T - 28 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

LOADS ON STRUCTURES Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

The following are the basic load combinations used
Problem 228
Nomenclature
with load and resistance factor design (LRFD), as Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD
D ………dead load
E ……....earthquake (seismic) load given in NSCP 2010 203.3.1. and the corresponding factored load in kN.
1) 1.4(D + F) a. 237.67 b. 263.44

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
F ……….load due to fluids
H ..………load due to lateral earth pressure 2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) c. 157.75 d. 213.90
L ……….live load 3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.8W) Problem 229
Lr ……….roof live load 4) 1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
R ………. rain load Determine the controlling load combination for ASD
R ………..strength 5) 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
and the corresponding required service load strength.
T ………. self-straining force 6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H a. 237.67 b. 263.44
W ……… wind load 7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H c. 157.75 d. 213.90
Subscripts Where: SITUATION 2
a …………required (ASD) f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live
u …………required (LRFD) A column in the upper story of a building is subjected
loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load to a compressive load from the following sources:
GRAVITY LOADS = 0.5 for other live loads Dead load = 308 kN
A) Dead Loads consist of the weight of all materials and Problem 226 Occupancy Live load = 17 kN
fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other Roof live load = 187 kN
structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, The loads on a steel beam consist of 150 kN due to Rain load = 197 kN
roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, dead load and 410 kN due to live load. No other loads
cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural need to be considered. Using ASD, calculate the Problem 230
and structural items, and fixed service equipment, required strength of the beam in kN. If load and resistance factor design is used, determine
including the weight of cranes. a. 430 b. 560 the factored load (required strength) to be used in the
NSCP 2010 Table 204-1 gives a list of uniform dead loads c. 340 d. 650
for common building materials. design of the column in kN.
Problem 227 a. 701.80 b. 779.78
B) Live Loads are those loads produced by the use and
c. 692.00 d. 1,155.64
occupancy of the building or other structure and do not The axial loads for a building column have been
include dead load, construction load, or environmental computed according to the application building code, Problem 231
loads such as wind load, earthquake load and fluid load. with the following results: dead load = 200 kN; load
NSCP 2010 Table 205-1 gives the minimum live loads, both Determine the controlling load combination for ASD
from roof = 50 kN (roof live load); live load from and the corresponding required service load strength.
uniformly distributed and concentrated, that are to be used
floors (reduced as applicable for large floor area and a. 701.80 b. 779.78
in the design of buildings and other structures.
multi-story columns) = 250 kN; compression c. 692.00 d. 1,155.64
LOAD COMBINATIONS wind =126 kN; tensile wind = 104 kN; compression
Problem 232
Allowable Strength Design (ASD) earthquake = 60 kN; and tensile earthquake = 70 kN.
The following are the basic load combinations used Determine the critical design column load Pu in kN, What is the required nominal strength of the column
with ASD, as given in NSCP 2010 203.4.1. using the LRFD load combinations: for a safety factor Ω of 1.67 in kN?
1) D + F a. 743 b. 345 a. 701.80 b. 779.78
2) D + H+ F+ L + T c. 821 d. 665 c. 692.00 d. 1,155.64
3) D + H + F + (Lr or R) SITUATION 1
A column (compression member) in the upper story
Problem 233
4) D + H + F + 0.75( L + T) + 0.75(Lr or R)
5) D + H + F + (W or 0.7E) of a building is subject to the following loads: What is the required nominal strength of the column
6) D+H+F+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or R) for a resistance factor φ of 0.90 in kN?
Dead load: 109 kN compression
7) 0.6D + W + H a. 701.80 b. 779.78
Floor live load: 46 kN compression
8) 0.6D + 0.7E + H c. 692.00 d. 1,155.64
Roof live load: 19 kN compression

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 T - 29 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SITUATION 3 LOADS DISTRIBUTION SITUATION 6
The loads on a roof beam consist of a dead load of SITUATION 5 The floor system of a gymnasium consists of a 130-
2 kN/m, a roof live load of 13 kN/m, and a wind load The floor system of an apartment building consists of mm-thick concrete slab resting on four steel beams
of 14 kN/m. a 100-mm-thick reinforced concrete slab resting on (A = 9,100 mm2) that, in turn, are supported by two
steel girders (A = 25,600 mm2) as shown in the figure.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Problem 234 three steel floor beams, which in turn are supported by
two steel girders, as shown in the figure. The areas of A B C
If load and resistance factor design is used, determine D
the factored load to be used in the design of this beam cross section of the floor beams and the girders are
in kN/m. 11,800 mm2 and 21,100 mm2.
a. 22.25 b. 37.16
c. 34.40 d. 38.22
A B 10 m
Problem 235
If allowable strength design is used, determine the girder 2.36 m
required load capacity to be used in the design of the D
C
column in kN/m. F G
E H
a. 22.25 b. 37.16 Floor beam
c. 34.40 d. 38.22
2.36 m 5m 5m 5m
SITUATION 4
A 2.5 m cantilever steel beam is used to carry the
F Problem 243
following uniform load all throughout the span: E
Dead load = 20 kN/m Live load = 15 kN/m Determine the uniform dead load on the beam BF.
a. 16.04 kN/m b. 21.36 kN/m
Wind load = 25 kN/m Earthquake load = 25 kN/m
7.5 m c. 12.68 kN/m d. 32.98 kN/m
It also carries the following concentrated load dead load
of 75 kN at the free end at a distance of 0.4 m normal to Problem 244
the beam. Problem 239 Determine the uniform dead load on the girder AD.
Problem 236 Determine the uniform dead load on the beam CD. a. 1.97 kN/m b. 3.21 kN/m
a. 5.6 kN/m b. 9.4 kN/m c. 0.87 kN/m d. 2.54 kN/m
What is the maximum required shear at the fixed end c. 10.2 kN/m d. 6.5 kN/m Problem 245
based from the allowable strength in kN?
Problem 240 Determine the concentrated dead load acting at C.
a. 95 b. 250
c. 200 d. 120 Determine the uniform dead load on the girder AE. a. 40.1 kN b. 80.2 kN
a. 11.12 kN/m b. 2.65 kN/m c. 66.4 kN d. 33.8 kN
Problem 237 c. 5.21 kN/m d. 1.63 kN/m Problem 246
What is the maximum required bending at the fixed Problem 241
end based from the allowable strength in kN.m? Determine the concentrated dead load acting at D.
a. 344 b. 297 Determine the concentrated dead load acting at A. a. 41.85 kN b. 28.25 kN
c. 253 d. 269 a. 45.86 kN b. 54.21 kN c. 58.47 kN d. 64.76 KN
c. 21.34 kN d. 35.25 kN LIVE LOAD REDUCTION
Problem 238
Problem 242 Alternate Formula
What is the maximum required twisting of the beam For some types of buildings having very large floor
based from the allowable strength in kN.m? Determine the concentrated dead load acting at C. areas, many codes will allow a reduction in the
a. 18 b. 188 a. 11.45 kN b. 23.76 kN
uniform live load for a floor, since it is unlikely that
c. 20 d. 30 c. 19.34 kN d. 38.68 kN
the prescribed live load will occur simultaneously

UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS – CE 524N

 T - 30 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
throughout the entire structure at any one time. For Internally Unstable
example, NSCP 2010 allows a reduction of live load
Problem 247 A structure that is internally unstable may still be
on a member having an influence area of 40 m2 or If the (flat) roof loading is 0.96 kPa, determine the stable if it has sufficient external support reactions. See
more. This reduced live load is calculated using the reduced live load supported by a typical interior Figure 2.
following equation:

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
column located at ground level in kN.
 a. 25.57 b. 21.61
4.57 
L  L0  0.25   c. 43.22 d. 54.03
 A1 

Problem 248
Where:
L = reduced design live load per s square meter of area For the second floor, the live load is 2.4 kPa. Compute
supported by the member. the percentage of the load reduction in the second
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of floor.
area supported by the member a. 40.83% b. 59.2%
A1 = influence area in square meters (four times the c. 93.11% d. 6.89%
tributary area of a column, two times the tributary Problem 249
area of a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-
way slab, and equal to the product of the span and Compute the total live load supported by the ground
the full flange width for a precast T-beam. floor column in kN.
Fig. 2 Internally Unstable
Note: a. 68.79 b. 75.64
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% c. 89.50 d. 107.15 DETERMINACY
of the unit live load Lo for members receiving STABILITY If all the forces in a structure can be determined solely
from the equations of static equilibrium, the structure
load from one level only, nor less than 40% of the Stability is the capability for a structure to recover
unit live load Lo for other members. is referred to as statically determinate. Structures
equilibrium. A stable structure is one that will not
SITUATION 7 having more unknown forces than available
collapse when disturbed.
A two-story office building shown has interior equilibrium equations are called statically
Internally Stable
columns that are spaced 6.71 m apart in two indeterminate.
An internally stable structure is one that would
perpendicular directions. Redundant
maintain its shape if all the reactions supports were
Indeterminate structures effectively have more
removed. See Figure 1.
unknowns than can be solved using the equilibrium
equations. The extra unknowns are called redundants.
Degree of Indeterminacy
6.71 m The degree of indeterminacy for a structure is equal to
the number of redundants. An indeterminate structure
with 2 redundants may be said to be statically
indeterminate to the second degree or "2° S.I.".
BEAMS, ARCHES AND 2D FRAMES
A coplanar structure has at most three equations of
6.71 m static equilibrium available and are ΣFh = 0, ΣFv = 0
and ΣM = 0.
External Indeterminacy
If a structure is externally determinate, then all of the
reactions may be calculated using equilibrium alone.
6.71 m 6.71 m To calculate external determinacy, the following
Fig. 1 Internally Stable
equations are used:

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 T - 31 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
1. Method A To calculate internal determinacy, the following
Problem 251
If r = 3 + ec → statically determinate externally equations are used:
If r > 3 + ec → statically indeterminate externally If 3n + r = 3 + ec → determinate internally
If r < 3 + ec → statically unstable externally If 3n + r > 3 + ec → indeterminate internally
If 3n + r < 3 + ec → statically unstable internally

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Where: r = number of support reaction components
ec = the number of equations of condition Degree of Indeterminacy:
a. 2nd b. 3rd
Degree of Indeterminacy: ie = 3n + r – (3j + ec) c. 1st d. 4th
ie = r – (3 + ec) Where: n = number of parts
Equations of Condition: r = number of reaction components Problem 252
These are release conditions within the structure that j = is the total number of joints in the structure
provide extra equilibrium equations beyond the three ec = the number of equations of condition
for global equilibrium. Instability
For a Hinge: ec = n − 1 To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its
For a Roller: ec = 2(n − 1) members, it is not only necessary to satisfy the
Note: equations of equilibrium, but the members must also
This method of determining external determinacy is be properly held or constrained by their supports.
not valid for indeterminate structures which contain There are four main ways that a structure may be
geometrically unstable. These apply only to linear a. 2nd b. determinate externally
closed loops.
c. 1st d. unstable externally
2. Method B geometric stability and not to instability caused by
For a 2D structure there are at most three equilibrium buckling, member yielding or nonlinear geometry. Problem 253
equations for each part. [1] There are not enough reactions.
If r +f = 3n → statically determinate externally [2] The reactions are parallel: All of the reaction
If r + f > 3n → statically indeterminate externally components point in the same direction.
If r + f < 3n → statically unstable externally [3] The reactions are concurrent: All of the reaction
Degree of Indeterminacy: components meet at a point. a. 2nd b. 3rd
ie = r – 3n [4] There is an internal collapse mechanism: This is c. 1st d. 4th
Where: n = number of parts any situation in which there is an internal Problem 254
r = number of support reaction components mechanism in the system that will cause it to
f = total number of internal forces deform between the supports.
Note: Thus, if r +f ≥ 3n → unstable if member reactions
Frame structures consist of members that are are concurrent or parallel or
connected together by rigid joints. Sometimes the some of the components form
members form internal loops. In order to classify these a collapsible mechanism
a. 2nd b. determinate externally
structures, it is necessary to use the method of sections SITUATION 8 c. 1st d. unstable externally
and “cut” the loop apart. The free-body diagrams of Classify the structure and determine the degree of
the sectioned parts are drawn and the frame can then determinacy of the structures shown. Problem 255
be classified. Problem 250
Internal Indeterminacy
If a structure is internally determinate, then all of the
reactions and internal forces may be calculated using
equilibrium alone. Internal determinacy is generally
much more important than external determinacy in
structural analysis. a. 2nd b. 3rd a. 2nd b. determinate externally
c. 1st d. 4th c. 1st d. unstable externally

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T - 32 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Problem 256 Problem 259 SITUATION 9
Classify the structure and determine the degree of
determinacy of the structure shown.
Problem 262

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
a. 2nd b. determinate
c. 1st d. unstable
a. 2nd b. 3rd a. 4th b. 2nd
c. 1st d. 4th c. 5th d. 7th Problem 263
Problem 257 Problem 260

a. 2nd b. determinate
c. 1st d. unstable
Problem 264

a. 3rd b. determinate externally

a. 10 th
b. 6th c. 1st d. unstable externally
c. 5th d. 9th Problem 261 a. 2nd b. determinate
Problem 258 c. 1st d. unstable
Classify the structure and determine the degree of
determinacy of the structure shown. DETERMINATE BEAMS
SITUATION 10
Obtain the reactions of the beam shown below.
60 kN

50 kN.m
60° B
a. 2nd b. 3rd A
c. 1st d. 4th
a. 2nd b. determinate internally 10 m 4m 7m
c. 1st d. unstable internally

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 T - 33 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Problem 265 Problem 270 SITUATION 14
Solve for the reactions of the beam shown below.
Calculate the horizontal reaction at A in kN. Obtain the reaction at A, in kN. 43.8 kN/m 133.5 kN
a. 30 b. 20 a. 240 b. 150 29.2 kN/m 81.4 kN.m

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
c. 45 d. 50 c. 50 d. 100
Problem 266 Problem 271
A B
Calculate the resultant reaction at A in kN. Calculate the reaction at C, in kN.
a. 42.65 b. 28.21 a. 149 b. 372 3m 6m 3m
c. 19.37 d. 32.86 c. 241 d. 176
Problem 267 Problem 272 Problem 277
Calculate the reaction at B in kN. Calculate the reaction at D, in kN. Determine the reaction at A, in kN.
a. 22.25 b. 38.50 a. 241 b. 372 a. 375.89 b. 145.31
c. 45.67 d. 50.32 c. 176 d. 149 c. 189.21 d. 272.89
SITUATION 11 SITUATION 13 Problem 278
Calculate the reactions of the beam shown below. Solve for the reactions of the beam shown below.
Calculate the reaction at B, in kN.
400 kN.m 160 kN 356 kN
43.8 kN/m a. 375.89 b. 145.31
15 kN/m c. 189.21 d. 272.89
A B C D
SITUATION 15
Hinge Hinge E F Solve for the reactions of the beam shown below.
A B 25 m 17 m 25 m 50 m 25 m 42 m 356 kN
6m 4m 4m 21.9 kN/m
Problem 273
Problem 268
Determine the reaction at A, in kN. A Hinge B
Solve for the vertical reaction at B in kN. a. 1,958.69 b. 507.69
a. 225 b. 300 10 m 6.1 m 6.1 m
c. 4,087.47 d. 1,095
c. 275 d. 250
Problem 274 Problem 279
Problem 269
Calculate the reaction at D, in kN. Determine the reaction at A, in kN.
Solve for the moment reaction at B in kN.m. a. 1,958.69 b. 507.69 a. 125.7 b. 130.6
a. 1320 b. 1230 c. 4,087.47 d. 1,095 c. 94.3 d. 109.5
c. 1032 d. 1023
SITUATION 12 Problem 275 Problem 280
Determine the reactions of the beam shown below. Obtain the reaction at E, in kN. Calculate the vertical reaction at B, in kN.
5 kN/m a. 1,958.69 b. 507.69 a. 144 b. 256
3 kN/m c. 4,087.47 d. 1,095 c. 196 d. 243
Problem 276 Problem 281
A D
Hinge B C Hinge Obtain the reaction at F, in kN. Obtain the moment reaction at B, in kN.m.
20 m 20 m 50 m 20 m 20 m a. 57.87 b. 45.98 a. 2,675.50 b. 1876.75
c. 65.21 d. 100.21 c. 2,332.50 d. 2,150.25

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 T - 34 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
DETERMINATE FRAMES SITUATION 17 Problem 289
SITUATION 16 40 kN/m
The side of the building is subjected to a wind loading 20 kN/m Determine the largest moment on segment BC (kN.m).
that creates a uniform normal pressure of 15 kPa on the a. 754.48 b. 777.71

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
windward side and a suction pressure of 5 kPa on the c. 782.98 d. 764.21
leeward side. Problem 290
Hinged 5m
Obtain the maximum shear on segment BC, in kN.
3m 100 kN a. 216.03 b. 248.56
Hinged c. 36.14 d. 269.27
B
5m Problem 291
wind Hinged 3m Calculate the largest moment on segment AB (kN.m).
A B a. 812 b. 837
c. 794 d. 783
4m 12 m 4m SITUATION 19
4m
A C 36.5 kN/m
Problem 286
4m Compute for the vertical reaction at A, in kN. A
a. 175 b. 150 C

6m c. 125 d. 100
Problem 287 4.6 m
Problem 282
Obtain the resultant reaction at A, in kN.
Determine the horizontal reaction at A, in kN. a. 276.43 b. 216.11
a. 285 b. 195 c. 245.32 d. 287.45 B
c. 235 d. 75 6m 3m
Problem 288
Problem 283
Determine the vertical reaction at B, in kN. Problem 292
Solve for the vertical reaction at B, in kN. a. 211.24 b. 254.76
a. 120 b. 360 Determine the vertical reaction at A, in kN.
c. 192.54 d. 183.89 a. 175 b. 150
c. 300 d. 240 SITUATION 18 c. 125 d. 100
Problem 284 222.5 kN
29.2 kN/m Problem 293
Compute for the horizontal reaction at C, in kN. C
a. 185 b. 195 Obtain the resultant reaction at A, in kN.
c. 225 d. 125 B a. 276.43 b. 216.11
c. 245.32 d. 287.45
Problem 285 3m
Problem 294
Obtain the reaction at C, in kN.
a. 287.24 b. 297.89 A Calculate the vertical reaction at B, in kN.
c. 301.67 d. 309.23 a. 211.24 b. 254.76
7.2 m 3.6 m 3.6 m c. 192.54 d. 183.89

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 T - 35 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SITUATION 20 Problem 298 Problem 304
35 kN/m
Obtain the reaction at support A, in kN. Calculate the max. moment in segment CD (kN.m).
200 kN a. 2 b. 8 a. 53 b. 65
c. 6 d. 4 c. 41 d. 72

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
D C SITUATION 23
Problem 299 50 kN 40 kN
Determine the vertical reaction at support B, in kN.
a. 20 b. 17 1.5 m 2m 1.5 m
B C 15 kN/m
15 m c. 18 d. 16
Hinged
Problem 300 fixed

Calculate the moment reaction at support B, in kN.m.

a. 48 b. 36
4m
c. 54 d. 63
A B
SITUATION 22
10 m 8 kN 8 kN 6m
2m 2m 2m
A Hinged
Problem 295
fixed
Determine the maximum moment on segment AD, in
kN.m. B
3 kN/m C
a. 4,250 b. 7,125 pinned D
c. 3,000 d. 1,875 Hinged
4m
Problem 296 Problem 305
Compute the maximum shear on segment CD, in kN. D Calculate the vertical reaction at support D, in kN.
a. 450 b. 550 A a. 8 b. 5
c. 600 d. 475 3m
c. 10 d. 7
Problem 297 Problem 301 Problem 306
Obtain the normal force on segment BC, in kN. Determine the reaction at support A, in kN. Obtain the horizontal reaction at support C, in kN.
a. 200 b. 550 a. 12.56 b. 18.01 a. 45 b. 33
c. 125 d. 475 c. 10.35 d. 16.45 c. 27 d. 58
SITUATION 21
Problem 302 Problem 307
4 kN/m
Obtain the reaction in the pinned support B, in kN. Solve for the reaction at support A, in kN.
a. 11.43 b. 15.48 a. 65.89 b. 86.21
c. 13.25 d. 10.32 c. 78.52 d. 94.41
A
C Hinged B Problem 303 Problem 308
Determine the reaction at support D, in kN. Compute for the moment at B, in kN.m.
a. 21.32 b. 26.87 a. 180 b. 150
6m 4.5 m c. 160 d. 120
c. 18.01 d. 32.14

UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS – CE 524N