Graduate Texts in Physics

Series Editors
Sadri Hassani
Illinois, USA
W.J. Munro
Kanagawa, Japan
Richard Needs
Cambridge, UK
William T. Rhodes
Florida, USA
Martin Stutzmann
Garching, Germany
Andreas Wipf
Jena, Germany
Graduate Texts in Physics
Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate
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Bogdan Povh • Klaus Rith • Christoph Scholz •
Frank Zetsche • Werner Rodejohann

Particles and Nuclei

An Introduction to the Physical Concepts

Seventh Edition

123
Bogdan Povh Klaus Rith
Max-Planck-Institut fRur Kernphysik Department Physik
Heidelberg, Germany UniversitRat Erlangen-NRurnberg
Erlangen, Germany

Christoph Scholz Frank Zetsche

SAP AG DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH
Walldorf, Germany Langen, Germany

Werner Rodejohann
Max-Planck-Institut fRur Kernphysik
Heidelberg, Germany

The first edition was translated by Dr. Martin Lavelle

Title of the original German Edition:

B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche: Teilchen und Kerne
Eine Einführung in die physikalischen Konzepte. (9. Auflage)
(c) Springer 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2009 und 2014

ISSN 1868-4513 ISSN 1868-4521 (electronic)

Graduate Texts in Physics
ISBN 978-3-662-46320-8 ISBN 978-3-662-46321-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-46321-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942913

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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com)
Preface

Since the first German edition of this textbook in 1993, many extensions and
corrections of the text have been added in every further edition. For the present
seventh English edition, the text of several chapters and also many figures have
been thoroughly revised and updated, and plenty of additional information has been
added.
Werner Rodejohann joined the team of authors. He mainly cared about the
chapters that deal with neutrinos and the Higgs particle. A new Chap. 11 has been
added with the focus on neutrino properties, neutrino oscillations and Majorana
neutrinos; additional aspects of the latter topic are summarised in Chap. 18.
Chapter 12 has been extended by a discussion on spontaneous symmetry breaking,
the Higgs potential and the experimental observation of the Higgs particle at the
LHC.
Updates on experimental results include new information about the elastic form
factors of proton and neutron, in particular from JLab experiments (Chap. 6) and the
p
final results for the proton structure function F2 and charged-current cross-sections
obtained by the experiments H1 and ZEUS at the HERA electron/positron-proton
collider HERA (Chaps. 8, 10, 12). Chapter 15 has been substantially extended by a
discussion of CP violation in the decay of neutral K- and B-mesons and its detailed
investigation by fixed-target experiments with high-energy kaon beams at CERN
and FNAL and the two B-factory experiments BaBar and BELLE. A section on
the investigation of the nucleon’s spin structure in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon
scattering with polarised beams and targets has been added to Chap. 16.

v
vi Preface

We would like to thank Lara de Nardo, Markus Diefenthaler and Friedrich

Stinzing for producing some of the new figures and Armine Rostomyan and Morgan
Murray for carefully reading and correcting the translations of several newly written
paragraphs.

Heidelberg, Germany The authors

March 2015
Preface to the First Edition

The aim of PARTICLES AND NUCLEI is to give a unified description of nuclear and
particle physics because the experiments which have uncovered the substructure
of atomic nuclei and nucleons are conceptually similar. With the progress of
experimental and theoretical methods, atoms, nuclei, nucleons and finally quarks
have been analysed during the course of this century. The intuitive assumption that
our world is composed of a few constituents – an idea which seems attractive, but
could not be taken for granted – appears to be confirmed. Moreover, the interactions
between these constituents of matter can be formulated elegantly and are well
understood conceptually, within the so-called standard model.
Once we have arrived at this underlying theory, we are immediately faced with
the question of how the complex structures around us are produced by it. On the way
from elementary particles to nucleons and nuclei, we learn that the “fundamental”
laws of the interaction between elementary particles are less and less recognisable
in composite systems because many-body interactions cause greater and greater
complexity for larger systems.
This book is therefore divided into two parts. In the first part we deal with the
reduction of matter in all its complication to a few elementary constituents and
interactions, while the second part is devoted to the composition of hadrons and
nuclei from their constituents.
We put special emphasis on the description of the experimental concepts, but
we mostly refrain from explaining technical details. The appendix contains a
short description of the principles of accelerators and detectors. The exercises
predominantly aim at giving the students a feeling for the sizes of the phenomena
of nuclear and particle physics.
Wherever possible, we refer to the similarities between atoms, nuclei and
hadrons, because applying analogies has not only turned out to be a very effective
research tool but is also very helpful for understanding the character of the
underlying physics.
We have aimed at a concise description but have taken care that all the
fundamental concepts are clearly described. Regarding our selection of topics, we
were guided by pedagogical considerations. This is why we describe experiments

vii
viii Preface to the First Edition

which – from today’s point of view – can be interpreted in a straightforward way.

Many historically significant experiments, whose results can nowadays be much
more simply obtained, were deliberately omitted.
PARTICLES AND NUCLEI (TEILCHEN UND KERNE) is based on lectures on
nuclear and particle physics given at the University of Heidelberg to students in
their 6th semester and conveys the fundamental knowledge in this area, which is
required of a student majoring in physics. On traditional grounds these lectures, and
therefore this book, strongly emphasise the physical concepts.
We are particularly grateful to J. Hüfner (Heidelberg) and M. Rosina (Ljubljana)
for their valuable contributions to the nuclear physics part of the book. We
would like to thank D. Dubbers (Heidelberg), A. Fäßler (Tübingen), G. Garvey
(Los Alamos), H. Koch (Bochum), K. Königsmann (Freiburg), U. Lynen (GSI
Darmstadt), G. Mairle (Mannheim), O. Nachtmann (Heidelberg), H. J. Pirner
(Heidelberg), B. Stech (Heidelberg) and Th. Walcher (Mainz) for their critical
reading and helpful comments on some sections. Many students who attended our
lecture in the 1991 and 1992 summer semesters helped us through their criticism
to correct mistakes and improve unclear passages. We owe special thanks to
M. Beck, Ch. Büscher, S. Fabian, Th. Haller, A. Laser, A. Mücklich, W. Wander
and E. Wittmann.
M. Lavelle (Barcelona) has translated the major part of the book and put it in
the present linguistic form. We much appreciated his close collaboration with us.
The English translation of this book was started by H. Hahn and M. Moinester (Tel
Aviv) whom we greatly thank.
Numerous figures from the German text have been adapted for the English
edition by J. Bockholt, V. Träumer and G. Vogt of the Max-Planck-Institut für
Kernphysik in Heidelberg.
We would like to extend our thanks to Springer-Verlag, in particular
W. Beiglböck for his support and advice during the preparation of the German
and, later on, the English editions of this book.

Heidelberg, Germany Bogdan Povh

May 1995 Klaus Rith
Christoph Scholz
Frank Zetsche
Contents

1 Hors d’œuvre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Fundamental Constituents of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Fundamental Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Symmetries and Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Reference .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Part I Analysis: The Building Blocks of Matter

2 Global Properties of Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 The Atom and Its Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Nuclides.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Parametrisation of Binding Energies . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Charge Independence of the Nuclear Force and Isospin . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Nuclear Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 Beta Decay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Alpha Decay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Nuclear Fission .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4 Decay of Excited Nuclear States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1 General Observations About Scattering Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Cross-Sections .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3 The “Golden Rule” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4 Feynman Diagrams .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
ix
x Contents

5 Geometric Shapes of Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.1 Kinematics of Electron Scattering .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 The Rutherford Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3 The Mott Cross-Section .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4 Nuclear Form Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.5 Inelastic Nuclear Excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6 Elastic Scattering Off Nucleons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.1 Form Factors of the Nucleons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.2 Quasi-elastic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3 Charge Radii of Pions and Kaons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7 Deep-Inelastic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1 Excited States of the Nucleons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.2 Structure Functions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.3 The Parton Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.4 The Quark Structure of Nucleons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.5 Interpretation of Structure Functions in the Parton Model . . . . . . . . . 96
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8 Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.1 Quarks in Hadrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.2 The Quark-Gluon Interaction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.3 Scaling Violations of the Structure Functions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.4 Flavour-separated Parton Distributions.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
8.5 Nuclear Effects in Deep-Inelastic Scattering.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9 Particle Production in eC e Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.1 Lepton Pair Production.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2 Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.3 Non-resonant Hadron Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.4 Gluon Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10 Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.1 Properties of Leptons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.2 The Types of Weak Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
10.3 Coupling Strength of the Weak Interaction . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
10.4 The Quark Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Contents xi

10.5 Parity Violation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

10.6 Deep-Inelastic Scattering with Charged Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
11 Neutrino Oscillations and Neutrino Mass . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
11.1 Lepton Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
11.2 Neutrino Oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
11.3 Neutrino Oscillation Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
11.4 Majorana Neutrinos? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
12 Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction and the Higgs Boson .. . . . . 185
12.1 Real W and Z Bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
12.2 Electroweak Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.3 Width of the Z0 and the Number of Neutrinos ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
12.4 Symmetry Breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12.5 The Higgs Boson .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.6 Grand Unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
13 The Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Reference .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Part II Synthesis: Composite Systems

14 Quarkonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
14.1 The Hydrogen Atom and Positronium Analogues .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
14.2 Charmonium .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
14.3 Quark-Antiquark Potential .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
14.4 The Chromomagnetic Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
14.5 Bottonium and Toponium .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
14.6 The Decay Channels of Heavy Quarkonia . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
14.7 Decay Widths as a Test of QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
15 Mesons .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
15.1 Meson Multiplets .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
15.2 Meson Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
15.3 Decay Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
15.4 Neutral-Kaon Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
15.5 CP Violation and the CKM Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
xii Contents

16 Baryons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
16.1 The Production and Detection of Baryons . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
16.2 Baryon Multiplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
16.3 Baryon Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
16.4 Magnetic Moments .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.5 Spin Structure of the Nucleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
16.6 Semileptonic Baryon Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
16.7 How Good Is the Constituent-Quark Concept? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17 The Nuclear Force .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
17.1 Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
17.2 The Deuteron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
17.3 Nature of the Nuclear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
18 The Structure of Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
18.1 The Fermi Gas Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
18.2 Hypernuclei .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
18.3 The Shell Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
18.4 Deformed Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
18.5 Spectroscopy Through Nuclear Reactions . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
18.6 Beta Decay of the Nucleus .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
18.7 Double Beta Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
19 Collective Nuclear Excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.1 Electromagnetic Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
19.2 Dipole Oscillations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
19.3 Shape Oscillations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
19.4 Rotational States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
20 Nuclear Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
20.1 Thermodynamical Description of Nuclei . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
20.2 Compound Nuclei and Quantum Chaos . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
20.3 The Phases of Nuclear Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
20.4 Particle Physics and Thermodynamics in the Early Universe .. . . . . 384
20.5 Stellar Evolution and Element Synthesis . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Contents xiii

21 Many-Body Systems in the Strong Interaction .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Reference .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Appendix A .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
A.1 Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
A.2 Detectors .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
A.3 Combining Angular Momenta .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
A.4 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Solutions to Problems .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Index . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453