05

0.09
0.1

2.0 ANURADHAPURA
POLPITIYA

0.02 1.1 F 2.5

0.15

0.4 0.45
LAXAPANA KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA

0.048
0.08

0.051 0.055

Reference

CALCULATIONS

Ef Z2 Z0
a Z1 Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Supply Side Ia Va= 0
F
b
Vb Va1 Va2 Va0
Ib
c
Ic Vc

Va = 0 because phase a is earthed and no earth impedance. Ia = 0, Ib = 0 because comparatively fault

currents in phase b are high,

Practical Calculations

We used a DC network analyzer to model the given transmission network. The voltage level is 50
VDC and per unit, impedances of the network were multiplied by 4000. Base voltage and power of
the network are 132kV and 40MVA respectively. Therefore,
 40 MVA
Actual current=current of DC network analyzer ×
( 132 kV )
50/4000

hence , acualcurrent =current of DC network analyzer × 24242.42 A

132 kV
actual voltages=measu ¿ voltage × =measured voltage ×2640
50V

LG Fault

Ef Z2 Z0
a Z1 Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Supply Side Ia Va = 0
F
b
Vb Va1 Va2 Va0
Ib
c
Ic Vc

Ia 1 1 1 3.6 mA

[ ] [ ][ ]
I b = 1 α 2 α 3.6 mA
2
I c 1 α α 3.6 mA

I f =I a =3 ×3.6 ×10−3 × 24242.42=261.818 A

I b=I c =3.6 mA +α 2 × 3.6 mA +α × 3.6 mA=0 A

Va 1 1 1 −27.93 V

[ ] [ ][ ]
V b = 1 α 2 α 38.15V
Vc 1 α α
2
−10V

V a =−27.93+38.15−10=0.22 V
V b =−27.93+38.15 ∠ 2400−10 ∠1200=59.188 ∡−135.210
V c =−27.93+ α ×38.15−α 2 ×10=38.15−10 ∡ 1200−27.93 ∡ 240 0=59.188 ∡ 135.210

Real world values,

V a =. 22V ×2640=580 . 8 V
V b =59 .188 ∠−135. 210 ×2640=156 .25 kV ∠−135 .210
V c =156 .26 kV ∠135 . 210
LLG Fault Ef
Z1 Ia1
a
Supply Side Ia Va Va1
Z2
b Ia2
Vb = 0
Ib
Va2
c
Ic Vc = 0 Z0
Ia0

Va0
Practical calculations for currents,

Ia 1 1 1 −2.5 mA

[ ] [ ][ ]
Ib = 1 α2 α
Ic 1 α α
2
9 mA
−6.5 mA

I a=(−2.5+9−6.5)× 24242.42=0

I b=(−2.5+ α 2 ×9−α × 6.5 ) ×24242.42=337.88 A ∠−105.610

I c =( 9−α × 6.5−α 2 × 2.5 ) ×24242.42=337.88 A ∠ 105.610

Practical calculations for voltages,

Va 1 1 1 20.8V

[ ] [ ][ ]
V b = 1 α 2 α 20.86V
Vc
2
1 α α 20.7 V

V a =( 20.8+20.86+20.7 ) ×2640=164.63 kV

V b =( 20.8+α 2 × 20.86+α × 20.7 ) ×2640=369.6V ∠−81.78 0

2 0
V c =( 20.8+ α ×20.86+ α ×20.7 ) × 2640=369.6 V ∠ 81.78

L-L Fault

Ef
a
Z1 Ia1
Supply Side Ia Va
Z0 Ia0
b
Vb Va1
Ib
Z2
c Ia2 Va0
Ic Vc
Va2
Actual fault current calculation,

Ia 1 1 1 0

[ ] [ ][ ]
I b = 1 α 2 α 7.5 mA
2
I c 1 α α −7.5 mA

I a=0 A

I b=( 1 ×0+ α 2 ×7.5−α ×7.5 ) × 24242.42=314.92 A ∠−900

I c =( 1 ×0+ α ×7.5−α 2 ×7.5 ) ×24242.42=314.92 A ∠ 900

Actual fault voltage calculations,

Va 1 1 1 0V

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vb
Vc
= 2
1 α α 23.3V
2
1 α α 23.2V

V a =( 0+23.3+23.2 ) ×2640=122.76 kV

V b =( 0+α 2 × 23.3+α × 23.2 ) × 2640=61.38 kV ∠−179.790

V c =( 0+α × 23.3+ α 2 ×23.2 ) ×2640=61.38 kV ∠ 179.790

Theoretical Calculations

Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G Fault)

Ef Z2 Z0
a Z1 Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Supply Side Ia Va = 0
F
b
Vb Va1 Va2 Va0
Ib
c
Ic Vc

Va = 0 (assuming that fault impedance is zero), Ib = Ic = 0 (load currents are negligible compared
to fault current)

Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia

[ ] [ ][ ]
I a2
1
3 2
2
I a1 = 1 α α I b=0 I a 0=I a 1=I a 2=
1 α α I c =0
Ia
3
 V a0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a 0=I a /3

[ ][ ][
V a1
V a2
= Ef
0
− 0 Z 1 0 I a 1=I a /3
0 0 Z 2 I a 2=I a /3][ ]
3 Ef
I f =I a = here E=1 p . u .
Z 1+ Z 2 +Z 0

From the equivalent the Z0, Z1 and Z2 can be calculated (Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit method).

Z1 = 0.2394 p.u.

Z2 = 0.223 p.u.

Z0 = 0.702 p.u.

(132 kV )2
since Z base = =435.6 Ω
40 MVA

Z1 =0.2934 × Z base=104.28 Ω

Z2 =0.223 ×Z base =97.13 Ω

Z 0=0.702× Z base =305.79Ω

3 Ef 3
I f =I a = = =2.462 p . u.
Z 1+ Z 2 +Z 0 0.2394+0.223+ 0.702

40 MVA
Base current is, =¿ 0.303kA
132 kV

Hence, fault current If,

I f =2.462× 0.303 kA=0.746 kA=746.061 A

I a 746.06
I a 0=I a 1=I a 2= = =248.68 A
3 3

Calculations for voltages,

V a0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a 0=I a /3

[ ][ ][
V a2 0 ][ ]
V a 1 = Ef − 0 Z 1 0 I a 1=I a /3
0 0 Z 2 I a 2=I a /3

Z 0 I a −0.702 ×2.462
V a 0=0− = =−0.576 p . u .=−76.032 kV
3 3

Z1 I a 0.2394 ×2.462
V a 1=E f − =1− =0.804 p . u .=106.128 kV
3 3
 Z 2 I a −0.223 ×2.462
V a 2=0− = =−0.183 p . u.=−24.156 kV
3 3

Va 1 1 1 −76.032 kV

[ ] [ ][
Vb
Vc
= 1 α 2 α 106.128 kV
2
1 α α −24.156 kV
]
V a =−76.032+ 106.128−24.156=5.94 kV

V b =−76.032+ α 2 ×106.128−α ×24.156=162.554 ∠−136.04 kV

V c =−76.032+ α ×106.128−α 2 ×24.156=162.554 ∠ 136.04 kV

Double Line to Earth Fault (L-L-G Fault)

Ef
Z1 Ia1
a
Supply Side Ia Va
Va1
b Z2
Ia2
Vb = 0
Ib
Va2
c
Ic Vc = 0 Z0
Ia0

Va0
Ia = 0 (load currents are negligible compared to fault current), Vb = Vc = 0
Z1 = 0.2394 p.u. , Z2 = 0.223 p.u., Z3 = 0.702 p.u. , Ef = 1 p.u.
Ef 132 kV
I a 1= = =741.592 A
Z 1+ Z 2 /¿ Z 0 (104.28+ 97.13/¿305.79) Ω
−Ef −Z 1 I a 1 132 kV −104.28 ×0.741592 kV
I a 2= = =−562.82 A
Z2 97.13Ω
¿ ¿ theillustration we can see that , I a 1+ I a 2 + I a 0=0. Therefore ,
I a 0=−I a 1−I a 2=−741.592+562.82=−178.772 A

Z1 =0.2934 × Z base=104.28 Ω

Z2 =0.223 ×Z base =97.13 Ω

Z 0=0.702× Z base =305.79Ω

Ia 1 1 1 I a0

[ ] [ ][ ]
Ib = 1 α2 α I a 1
2
I c 1 α α I a2
I b=I a 0 +α 2 × I a 1 +α × I a 2=−178.77 +741.592∠ 2400 −562.82∠1200 =1160.98 ∠−103.4 0 A

I c =I a 0+ α × I a 1+ α 2 × I a 2=−178.77+741.592 ∠ 1200−562.82 ∠ 2400=1160.98 ∠ 103.4 0 A

V a 1=V a 2=V a 0=E f −Z 1 I a 1=132 kV −104.28× 0.741592 kV =54.667 kV

Va 1 1 1 54.667 kV

[ ] [ ][ ]
V b = 1 α 2 α 54.667 kV
Vc
2
1 α α 54.667 kV

V a =3× 54.667 kV =164 kV

Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)

Ef
a
Z1 Ia1
Supply Side Ia Va
Z0 Ia0
b
Vb Va1
Ib
Z2
c Ia2 Va0
Ic Vc
Va2
Actual fault current calculation,
Z1 =0.2934 × Z base=104.28 Ω

Z2 =0.223 ×Z base =97.13 Ω

Z 0=0.702× Z base =305.79Ω

I a 0=0

Ef 132kV
I a 1= = =655.37 A
Z 1+ Z 2 (104.28+ 97.13 ) Ω

I a 1+ I a 2=0 ,hence I a 2 =−655.37 A

Ia 1 1 1 I a0

[ ] [ ][ ]
Ib = 1 α2 α I a 1
2
I c 1 α α I a2

I a=I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2=0

I b=I a 0 +α 2 × I a 1 +α × I a 2=0+655.37 ∠2400−655.37 ∠ 1200 =1135.134 ∠−900 A

I c =I a 0+ α × I a 1+ α 2 × I a 2=0+655.37 ∠ 1200 −655.37 ∠2400=1135.134 ∠ 900 A

From the illustration,

V a 1=V a 2=Ef −Z1 I a1 =132−104.28 ×.65537 kV =63.658 kV

V a =V a 0 +V a 1+ V a 2=0+63.658+ 63.658 kV =127.32 kV

Va 1 1 1 0

[ ] [ ][ ]
V b = 1 α 2 α 63.658 kV
Vc
2
1 α α 63.658 kV

V b =V a 1+ α 2 ×V a 1 +α × V a 2=0+ α 2 ×63.658+α × 63.658=63.658 ∠ 1800 kV

V c =V a1 +α ×V a 1 +α 2 ×V a2 =0 +α × 63.658+ α 2 ×63.658=63.658 ∠180 0 kV

THEORETICAL RESULTS AND PRACTICAL RESULTS COMPARISON