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Revision Notes on Surface Chemistry:

Adsorption
Reversible and irreversible adsorption
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The adsorption is reversible, if the adsorbent can be easily removed from the Main/Advanced Course
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surface of the adsorbent by physical methods. It is called irreversible adsorption, if
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A gas adsorbed on a solid surface can be completely removed in vacuum. It is, 15,900
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Adsorbent, Adsorbate and Interface
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The substances upon whose surface the change of concentration occurs, is called
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absorbent.
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The substance taken up on the surface is call adsorbate.  Test paper with Video Solution

The common surface between the two phases where the adsorbed molecules  Mind Map
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concentrate is called the interface.
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Physisorption Chemisorption

Only van der Waals force are present Chemical bonds are formed between
between adsorbate and surface of adsorbate and surface of adsorbent Register and Get
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Low enthalpy of adsorption  ie, in the High enthalpy of adsorption  i.e, order
order of 20 kjmol-1. of 200 kjmol-1.

 
Name
Reversible Irreversible
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It is usually takes place at  low It takes place at  high
temperature  and does not require any temperature and require activation +91
activation energy. energy..
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Multi molecular layer of adsorbate are Only  monomolecular layers are
formed on the surface formed.
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Not specific. Highly specific.

Langmular Isotherm:

If A, B & AB represents the adsorbed, absorbent and the absorbed – adsorbent

complex then,

A + B ↔AB

ka = Equilibrium constant for adsorption = [AB]/[A][B]

kd = Equilibrium constant for desorption = [A][B]/[AB] Related Resources

K = Distribution coefficient = ka/kb

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Θ = Fraction of the surface of adsorbent available 1800-1023-196 Solved Examples

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P = pressure Surface Chemistry:
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So, Question: 1...

JEEKP/(1+KP)    
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SAT Equation)Study Center
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Freundlich Isotherm:
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x= Mass of the gas Blog Latest articles from
adsorbed

m = Mass of
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absorbent

p = Pressure CBSE Class 12 Results Declared

K and n = | Here’s How You Can Check
Them
constants 
(1/n)
x/m =k.p
                 Tips to Boost Your
[n >1]
Concentration for IB
or Preparation in...

log x/m = log k + 1/n log P

Tips to Focus on the NEET
Factors Affecting Adsorption:
Exam Preparation amidst the
Temperature: An increase of temperature leads to a decrease in amount COVID 19...

adsorbed and vice – versa.

Pressure or concentration: It has been found that in most cases,  the adsorption Online Classes for IIT JEE: A
Blessing in Disguise During...
is reversible and an increased pressure of a gases vapour or an increase in
concentration of a solute causes increased adsorption.
How are Students Getting
Nature of Adsorbate and Adsorbent: The amount of the gas adsorbed depends
Affected From the
upon the nature of adsorbent and the gas (adsorbate), which is to be adsorbed. It CoronaVirus?
has been found that easily liquifiable gases such as NH3, HCl, Cl2 , SO2 CO2  etc.
are more readily adsorbed than so the called permanent gases such as O2,N2, H2 See More
etc. This is because that molecules of the former type of gases have greater
Vander waal’s or molecular force of attraction.

Colloids
Dispersed Phase:

The phase which is dispersed or scattered through the dispersion  medium is called
Dispersed phase or discontinuous phase.

Dispersion Medium:

The phase in which the scattering is done is called the dispersion medium or
continuous medium.

Dispersed Dispersion Name Typical example

Phase Medium

Solid Liquid Sol Gold sol, Mud, Fe(OH)3 sol,

Solid Solid Solid sol Gems, Ruby glass, Minerals 

Solid Gas Aero sols Smoke (Carbon in air) Volcanic

dust

Liquid Solid Gel Curd, Cheese, Jellies

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, water in benzene, cream

Liquid Gas Liquid aero sol Clouds, fog (water in air) mist

Gas Solid Solid foam Lava, Pumica

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Gas Liquid Foam Froth on beer , whipped cream

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Those substance whose colloidal solution cannot be prepared by bringing them in 
contact with a solvent are called Lyophobic  (disliking, fearing or hating a liquid). On
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hand those
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bringing them in contact with a liquid solvent are  called lyophilic colloids (loving a
solvent).
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Emulsions:

Emulsion of oil in water: Those emulsions in which the dispersed phase is oil and
water is the dispersion medium. These emulsion are generally represented as O
in W emulsions. Examples are milk, vanishing cream etc.

Emulsions of water in oil: Those emulsion in which the dispersed phase is water
while oil is the dispersion medium. These emulsion are generally represented as
W in O emulsions. Examples are butter, ice cream etc.

Difference between True Solutions, Suspension &

Colloids
True solution  Suspension  Colloid

Homogenous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

Particle size less than Particle size more than Particle size between
1nm 1000nm 1-1000nm

Don’t settle down Settle down under the Don’t settle down
influence of gravity

Complements cannot be Can be filtered Can be filtered using

separated out by special filter papers
filtration

Don’t show tyndrall effect Show tyndrall effect Show tyndrall effect

Methods of preparation of colloids

Chemical Methods: 

Bredig's method:

An electric arc is struck between two metallic electrodes

immersed in dispersion medium. The arc produced
vapourises the metal which on further condensation
produces particles of colloidal size.

Peptization: 
Process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with electrolyte

in dispersion medium.

Hardy Schulze Rule:

Ion carrying charge opposite to the colloidal particle has capacity to coagulate the
colloid.

Greater the valency of ion, greater will be  the coagulating power.

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Gold Number:  The minimum amount of lyophilic colloid in milligrams which can
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Surfactants
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substances which gets preferentially adsorbed at the air – water and solid – water
IITinterfaces
JEE formingSAT
NEET an oriented
CBSE monolayer where the
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towards the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon chain point towards the air or
towards the oil phase.
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Anionic surfactants : NSodium salts of higher fatty acids such as sodium
palmitate (C15H31COONa), sodium stereate (C17H35COONa) and sodium Oleate
(C17H33COONa).

Catiuonic Surfactants: Those which dissociates in water to yield positively charged

ions  examples: C18H37 , C16H33(CH3)3  etc.

Non ionogenic: Those whose molecules cannot undergo dissociation when an

alcohol having a higher molecular weight reacts with several molecules of
ethylene oxide, a non – ionogenic surfactant is produced.

Micelle: 
Aggregates formed when the surfactant molecules in the water air interface become
so packed in the monolayer that no more molecules can be accumulated with ease
they accumulate in the bulk of the solution.

At a given temperature and concentration, a micelle of a surfactant of

monodispersed i.e., they contain same number of molecules usually between 25 to
100.

Critical concentration for micelle formation decreases as the molecular weight of

hydrocarbon chain of surfactant grows because in this case true solubility
diminishes and the tendency of surfactant molecules to associate increases.

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