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Uniform Channel Flow - Basic Concepts: Hydromechanics VVR090

Here are the steps to solve this example: 1) Calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of the trapezoidal channel: A = B*y + 2*z*y^2 = 3*2.6 + 2*(1.5)*(2.6)^2 = 12.84 m^2 2) Use the Manning's equation to calculate the velocity (V): V = (1/n)*R^(2/3)*S^(1/2) = (1/0.013)*(12.84^(2/3))*0.0016^(1/2) = 2.1 m/s 3) Use the continuity equation to calculate the discharge (Q):

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56 views

Uniform Channel Flow - Basic Concepts: Hydromechanics VVR090

Here are the steps to solve this example: 1) Calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of the trapezoidal channel: A = B*y + 2*z*y^2 = 3*2.6 + 2*(1.5)*(2.6)^2 = 12.84 m^2 2) Use the Manning's equation to calculate the velocity (V): V = (1/n)*R^(2/3)*S^(1/2) = (1/0.013)*(12.84^(2/3))*0.0016^(1/2) = 2.1 m/s 3) Use the continuity equation to calculate the discharge (Q):

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intern kncesb
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Uniform Channel Flow – Basic Concepts

Hydromechanics VVR090

ppt by Magnus Larson; revised by Rolf L Feb 2014


SYNOPSIS

1. Definition of Uniform Flow


2. Momentum Equation for Uniform Flow
3. Resistance equations
4. Flow Resistance Coefficients
5. Selecting a Manning’s roughness
6. Examples/Problems
1. Definition of Uniform Flow

Uniform flow occurs when:


1. The depth, flow area, and velocity at every cross section is
constant
2. The energy grade line, water surface, and channel bottom are
all parallel:

S f  S w  So

Sf = slope of energy grade line


Sw = slope of water surface
So = slope of channel bed
Definition Sketch for Uniform Flow
Depth for uniform flow is denoted ”Normal depth ” (y0 or yn)

If normal depth y0 < yc (supercritical flow) then slope is ”steep”


If normal depth y0 > yc (subcritical flow) then slope is ”mild”

Profiles

Mild slope

Steep slope
Conditions that allow uniform flow to develop are rarely satisfied in
practice.
However, it is a concept of great significance in understanding and
solving most problems in open-channel hydraulics.

Uniform flow occurs in long, straight, prismatic channel where a


terminal velocity can be achieved =>

ENERGY balance between head loss due


to turbulent flow and reduction in potential
energy

FORCE Balance between gravity and


boundary shear forces
2. Momentum Equation for Uniform Flow

Gravity force (driving motion):

Fm  W sin   AL sin 

Boundary shear force (resisting motion):


FR  o LP

Shear stress proportional to bottom velocity squared:


o  ku 2
VVR170. 5 Feb 2013.
8 (43)
Momentum Equation for Uniform Flow
cont’d
Steady state conditions: gravity force = shear forces

Fm  FR

AL sin   ku 2 LP

1/ 2

u   RS
k
A
R
P
3. Resistance equations. a) the Chezy Equation

The Chezy equation is given by:

u  C RS

1/ 2

C  
k

Antoine Chezy
C has the dimensions L1/2/T
b) The Manning Equation

The Manning equation is given by:

1 2/3
u R S
n

n has the dimensions T/L1/3

Robert Manning
Compare with the Chezy equation:

R1/ 6
C
n
General Equation for Uniform Flow

Most semi-empirical equations for the average velocity of a


uniform flow may be written:

u  CR x S y

Manning equation is the most commonly employed equation in


open channel flow (x=2/3, y=1/2).
It will be used for calculations in the present course.
4. Flow Resistance Coefficients I

Difficult to estimate an appropriate value on the resistance


coefficient in the Manning or Chezy equations.
Should depend on:
• Reynolds number
• boundary roughness
• shape of channel cross section

Compare with the Darcy-Weisbach formula for pipe friction:

L u2
hL  f
4R 2 g
Flow Resistance Coefficients II

Slope of the energy line:


hL f u2
S 
L 4R 2 g

Compare with Manning and Chezy equation:

f
nR 1/ 6

8g

8g
C
f
Types of Turbulent Flow

Two main types of turbulent flow:

• hydraulically smooth turbulent flow:


Roughness elements covered by viscous sublayer (resistance
depends on Reynolds number Re)

• hydraulically rough flow:


Roughness elements penetrates through the viscous sublayer
(resistance coefficient depends on roughness height ks)

Transitional region in between these flows


(dependence on Re and ks)
Example of Roughness Heights (ks)
Definition of Reynolds Number

Definitions of Reynolds number:

u 4R
Re 

u*k s
Re* 

o
u*   gRSo

Criteria for Turbulent Flow Types

0  Re*  4 smooth

4  Re*  100 transition

100  Re* rough


Pipe Flow Friction Factors

Hydraulically smooth flow:

0.316
f  Re  100,000
Re0.25

1  Re f 
 2.0log   Re  100,000
 2.51
f  

Hydraulically rough flow:

1  12 R 
 2.0log  
f  s 
k
Colebrook’s formula applicable for the transition region:

1  ks 2.5 
 2.0log   

f  12 R Re f 

Plots of f versus ks/4R and Re (analogous to a Moody


diagram).

Relative
Roughness
Friction
Factor

Re number
Selecting a Suitable Roughness
5. Selecting a Manning’s roughness

Difficult to apply f from pipe flow.


 Manning’s n is often determined based on empirical knowledge,
including the main factors governing the flow resistance:

• surface roughness
• vegetation
• channel irregularity
• obstruction
• channel alignment
• sedimentation and scouring
• stage and discharge
Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Method for n

Determine a basic n for a uniform, straight, and regular channel,


then modify this value by adding correction factors.
Each factor is considered and evaluated independently.

Channel Characteristics Basic n


In earth 0.020
Cut in rock 0.025
In fine gravel 0.024
In coarse gravel 0.028
Procedure:
1. Select basic n
2. Modify for vegetation
3. Modify for channel irregularity
4. Modify for obstruction
5. Modify for channel alignment
6. Estimate n from step 1 to 5

A total n is obtained as the sum of the different


contributions.
Influence of Vegetation
Influence of Cross-Section Size and Shape, and Irregulariy
Influence of Obstruction and Channel Alignment
Example of Manning’s
n from Chow (1959)

(illustrative pictures in the


following)
Manning’s Roughness n

0.012 0.018

0.014 0.018

0.016 0.020
Manning’s Roughness n
0.020 0.024

0.022 0.026

0.024 0.028
Manning’s Roughness n
0.029 0.040

0.030 0.040

0.035 0.045
Manning’s Roughness n

0.050 0.110

0.060 0.125

0.080 0.150
Example 5.1
Given a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 3 m, side slopes
of 1.5:1, a longitudinal slope of 0.0016, and a resistance coefficient
of n = 0.013, determine the normal discharge if the normal depth of
flow is 2.6 m.
Example 5.2

Given a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 3 m, side slopes of


1.5:1, a longitudinal slope of 0.0016, and a resistance coefficient of n =
0.13, find the normal depth of flow for a discharge of 7.1 m3/s.

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