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Chapter 1 RF

The document discusses microwave communication systems. It defines microwaves and their frequency range. It also: - Provides a brief history of microwave engineering milestones. - Explains that the IEEE is a professional organization that sets standards for radio frequency bands including microwave bands. - Discusses common applications of microwaves like communication, radar, and satellite uses.

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Anil Shrestha
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126 views

Chapter 1 RF

The document discusses microwave communication systems. It defines microwaves and their frequency range. It also: - Provides a brief history of microwave engineering milestones. - Explains that the IEEE is a professional organization that sets standards for radio frequency bands including microwave bands. - Discusses common applications of microwaves like communication, radar, and satellite uses.

Uploaded by

Anil Shrestha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:

1. Define microwave. Broadly classify the RF spectrum.

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from


about one meter to one milli-meter with frequencies between 300 MHz to 300GHz.
Microwaves are used in radar, in communications, and for heating in microwave
ovens and in various industrial processes.
Classifying the RF spectrum
Radio signal are transmitted through electromagnetic waves, also called radio waves,
in radio communication system. The radio waves have a wide frequency range
starting from a few ten kilohertz to several megahertz. This wide range frequency is
called the RF spectrum.
The classification of the RF spectrum is given in below table along with the
associated applications in communication systems.

Classification of the radio frequency spectrum

Radio Wavelength class Application


frequency range(meter)
10-30 KHz 3x10^4 to Very low Point-to-point
10^4 frequency (VLF) communication (long
distance)
30-300KHz 10^4 to 10^3 Low frequency Point-to-point
(LF) communication (long
distance) and Navigator
300 to 10^3 to 10^2 Medium Radio broadcasting
3000KHz frequency (MF)
3 to 30 MHz 10^2 to 10 High frequency Overseas radio broadcasting
(HF) and point to point radio
telegraphy and telephony
30 to 300MHz 10 to 0.1 Very high FM broadcasting, television
frequency (VHF) and radar
300 to 0.1 to 0.01 Ultra-high Television and Navigator
3000MHz frequency (UHF)

2. Give the historical milestones of microwave engineering.

• Modern electromagnetic theory was formulated in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell


solely from mathematical considerations.
• Maxwell’s formulation was cast in its modern form by Oliver Heaviside, during
the period 1885 to 1887.
• Heinrich Hertz, a German professor of physics understood the theory published by
Maxwell, carried out a set of experiments during 1887-1891 that completely
validated Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves.
• It was only in the 1940’s (World War II) that microwave theory received
substantial interest that led to radar development.
• Communication systems using microwave technology began to develop soon after
the birth of radar.
• The advantages offered by microwave systems, wide bandwidths and line of sight
propagation, provides an impetus for the continuing development of low cost
miniaturized microwave components

3. What is IEEE? What is its role? Explain in short.

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) describes itself as the
world's largest technical professional society promoting the development and
application of electro-technology and allied sciences for the benefit of humanity.
The role of IEEE is:
 Curriculum Development
 Journal and Magazine Publishing
 Professional Conferences
 Digital Library
 Achievement Awards

4. Explain the microwave band defined by IEEE.

The microwave spectrum is usually defined as a range of frequencies ranging from 1


GHz to over 100 GHz. This range has been divided into a number of frequency bands,
each represented by a letter. There are a number of organizations that assign these
letter bands. The most common being the IEEE Radar Bands followed by NATO
Radio Bands and ITU Bands. Below you can see tables with details on each letter
band. Click on the letter band to learn more about it and find products on everything
RF that can be used for in this band.

IEEE microwave frequency band

Designation Frequency range in gigahertz


HF 0.003 – 0.030
VHF 0.030 – 0.300
UHF 0.300 – 1.000
L band 1.000 – 2.000
S band 2.000 – 4.000
C band 4.000 – 8.000
X band 8.000 – 12.000
Ku band 12.000 – 18.000
K band 18.000 – 27.000
Ka band 27.000 – 40.000
Millimetre 40.000 – 300.00
Sub-millimeter >300.00

High frequency is the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves between 3 and
30 megahertz.
The electromagnetic spectrum including any radiation with a wavelength between 1
and 10 metres and a frequency between 300 and 30 megahertz. VHF signals are
widely employed for television and radio transmissions.

The electromagnetic spectrum, encompassing radiations having a wavelength between


0.1 and 1 m and a frequency between 3,000 and 300 megahertz. UHF signals are used
extensively in television broadcasting.

L band refers to the operating frequency range of 1–2 GHz in the radio spectrum. The
wavelength range of L band is 30–15 cm. The L band is one of the chief operating
ranges used by various applications such as radars, global positioning systems (GPS),
radio, telecommunication and aircraft surveillance. The L band has a low bandwidth
due to its low frequency, and is the easiest to implement for many applications due to
this low frequency. The equipment needed is less sophisticated less expensive.

The S band is part of the electromagnetic spectrum's microwave band, which is


defined by the standards set by the IEEE for radio waves. The frequency range for the
S band is 2 to 4 GHz. The S band is mainly used for radar systems such as surface
ship radar, weather radar and various communication satellites.

The C-Band as defined by IEEE is a frequency range from 4 to 8 GHz. It  is mostly


used for satellite communications.

The X-Band as defined by IEEE is a frequency range from 8 to 12 GHz. The X-Band


is most often used for radar applications as it has a short wavelength which allows for
higher resolution imaging for target identification and discrimination.

The Ku-Band as defined by IEEE is a frequency range from 12 to 18 GHz. The Ku-


band is mostly used for satellite communication and broadcasting.

The K band is used for satellite communications. The frequency range define by IEEE
is from 18 to 27 GHz.

The Ka-band is mainly used for communications with satellites. The frequency range
defined by IEEE is from 27 to 40 GHz.

5. What are the major application areas of microwaves?

Microwaves are suitable for wireless signals having higher bandwidth. Microwaves
are generally used in telephone for long-distance communication, radio for
broadcasting and telecommunication of transmission, radar systems, etc. Because low
power required, high bandwidth is available, smaller antenna size, etc.

The major application areas of microwaves are:


 Communication
 Remote sensing
 Biomedical
 Navigation
 Power
6. What are active and passive microwave components? Give examples.

Passive Microwave Components


Most passive components are reciprocal Sij = Sji, ferrite isolators and circulators are
an exception of passive microwave components. For lossless two-port devices
reflections at both ports are identical S11 = S22 and energy conservation |S11|^2 + |
S21|^2 = 1.
 Termination
 Attenuator
 Filter
 Coupler
 Ferrite Devices

Active Microwave Components

 Detector
 Multiplier
 Mixer
 Amplifier
 Oscillator

7. What are the benefits of using higher frequency in communication? Explain.

HF stands for high frequency. The size of the antenna element is based on a fraction
of the wavelength. Higher frequency antennas receive smaller wavelengths, and they
are therefore smaller. Receiving antennas will be smaller than the transmitting
antennas, but the receiving HF antennas would still be smaller than receiving
microwave antennas. Smaller antennas require less material, are easier to mount, and
are more discrete.

Higher frequencies provide more bandwidth you could send far more data in less time
with a HF antenna than a lower frequency antenna. As you increase the frequency,
you increase the transmission quality.

8. Differentiate between acoustic wave and microwave frequency bands.

Differentiate between acoustic wave and microwave frequency bands:

Microwave frequency Acoustic wave


Its frequency is from 300MHz to Its frequency range from 20Hz to 20KHz
300GHz
Its wavelength from 1m to 1mm Its wavelength from 17m to 17mm
They don’t exhibit diffraction They exhibit diffraction
They are used in satellite communication They can be directly used in
communication system
Since they have high power, they Since they have low power, they con not
propagate long way propagate long way
9. Draw the basic microwave communication system and explain each block.

Block diagram of basic microwave communication system:

 The receive signal is picked up by the antenna and fed to   the   receive   side
of   the   transceiver   through   the antenna   coupler
 The   receiver   output   is   connected to an SB-973/SRR receiver transfer
switch board
  It is then connected to either the non-secure or secure voice system,
depending   upon   the   received   transmission mode
 When a non-secure signal is received, the output of the receive transfer
switchboard is fed to either the radio set control or to the AM-3729 speaker
amplifier, or both, depending on user preference.
 If a secure voice transmission is received, the output of the switchboard is
connected to the secure voice equipment and decrypted
 This output is fed to the   secure   voice   matrix
 The secure voice matrix output is fed to the RPU, where the signal is
converted back to its original form.

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