BASIC C

1. Question 1. What Are Volatile Variables?

Answer :
o Volatile variables get special attention from the compiler. A variable
declared with the volatile keyword may be modified externally from the
declaring function.
o If the keyword volatile is not used, the compiler optimization
algorithms might consider this to be a case of infinite loop. Declaring a
variable volatile indicates to a compiler that there could be external
processes that could possibly alter the value of that variable.
e.g.:
o A variable that might be concurrently modified by multiple threads
may be declared volatile. Variables declared to be volatile will not be
optimized by the compiler. Compiler must assume that their values can
change at any time. However, operations on a volatile variable are still
not guaranteed to be atomic.
2. Question 2. Explain The Meaning Of "segmentation Violation"?
Answer :
A segmentation violation usually indicates an attempt to access memory which
doesn't even exist. 
Segmentation violation usually occurs at the time of a program’s attempt for
accessing memory location, which is not allowed to access. The following code
should create segmentation violation.
main() {
char *hello = “Hello World”;
*hello = ‘h’;
}
At the time of compiling the program, the string “hello world” is placed in the
binary mark of the program which is read-only marked. When loading, the
compiler places the string along with other constants in the read-only segment of
the memory. While executing a variable *hello is set to point the character ‘h’ , is
attempted to write the character ‘h’ into the memory, which cause the
segmentation violation. And, compiler does not check for assigning read only
locations at compile time.

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3. Question 3. What Is "bus Error"?
Answer :
A bus error indicates an attempt to access memory in an illegal way,perhaps due
to an unaligned pointer. 
 A ‘bus error’ is certain undefined behavior result type. The cause for such error on
a system could not be specified by the C language. The memory accessibility
which CPU could not address physically, ‘bus error’ occurs. Also, any fault
detected by a device by the computer system can also be a ‘bus error’. These
errors caused by programs that generate undefined behavior which C language no
longer specifies what can happen.
4. Question 4. Define Recursion In C.?
Answer :
o A programming technique in which a function may call itself.
Recursive programming is especially well-suited to parsing nested
markup structures 
o Calling a function by itself is known as recursion. Any function can
call any function including itself. In this scenario, if it happens to invoke
a function by itself, it is recursion. One of the instructions in the function
is a call to the function itself, usually the last statement. In some ways it
is similar to looping. When the result of ‘one time call of a function is the
input for the next time call of the function’, recursion is one of the best
ways. For example, calculating factorial, in which the product of previous
digit factorial is the input for the next digit’s factorial.
o The process of calling a function by itself is known as recursion.
Recursion is generally used when the result of the current function call is
the input to the successive call of itself. For example, ‘factorial of a digit’.
By definition, the factorial of the current digit is the factorial of its
previous digit and the digit. In order to get the factorial of the previous
digit, the same function should return the factorial.
o Thus the result of the previous execution of the function is one of the
inputs of the current execution. The process continues until an exit
condition returns true.
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5. Question 5. What Does Static Variable Mean In C?
Answer :
Static variable is available to a C application, throughout the life time. At the time
of starting the program execution, static variables allocations takes place first. In
a scenario where one variable is to be used by all the functions (which is
accessed by main () function), then the variable need to be declared as static in a
C program. The value of the variable is persisted between successive calls to
functions. One more significant feature of static variable is that, the address of
the variable can be passed to modules and functions which are not in the same C
file.
static is an access qualifier that limits the scope but causes the variable to exist
for the lifetime of the program. This means a static variable is one that is not seen
outside the function in which it is declared but which remains until the program
 terminates. It also means that the value of the variable persists between
successive calls to a function. The value of such a variable will remain and may
be seen even after calls to a function. One more thing is that a declaration
statement of such a variable inside a function will be executed only once.

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6. Question 6. List Out Differences Between Structures And Arrays?
Answer :
The following are the differences between structures and arrays:
o Array elements are homogeneous. Structure elements are of different
data type. 
o Array allocates static memory and uses index / subscript for
accessing elements of the array. Structures allocate dynamic memory
and uses (.) operator for accessing the member of a structure.
o Array is a pointer to the first element of it. Structure is not a pointer
o Array element access takes less time in comparison with structures.
7. Question 7. Define Macros. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages
Of Macros?
Answer :
A macro is a name given to a block of C statements as a pre-processor directive.
Being a pre-processor, the block of code is communicated to the compiler before
entering into the actual coding (main () function). A macro is defined with the
preprocessor directive, #define.
The advantage of using macro is the execution speed of the program fragment.
When the actual code snippet is to be used, it can be substituted by the name of
the macro. The same block of statements, on the other hand, need to be
repeatedly hard coded as and when required.
The disadvantage of the macro is the size of the program. The reason is, the pre-
processor will replace all the macros in the program by its real definition prior to
the compilation process of the program.

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8. Question 8. List Out Differences Between Pass By Reference And Pass By
Value?
Answer :
Pass by value always invokes / calls the function or returns a value that is based
on the value. This value is passed as a constant or a variable with value.
Pass by reference always invokes / calls the function by passing the address or a
pointer to a memory location which contains the value. The memory location /
pointer is populated with a value, so the function could look at the value through
that location. The function can update the value available in the memory location
by referencing the pointer. 
 A string in C language is passed by reference.
9. Question 9. Define Static Identifier In C?
Answer :
The static identifier is used for initializing only once, and the value retains during
the life time of the program / application. A separate memory is allocated for
‘static’ variables. This value can be used between function calls. 
The default value of an uninitialized static variable is zero. A function can also be
defined as a static function, which has the same scope of the static variable.

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10. Question 10. What Are The Auto Variables? Where Are They Stored?
Answer :
o The auto variables are stored in the main memory of the system.
o The keyword 'auto' is optional. 
o Many of the variables used by the program or application are 'auto'
variables, being the main memory is faster. 
o These variables are stored in the memory runtime stack.
o It is de-allocated at the completion of its block execution.
o It is a local variable which is allocated and deallocated automatically
when the program flow enters and leaves the variable's scope.
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11. Question 11. List Out Differences Between Arrays And Linked List?
Answer :
The difference between arrays and linked lists are:
o Arrays are linear data structures. Linked lists are linear and non-linear
data structures. 
o Linked lists are linear for accessing, and non-linear for storing in
memory
o Array has homogenous values. And each element is independent of
each other positions. Each node in the linked list is connected with its
previous node which is a pointer to the node. 
o Array elements can be modified easily by identifying the index value.
It is a complex process for modifying the node in a linked list.
o Array elements can not be added, deleted once it is declared. The
nodes in the linked list can be added and deleted from the list.
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12. Question 12. Explain The Term Enumerations In C?
Answer :
A set of named integer constants is known as an enumeration. The enumeration
type declaration includes the name of the enumeration tag and the definition of a
set of named integers. 
 Ex: enum CITY { Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, NewDelhi } metros ;
Variables of enumeration type persists one of the existing values of the
enumeration set. The enum type variables could be utilized in indexing
expressions, as operands of all arithmetic and relational operators. ANSI C enum
expressions are always have int type, which occupies the memory space that
occupied by the int type. 
Example: 
enum DAY /* Defines an enumeration type */
{
saturday, /* Names day and declares a */
sunday = 0, /* variable named workday with */ 
monday, /* that type */
tuesday,
wednesday, /* wednesday is associated with 3 */
thursday,
friday
} workday;
saturday in the above example is associated with value 0 by default. The identifier
sunday is explicitly assigned with 0. The remaining identifiers are given values 1
through 5 by default.

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13. Question 13. Describe About Storage Allocation And Scope Of Global,
Extern, Static, Local And Register Variables?
Answer :
The storage allocation / class determine the memory part where the storage
space is allocated for variables, functions and how long the allocation of storage
continues to exist. 
The scope of a variable is specified by its storage allocation. This is specified by
the keywords – auto, extern, static and register.
o ‘auto’ variables stores in the memory storage. Majority of the
variables in a program / application are of type ‘auto’. Their scope might
be local or global.
o ‘extern’ variables are of global variables and can be declared in
another source file which could be external / outside the current
program scope,
o ‘register’ variables are allocated in the CPU registers. These variables
storage and accessibility is much faster than other variables, being they
are stored in CPU itself. The variables of repeated usage or access time
is critical, can be declared as register variables.
 o ‘static’ variables provides a lifetime over the program, and provides a
way for limiting the scope of such variables. These variables are
automatically initialized to zero and could be specified for ‘auto’ and
‘extern’ variables. The values are retained, even though they are declared
in local scope, between the repeated function calls to the same function.
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14. Question 14. What Is The Use Of Typedef?
Answer :
The keyword typedef is used for defining user defined data types. A new definition
of existing data types is created by using typedef. It is used to define user defined
identifiers which can be used in substitution of type specifiers such as int, float
etc. It does not reserve memory space. The names defined by typedef are
synonyms for the data types.
For example typedef int integer;
Instead of int the new definition integer can be used for better readability.
15. Question 15. Can We Specify Variable Field Width In A Scanf() Format
String? If Possible How?
Answer :
o It is possible to specify variable field width in a scanf() format string
by using %s control string.
o The %s reads a string of variable field width up to the first white space
character.
Example:
scanf("%s", name);   // where name is a character array
o The scanf() stores the results away in variables which you provide in
the argument list and reads the data from the console or from a FILE
stream and parses it.
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16. Question 16. Out Of Fgets() And Gets() Which Function Is Safe To Use And
Why?
Answer :
o The fgets() function is safer to use.
o It checks the bounds, i.e., the size of the buffer and does not cause
overflow on the stack to occur. 
o The gets() function does not check the bounds.
o The gets() function is an insecure and careless use can lead to errors.
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17. Question 17. List Out Differences Between Strdup() And Strcpy()?
Answer :
 The function strcpy() will not allocate the memory space to copy. A pointer to the
string to copy and a pointer to place to copy it to should be given.
The function strdup() will occupy / grab itself the memory space for copying the
string to. This memory space needs to be freed up later when it is of no use
anymore.

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18. Question 18. What Is The Difference Between Char *a And Char A[]?
Answer :
For char[] array, such size is not accepted by the compiler. If the size is
specified, the following are the differences between char *a and char a[]:
o The unary increment (++) or decrement (--) operators can not be used
on arrays, where as they can be used in pointers (pointer arithmetic).
o The address of an element of the array is constant; where as the
address of an element of the pointer is not.
o The variable *a is a constant pointer, where as a[] is not.
o The array can not be assigned to another array, where as the pointer
to char can be assigned to another char pointer.
o The char array allocates equal to size of the string, where as the char
pointer holds only the address of the first character of the string.
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19. Question 19. Define Void Pointer?
Answer :
A void pointer is pointer which has no specified data type. The keyword ‘void’ is
preceded the pointer variable, because the data type is not specific. It is also
known as a generic pointer. The void pointer can be pointed to any type. If needed,
the type can be cast.
Ex: float *float_pointer; 
int *int_pointer;
void *void_pointer; 
........
........
void_pointer = float_pointer;
. . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . 
void_pointer = int_pointer;
A void pointer is generally used as function parameters, when the parameter or
return type is unknown.

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20. Question 20. What Is A Const Pointer?
Answer :
o A const pointer is not the pointer to constant, it is the constant. For
example, int* const ptr; indicates that ptr is a pointer, which is a
constant. A pointer is preceded by ‘*’. In the above example it is not,
Hence it is not the pointer to constant.
o The ptr can not be used to point to another integer. The integer
pointed by ptr can be changed. The const pointer can not be changed to
point to other memory location, because the pointer is constant
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21. Question 21. Explain Memory Leak?
Answer :
o An unwanted increase in programs is referred to as a memory leak is
C language.
o The intake of the program increases in the memory by an
unintentional consumption of the memory. 
o If the program is getting corrupted and results in errors, it means the
memory leak. 
o In case there is a leak by any program, the function of the system may
stop and violate operating system files.
o It is the gradual loss of available computer memory when a program
repeatedly fails to return memory that it has obtained for temporary use.
o It becomes exhausted and the program becomes no longer to
perform properly.
o It is the result of a program bug.
22. Question 22. What Is Static Memory Allocation And Dynamic Memory
Allocation?
Answer :
Static Memory Allocation: Memory is allocated for the declared variable by the
compiler. The address can be obtained by using ‘address of’ operator and can be
assigned to a pointer. The memory is allocated during compile time. Since most
of the declared variables have static memory, this kind of assigning the address
of a variable to a pointer is known as static memory allocation.
Dynamic Memory Allocation: Allocation of memory at the time of execution (run
time) is known as dynamic memory allocation. The functions calloc() and
malloc() support allocating of dynamic memory. Dynamic allocation of memory
space is done by using these functions when value is returned by functions and
assigned to pointer variables.

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23. Question 23. What Is The Purpose Of Main( ) Function?
Answer :
 The function main() calls / invokes other functions within it. The execution of the
program always starts with main() function.
The main() function is :
o The first function to start a program
o Returns int value to the environment which called the program
o It can be called recursively.
o It is a user defined function, except the name
o Like other functions, main(0 function can receive arguments. It has a)
argument count and b) argument vector(string argument)
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24. Question 24. What Is The Difference Between #define And Constant In C?
Answer :
o A #define is used as immediate constant or as a macro. Where as the
constant is a variable whose value can not change.
o Pointer can be declared to a constant, but not for #define. 
o #define can not define externally, and there is no way to use it for
availability to the linker. Where as the constant can be global .
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25. Question 25. What Are Storage Class In C?
Answer :
The scope and lifetime of a variable or / and function within a C program is
defined by storage class. There are four storage classes in C
auto - It is the default storage class for all variables and / or functions.
register - Allows for defining variables to store in CPU register instead of RAM.
Unary operator is not applied for register variable.
static – The static storage class allows the updated variable values available for
the next time when the function, in which the variable is defined , is invoked for the
next time.
extern - It allows a global variable to be visible to all the program files / external
files ( C programs).
26. Question 26. Define Register Variables. What Are The Advantages Of Using
Register Variables?
Answer :
o The variables of 'register' type modifier inform the compiler for storing
the variables in a register of the CPU.
o These variables are stored in the registers, so the speed of
processing is become more than the normal variables.
Advantages of Register variable:
o Access optimization and speed of program execution: The operations
of these variables are faster by orders of magnitude.
o It is useful when you want to refer a variable frequently.
o It allocates fast memory in the form of a register.
o It helps to speed up program execution.