Lab05: Aircraft Wing Fluid Structure

Interaction (FSI) Simulation

ING 339: Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Julio M. Ramírez Sánchez

Mechanical Engineer

INACOM – GROUP [email protected]

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FSI Simulation Process

CFD Analysis: FE Analysis:

Aerodynamics Structural
• Pre-Analysis • Pre-Analysis
Problem Specification • Geometry, Mesh, Physics Setup • Geometry, Mesh, Physics Setup
• Numerical Solution and Results • Numerical Solution and Results
• Verification and Validation • Verification and Validation

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Problem specification
 Wing Aerodynamics + Structural Analysis
Basic Specifications
Basic Airfoil NACA 4415
Wing Type Rectangular
Wing Chord 1.641 m
Wing Span 9.6 m
Wing Area 32.544 m2
Wing Materials Aluminum

Operating conditions
Aircraft cruise speed 120 km/h
Angle of attack (AoA) 2 degrees
Air Density (at sea level) 1.225 kg/m3
Air Dynamic Viscosity (at
1.789E-05 kg/m s
sea level)

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Problem specification
 Wing Construction Design
 Spars and ribs

 NACA 4415
 Rectangular type
 Aluminum material

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 CFD Analysis: Aerodynamics

Geometry, Mesh, Physics Setup

Numerical Solution and Results
Verification and Validation

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Pre Analysis: Governing Equations
 CFD Analysis based on the Finite Volume Method
 Conservation of mass (+1 eq)
 Conservation of Momentum (Navier-Stokes) (+ 3 eq)
 Turbulence equations (Two equations models) (+2 eq)

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Pre analysis: Pre calculations
 Reynolds and Mach calculations

Reynolds Number 3.75E+06

Mach Number 0.10

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

Pressure Contour Equivalent Stress (Von Misses)

Wing + Fluid Domain
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ANSYS Workbench workflow

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 Geometry: Wing geometry import
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Import as frozen

Wing Chord 1.641 m

 Import Wing geometry: Half Wing Span 4.8 m

 Wing_NACA4415.x_t Notes: Modify View > Frozen Body

Transparency
Note: Set units to Meters first

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 Geometry: Fluid domain
1. Generate Sketch in Plane
XY, draw an Arc by Center
with (0,0,0) origin and with
radius 50 m.
2. Draw a line between arc
vertex points.
2

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 Geometry: Fluid domain
 Revolve operation (90°) with
the Sketch 1. Choose the
correct axis and direction.

Choose add material

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 Geometry: Fluid domain
 Extrude 55 m from
the semicircular face
as shown in the figure.

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 Geometry: Fluid domain
 Extrude the airfoil geometry
to create a solid geometry of
the wing.
Choose the
 This will help to subtract from edges around the
airfoil
the fluid domain the wing
geometry.

Same wing span

This will create a solid

wing geometry
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 Geometry: Fluid domain
 Subtract from the fluid domain the solid wing geometry
using the Boolean command.
Choose the
fluid domain

Notes:
Hide Bodies with F9
Hide Faces with F8

Choose the created solid At the end, must

have only 2 solids:
wing geometry to
subtract. Not the
imported wing geometry!

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 Geometry: Create Body of Influence
1. Create Sketch2 in plane ZX.
2. Extrude Sketch 2. Add Frozen.

2
At the end,
must have
3 solids:
Notes: Modify View with
Frozen Body Transparency

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 Geometry: Cleaning operations
 If necessary clean the fluid domain 3
geometry
1. Hide all other bodies except Fluid. Hide the Symmetry Face
2. Zoom to the wing surface and check surfaces. If there is a small
surface, use merge operation to merge (joint) surfaces).
3. Merge small faces. At the end, must have three top surfaces (Leading,
Middle and Trailing faces) and one bottom face.

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Small faces
2

Notes:
Shift + F9 To Show All Bodies
Shift + F8 To Show All Faces

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Geometry: Named Selections
 Define Named Selections in Design Modeler.
 Select Faces and click Generate every time a Named Selection is defined.

Hide Wing and

BoInf when selecting
Fluid surfaces

5 faces in total

Hide Fluid and BoInf

when selecting Wing
surfaces

The surfaces in fluid and wing are in contact in

order to import pressure loads from the CFD
3 faces in total
analysis to the Structural analysis
18 Notes: Include Tip faces in
both Named Selections
Geometry: Fluid/Solid
1. Change the fluid domain (name as Fluid) to Fluid.
2. Check Tree Outline and final geometry (3 Parts, 3 Bodies)

1 2

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

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Mesh
 Suppress Wing Body, because we are doing first the CFD
analysis. Don’t need the wing geometry.

Delete contact
connections

Note: Set units to Meters

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Mesh
 General Details of Mesh

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Mesh
 Create Body Sizing for the Body of Influence

23 Hide Body of Influence after using it

Mesh
 Face Sizing Leading Face

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Mesh
 Face Sizing Trailing Face

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Mesh
 Face Sizing Middle Face

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Mesh
 Face Sizing Bottom Face

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Mesh
 Inflation

Fluid

Choose the faces from the wing

surfaces, except the tip face

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Mesh
 Review Final Mesh

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

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 FLUENT Setup
 Double Precision  General Tab
 Pressure-Based
 Processing Options:  Steady
 Parallel 4 Processes  Units in meters

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 FLUENT: Physics setup
 Viscous Model:
 k-epsilon Realizable

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 FLUENT: Materials
 Material: Air

Standard conditions
(at sea level)

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 FLUENT: Boundary conditions
 Inlet as velocity-inlet

Set as input parameter:

airspeed

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 FLUENT: Boundary conditions
 farfield as wall

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 FLUENT: Boundary conditions
 Additional Boundary conditions
 outlet as pressure_outlet
 symmetry as symmetry
 contact_fluid as wall

 Also Operating Conditions

set to Standard
Atmosphere conditions
(OP = 101325 Pa)

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 FLUENT: Reference Values
 Compute from: inlet
 Change Area (m2) and Length
(m) values according to
problem specification.
half

Basic Specifications
Basic Airfoil NACA 4415
Wing Type Rectangular
Wing Chord 1.641 m
Wing Span 9.6 m
Wing Area 32.544 m2
Wing Materials Aluminum
This is important to compute
correct Cl and Cd

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 FLUENT: Reports Definition
 Create a report definition for drag coefficient (cd)

Create Report File and

Report Plot. Create
Output Parameter.

Remember: Angle of Attack = 2 degrees

cos(2°)=0.99939 & sin(2°)=0.0349
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 FLUENT: Reports Definition
 Repeat report definition for lift coefficient (cl)

Perpendicular to
airflow direction
Create Report File and
Report Plot. Create
Output Parameter.

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 FLUENT: Monitors Residuals
 Chang Absolute Criteria for the residuals equations.

Set to 1E-04
error criteria

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 FLUENT: Solution Methods and
Initialization
 Numeric scheme  Initialization

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 FLUENT: Run calculation
 Calculation and residuals monitoring

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 FLUENT: Monitors
 Drag coefficient and Lift coefficient monitors
Drag coefficient Lift coefficient

cd-fluent = 0.015 cl-fluent = 0.18

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

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 CFD verification and validation
 Verification:  Validation:
 Verify if the numerical model delivers  Compare numerical results with
physically correct results. For example: experimental data. If we don’t
in CFD post check pressure contours have experimental data, check
and velocity vectors.Verify if Cd and with other calculations. In this
Cl are adequate values. case with XFLR5 results.
 Compare Cd and Cl (for the
wing) between both software.
Compute a relative difference
between them.
cd-fluent = 0.015
cl-fluent = 0.18

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 FE Analysis: Structural

Geometry, Mesh, Physics Setup

Numerical Solution and Results
Verification and Validation

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Pre Analysis: Governing Equations
 FE Analysis based on the Finite Element Method
 Static equilibrium equations: Hooke’s Law

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

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Materials definition
 Material: Aluminum Alloy

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Materials definition

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ANSYS Workbench workflow

Link Fluent Solution to

Structural Setup
In order to import the pressure
load as a load condition for the
structural analysis

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 ANSYS Mechanical: Model
 Suppress Fluid Body and Body of Influence, because now we
are doing the FE Analysis. Don’t need the Fluid geometry.

The wing body is only needed

Delete contact
connections

Note: Verify units!

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ANSYS Mechanical: Model
 Set Wing material to Aluminum Alloy

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ANSYS Mechanical: Mesh
 Generate Mesh (Default configuration)

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ANSYS Mechanical: Setup
 Insert a Fixed Support at the root face.

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ANSYS Mechanical: Setup
 Import pressure load

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ANSYS Mechanical: Setup
 Add solution results.

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ANSYS Mechanical: Solve
 Click Solve.
 Check Results

Total Deformation Equivalent Stress

(Von Mises)

Change Scale
Results for a
more realistic
view

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 Structural verification and validation
 Verification:  Validation:
 Verify if the numerical model  Compare numerical results with
experimental data. If we don’t
delivers physically correct results.
have experimental data, check
For example: in results, locate where
with other calculations if had.
the maximum deformation is, and
Maybe with hand calculations.
where the maximum stress is. Are
they correct?
 Perform a independent mesh study
Total Deformation

Equivalent Stress (Von Mises)

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ANSYS Mechanical: Results
 Create Output parameters in ANSYS Mechanical

Total Deformation

Create output
parameter: Maximum
Deformation

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ANSYS Mechanical: Results
 Create Output parameters in ANSYS Mechanical

Equivalent Stress (Von Mises)

Create output
parameter: Maximum
Equivalent Stress

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ANSYS Workbench final workflow and
parameters

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Lab05 Review
 We have performed a Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)
simulation for an aircraft rectangular wing.

Initial design
requirements Pressure load
Aerodynamics
simulation

Wing geometry
Structural
simulation
And also we included parameters
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 Thank You
Any questions?
ING 339: Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

 Julio Manuel Ramírez Sánchez

Mechanical Engineer
 INACOM Research Group
 Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP)
Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Perú
Phone: 51943660366
Email: [email protected]

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