PHILOSOPHICAL FOUDATION OF EDUCATION

(summary by : MDJ ALENTON)

ESSENTIALISM
 Essential, important (basic needs) or basic needs to learn.
 Teach what is important.
 Essentialist believes that learners must learn only with the basic.
 Greater emphasis on the development of Back to basic system
 Learning only in 3r’s which is writing, reading, arithmetic, 4th r is right of conduct
 Teacher is the only source of knowledge, foundation of knowledge.
 Less is more, learning is one way process (student only learn from the teacher) cannot
learn from the others.
 Traditional teaching, students will always listens to the teachers.
 Common body of knowledge (4 r’s)
 William bagly (father of essentialism)
Sample questions in board exam.
1. From which educational philosophy does “back to basics “movements’ spring?
Ans. Essentialism
2. The department of education gives greater emphasis on the development of basic skills.
Ans. Essentialism
3. Who among the following believes that learning requires disciplined attention , regular
homework, and respect for the legitimate authority?
Ans. Essentialist
4. Which philosophy of education is achieved when a teacher mainly focuses on developing
essential skills and basics of literacy.
Ans. Essentialism

EXISTENTIALISM
 Your existence is important (choice of human)
 Our own objection and stands.
 Freedom of choice of the student.
  ‘Man shapes his being as he lives”
 Existence of the learner. Self-choice.
 Give the students of freedom.
 Accept full responsibility of the result of their choices or path in life they’ve taken.
 Elective in college, choosing subjects, freedom to choose.
 Complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions.
 Freedom of expression. In life, or in issue.
 Giving freedom of the learners of what they want.
 Soren Kierkegaard (Father of existentialism)

Sample questions in board exam.

1. Teacher M views his students as unique, free-choosing and responsible individuals. All
classroom activities revolve around the said premise. What theory underlies this?
Ans. Existentialism
2. You emphasize freedom of expression among your students. To which Educational
philosophy do you adhere?
Ans. Existentialism
3. Teacher Cassandra ask one of her students “what do you become when you grow-up?”
this questions is indication of what kind of philosophy?
Ans. Existentialism
4. Principal C shares this taught with his teachers: “Subject matter should help students
understands and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete
responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions. From which philosophy is this
taught based?
Ans. Existentialism
5. When we teach our objection to abortion and RH bill our Though goes with?
Ans. Existentialism

PERENNIALISM
 Perennialists believe that one should teach the thing that deems one to be of everlasting
pertinence to all people everywhere.
 Learning from past is must continue.
 Universal and unchanging truth.
 Perennial means age-less, timeless, ongoing learning, eternal and everlasting.
 Generalist. Must learn everything opposite from essentialist.
 Student best learn through memorization.
  Books long time ago must be teach today. (bibble,qur an)
 Effective learning Long time ago must be teach to the learners today.
 Hutchins ( the great books) ex. Bible and qur an.
 Adler (Be a Generalist)

Sample question in board exams.

1. “Specialization knows more and more about less and less” Hence it is better to be a
generalist, claims teacher F, which philosophy Teacher F Subscribe to?
Ans. Perennialism
2. What philosophy of education advocates that the curriculum should only include
universal and unchanging truths?
Ans. Perennialism

PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM
 Practice, action and activity
 Our knowledge Must be put in action, practice (skills)
 Reality is (constantly changing) Opposite to Perennial (forever learning)
 Focus on what is practical in everyday life.
 Adapt to change.
 Change is the only permanent in the world.
 Practical lesson must be taught right now.
 learners must apply theories and principle

Sample question in board exams.

1. When teachers are convinced that it is best to teach students the skills to adapt to change
since change is the only thing permanent in this world, they subscribe the philosophy of?
Ans. Pragmatism
 2. . Your teacher is of the opinion that the world and everything in it are ever changing and
so teaches you the skill to cope with the changes. Which in his governing philosophy?
Ans. Experimentalism
3. A teacher who subscribes to pragmatic philosophy of education believes that experience
should follow learning in her teaching. Which of the following does she do to support her
belief?
Ans. providing learners opportunities to apply theories and principle

IDEALISM
 Ideas is the true source of the reality (ideal is perfection)
 Mind and Spirit, values
 Something in your mind will be happen
 Perfection, focus on ideas , it is very important
 Father of idealism is (plato)
 Socrates is the teacher of plato, plato is the teacher of Aristotle, Aristotle is the teacher of
alexander the great.
 Honestly is the idea.

Sample questions in board exams.

1. Honestly remains a value if nobody in an organization values it. This pronunciation
comes from the mouth of an?
Ans. Idealist
2. The greatest happiness lies in the contemplative use of mind, said plato. Which of the
following activities adhere to this?
a. cooperative learning
b. Introspection
 c. role playing
d. social interaction
3. Which philosophy has the educational objective to indoctrinate Filipinos to accept the
teachings of the catholic church which is foster to the faith of GOD?
Ans. Idealism

PROGRESSIVISM
 Teacher is the only facilitator. Helping students to do things
 Self-Development of the students
 Get the interest of the students to make them learn.
 Same as pragmatism, but progressivism is development of your skills.
 To develop to a higher, better or more advance stage.
 learning by doing
 Student pursuing own interest.
 lifelong process
 learners have multiple intelligence based on “Howard Gardner’s chart”
 Project based learners. Ex: project in schools
 Cooperation of students or cooperative learning so that the students will learn skill. While
the teacher is only facilitator.
 Co-operate student to socialize and learn skills or virtue from each other.

Sample question in board exams.

1. Your teacher is of the opinion that the world and everything in it are ever changing and
so teaches you the skill to cope with change. Which is his governing philosophy?
Ans. Progressivism.
2. Principal A tells his teachers to employ more cooperative learning to help students to
develop social virtues like cooperation. Which philosophy governs principal A thinking.
Ans. Progressivism.
3. You are a math teacher and you see that your students love billiards. As a progressivist,
how can you utilized what you have discovered?
Ans. Use billiards as a math.
 4. What philosophy is related to the practiced of schools acting as laboratory for teaching
reforms and experimentation?
Ans. progressivism
5. A teacher who believes in the progressivist theory of education would embrace certain
reform on methodology. which reform would be consistent with this theory?
a. active participation of teachers
b. formal instructional pattern
c. strict external discipline
d. teacher domination of class activities
6. Teacher myra says : if it is billiard that brings student out of the classroom, let us bring it
to the classroom. Perhaps I can use it to teach math to which philosophy teacher myra
adheres to?
Ans. Progressivism
7. Which educational Philosophy is achieved when the teacher is able to develop
intrinsically motivated learners through experimental learning?
Ans. Progressivism

REALISM
 Something Real
 Something exist in realty , even though the knower cannot see them.
 Father of realism is “Aristotle”
 Aristotle teacher is PLATO, PLATOS teacher is SOCRATES
 ARISTOTLE Famous student is alexander the great.
 Truth exist , independent to human mind.
 Truth =real

Sample questions in board exams.

1. Teachers Y says: Perfection must be real. While we cannot attain it here on earth, we
aspire for it. It must be real”. Teacher Y leans towards which philosophy?
Ans. Realism
2. Which group of philosophers maintain that truth exists in an objective order that is
independent to the knower?
Ans. Realism
EMPIRICISM
 Learn through experience.
 Knowledge is based through experience and experimentation.
 Experimental science is the paradigm of the knowledge.
 Experimental science is the paradigm of the knowledge.
 main source of knowledge is empirism.
 Francis bacon (ENGLISH ESSEAST ) (Father of empiricism
Sample questions in board exam.
1. Which group of philosophers has opposite views from the rationalist?
Ans. Empiricists
2. When a teacher emphasizes that man’s sense should be trusted because they are the only
way to acquire knowledge, the teacher can be regarded as.
Ans. Empiricist.

RATIONALISM
 You already have knowledge if you have reason or logic, no need experience.
 Rational ( Having Reason or Understanding)
 Rene Descartes (Father of rationalism)
 Experience is second class knowledge
 Mathematics is the paradigm of knowledge.

.
COGNITIVISM
 Learner focuses on How information is receive, stored , organized and retrieved by mind.
 Using the mind as an information processor.
 Instruction should be organized, sequenced, and presentable in a manner that is
understandable and meaningful to the learners.
 Filling the empty minds of the learner.
 cognitive theory by jean piaget.
Sample questions in board exam.
1. how do cognitive psychologist see the learner?
Ans. With empty minds
2. The teacher”s role in classroom according to cognitive theory is to:
Ans. fill the minds of the learners with information.
BEHAVIORISM
 Learners responds to environmental stimuli
 Affects learner of the conducive atmosphere of learning.
 Focuses on the study of observable and measurable behaviour
 Individuals learn to behave through conditioning
 Father of behaviourism ( John Watson)
 two types of conditioning
Classical conditioning :by evan Pavlov
phoebia and trauma
example dogs
 Operant conditioning: by B:F skinner
rewards and punishments
Feedback
Computer aided instruction
Sample question in board exam.
1. Teacher F is convinced that whenever a student performs desired behaviour, provided
reinforcement and soon the student will learn to perform the behaviour on his own. On
which principle teacher F’s conviction based?
Ans. Behaviourism
2. Which response comes from behaviorist?
a. Lets give incentives and rewards to student who get rating og 85%
b.lets teach them to accept complete responsibility for their performance.
c. let’s make the school environment and agent for change.
d.let;s make use of the experimental methods of teaching.
3. Teacher cora observes cleanliness and order in her classroom to create conducive
atmosphere for learning. On which theory is her practiced based?
Ans. behaviourist

CONSTRUCTIVISM
  Creating our own knowledge based on our own experience.(skima)
 Children construct their knowledge
 Don’t give him knowledge. instead give him an activity or experience to reflect and
construct their knowledge
 Personally constructing meaning
 Construct and reconstruct meaning based on experience.

Example question in board exam.

1. To ask class any insight derived from the poem is based on the theory of?
Ans. constructivism
2. After Listening to the priest about morality john has a moment of reflection. His
understanding of the morality has become deeper as he relates it to his past.
Ans. constructivism

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM
 School should be change and educate students about their place in the world and how to
change their world.
 Change in Society
 Use your school or classroom to help your student
 ROTC,NSTP,CAT
 Agent of change.
 Paolo Freire

Example question in board exam.

1. You regard the classroom as a small democracy where you help your children live the
democratic way of life. To which educational philosophy do you adhere?
Ans. Re-constructionism
2. Activities plan by school clubs/ organizations show school-community connection geared
towards society needs. What philosophy is related to this?
Ans. Social Re-constructionism
3. Scouting and Citizen’s Army Training (CAT) gave training in character-building,
citizenship training etc. which leads to the creation of the new social order and a new
eventually. What’s philosophy supports this?
Ans.Social Re-constructionism
NATURALISM
 Education aims at the inner faculties, capabilities and powers of the child.
 Aim of education is not preparation for life, but participation in it.
 Teach students according to their mind.
 kinder to college
 sequence of learning , from easy to difficult
 Natural way of teaching , sequencing knowledge.
 Jean jacques rousseau
 holistic education “(physical ,moral and intellectual)
Example question in board exam.
1. On which theory is logical sequencing og curriculum based?
Ans. Naturalism

NATIONALISM
 Love of the country

Example question in board exam.

1. which philosophy of education influence the singing of the national anthem?
Ans. Nationalism

HEDONISM
 Pleasure
 Arristipus of cyrene
 Pleasure is the only source of happiness
 Selfish

Example questions in board exam.

 1. Teacher u teaches to his pupils that pleasure is not the highest good. Teacher teaching is
against what philosophy?
Ans. HEDONISM

EPICURIANISM
 life is good, make sure to enjoy it.
 you only live once, enjoyment of life.
 source of knowledge is enjoyment

UTILITARIANISM
 The greater good.
 More people happy. More useful.
 Jeremy bentham/john stuart mill

Example questions in board exam.

1. as a young woman, you have 3 suitors. Suitor A is like by your friends. Suitor B is like by
your parents while suitor c is like by everyone; you, your parents and your friends, if u
are a utilitarian, who will be your choice?
Ans. Suitor C

STOICTISM
 Father of stoictism is zeno of sitium.
 Change only the things that u can change and you can control.
 Don’t change the thing you cant change.
 Accept the things that you cant change anymore.
 If u can control it , change it!
Example questions in board exam.
1. as a stoic, what will you do if your students do not like you?
Ans. Do not mind the feelings, just continue teaching them the best way you can.
NATIONALISM
 Love of the country

GESTALT THEORY
 German word for “form”
 max Wertheimer
 a level higher than behaviourism
 the whole is different than the sum of the parts

Example question in board exam.

1. To arouse in them the spirit of nationalism, Teacher renia plays Philippine folk music as
pupils enter the classroom after the flag ceremony. To what theory teacher renia adhere?
Ans. Gestalt psychology.

1. to arouse in them the spirit of nationalism, Teacher renia plays Philippine folk music as pupils
enter the classroom after the flag ceremony. To what theory teacher renia adhere?
Ans. Gestalt psychology.
IDEALISM VS PRAGMATISM

BOY 1: DUUUDE I HAVE SO MANY IDEAS THAT WOULD REVOLUTIONIZE LIFE ON

EARTH AND BRING AWESOMENESS TO MANKIND.

BOY 2: HOW ABOUT YOU JUST TAKEOUT THE GARBAGE AND DO THE DISHES FOR
ONCE?

Boy 1 : focuses only by his ideas. ( idealist)

Boy 2: focuses on what is important or practical right now. (pragmatisim)