Scribd
Upload
165 views4 pages

Ratio, Proportion, Percentage & Partnership Ratio

The document defines ratio, proportion, percentage and partnership. It provides definitions and examples of: 1) Ratio as a fraction that compares two quantities of the same kind. Ratios have properties like equality, greater/lesser inequality, and types including compound, duplicate, inverse and continued ratios. 2) Proportion as when two ratios are equal. Proportions can be direct, indirect, or a continued proportion. 3) Percentage as a positive fraction with a denominator of 100, expressed as a percent symbol (%). Percentages can be converted to fractions or decimals.

Uploaded by

Vidhyashree Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
165 views4 pages

Ratio, Proportion, Percentage & Partnership Ratio

The document defines ratio, proportion, percentage and partnership. It provides definitions and examples of: 1) Ratio as a fraction that compares two quantities of the same kind. Ratios have properties like equality, greater/lesser inequality, and types including compound, duplicate, inverse and continued ratios. 2) Proportion as when two ratios are equal. Proportions can be direct, indirect, or a continued proportion. 3) Percentage as a positive fraction with a denominator of 100, expressed as a percent symbol (%). Percentages can be converted to fractions or decimals.

Uploaded by

Vidhyashree Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

UNIT – I

RATIO, PROPORTION, PERCENTAGE & PARTNERSHIP


RATIO
DEFINITION: A Ratio is a fraction which enables to compare two items of the
same kind. The Ratio is obtained by dividing the magnitude of one of the items
by that of the other, when the items are of same units of measurement.
In other words, the relation between two quantities (a and b) of the same kind
(type), which expresses one quantity (a) as a multiple or part of the other (b), is
called as a Ratio written as a : b (a/b) and is read as ‘a isto b’.
In the Ratio a : b, a is called as the Antecedent (that which goes before) and b is
called as the Consequent (that which goes after)
The Ratio a : b does not indicate the actual quantities, whereas, it indicates
‘a times and b times of a fixed measure, say x’.
FEATURES: Some of the common features of Ratio are as under:
 Kind (Type): The two quantities must be of the same kind (type)

 Units of Measurement: The two quantities should be measured in the


same units of measurement.

 Fractions: When the ratio of two quantities are of the same units of
measurement, then the ratio can be expressed as a Fraction.

 Lowest Terms: Any ratio should be expressed in the lowest possible


terms.
RELATIONSHIPS IN A RATIO: The relations within a Ratio can be defined
as follows:

 Equality: If a = b, then the ratio a:b is called as the Ratio of Equality.

 Greater Inequality: If a > b, then the ratio a:b is called as Ratio of Greater
inequality.

 Lesser Inequality: If a < b, then the ratio a:b is called as a Ratio of Lesser
Inequality.

 Positive Real Numbers: For any positive real numbers a, b, c the


following relations are true
 If a/b >1, then a/b > a + c > 1
b+c

 If a/b < 1, then a/b < a + c < 1


b+c

 If a/b > 1, then a – c > a/b > 1


b–c

 If a/b < 1, then a – c < a/b < 1


b–c

TYPES: The different types of Ratio are as under:

COMPOUND RATIO: Two or more Ratios are compounded together by


multiplying together their antecedents and consequents to form a new Ratio
with new antecedent and consequent. That is, If a : b, c : d, e : f are three ratios
then ace : bdf is called as a Compound Ratio.
DUPLICATE RATIO: If a Ratio is compounded with itself, then the resultant
ratio is called as a Duplicate Ratio. That is if a : b is compounded with itself
then the resultant ratio will be a x a : b x b which is a2 : b2, is called as a
Duplicate Ratio. Likewise, Triplicate Ratio, Sub-Duplicate and Sub-Triplicate
Ratios can be defined.
INVERSE RATIO: The Reciprocal Ratio is called as an Inverse Ratio. That
is, if a : b is a ratio, then 1/a : 1/b is called as a Reciprocal Ratio or an Inverse
Ratio.
CONTINUED RATIO: If more than two quantities of the same kind (type) are
compared, then it is called as a Continued Ratio or an Extended Ratio. In other
words, the relation or comparison of many quantities of same kind is made then
it is called as a Continued Ratio. That is, if a, b, c, d are of similar quantities,
then a : b : c : d is a Continued Ratio or an Extended Ratio.

PROPORTION

DEFINITION: When two Ratios are equal, then the relation is called as a
Proportion. In other words, A Proportion is an equation with a ratio on each
side which are equal. That is, If a : b is one Ratio and c : d is another Ratio and
if a : b = c : d, then this relation is called as a Proportion. The First
and the Last terms (a and d) are called as Extremes and the middle terns (b and
c) are called as Means.

TYPES: The different types of Proportion are as under:


FOURTH PROPORTION: If a, b, c and x are in proportion then x is called as
the Fourth Proportional.
That is, since a, b, c and x are in proportion, then a/b = c/x. Then x = b/a x c.
Here, x is called as the Fourth Proportional.
CONTINUED PROPORTION: If a, b and c are three quantities and the ratio
a : b and b: c are equal (a : b = b : c), then a, b and c are said to be in Continued
Proportion and is expressed as
a:b::b:c (or) a : b = b : c (or) a/b = b/c.
Here, c is called the Third Proportional and b is called as the Mean proportional.
In a Continued Proportion a/b = b/c ⇒ ac = b2. Hence b = √ac
DIRECT / INDIRECT PROPORTIONS: A quantity a is said to be in Direct
Proportion to another quantity b when an increase (decrease) of one quantity is
followed by increase (decrease) of the other quantity. That is, if the quantity
a increases then the quantity b also increase (or) if the quantity a decreases then
the quantity b also decreases, then the quantities a and b are Directly
Proportionate to each other.
Similarly, A quantity a is said to be in Indirect Proportion to another quantity
b when an increase (decrease) of one quantity is followed by decrease (increase)
of the other quantity. That is, of the quantity a increases then the quantity
b decreases (or) if the quantity a decreases then the quantity b increases, then
both the quantities a and b are Indirectly (Inversely) proportionate to each other.
Symbolically,
if A and B are in Direct Proportion then a1/a2 = b1/b2 ⇒ a1 : a2 :: b1 : b2
and, if A and B are in Indirect Proportion then a1/a2 = b2/b1 ⇒ a1 : a2 :: b2 : b1

VARIATION: When two or more variables vary together, then there is


Variation. Thus when the variables vary in such a way that their Ratio remains
constant then the variation is Direct and when the variables vary in such a way
that their Product remains constant, then the variation is Indirect (Inverse).
PERCENTAGE
DEFINITION: A positive fraction with denominator 100 or a ratio with
consequent 100 is called as a Percentage. Percentage means a value compared
per hundred. It is abbreviated as p.c. or symbolically expressed as %.
A positive fraction is converted into percentage by simply multiplying by 100
and any percentage is expressed as a fraction or a decimal number by dividing
by 100.

****************

You might also like