TOPIC 2: TOPIC 3: OPEN TOPIC 4:

TOPIC 1:
PIPE FLOW CHANNEL HYDRAULIC
PIPE FLOW FLOW MACHINERY
ANALYSIS

LAMINAR FLOW IN WEEK 7 & 8:

PUMP
FLOW PIPELINES UNIFORM FLOW

NON-UNIFORM
TURBULENT
FLOW IN PIPE FLOW (RAPIDLY TURBINES
FLOW VARIED FLOW)
NETWORKS

WATER NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
POINT LOSSES RETICULATION (GRADUALLY
DESIGN VARIED FLOW)
 TOPIC 3:
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
INTRODUCTION

Uniform

https://www.slideshare.net/ErniIshan/chap1-open-channel-flow

Non-Uniform
 SUB-TOPIC 3.1:
UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN
CHANNELS
https://www.howtocivil.com/differences-pipe-flow-open-channel-flow/
http://www.lgam.info/minor-culvert

CULVERT

*Flow depths and flow velocities are constant in the channel.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 To contrast open channel flow with pipe
flow.
 To contrast spatial and temporal variation of
flow variables.
 To apply Chezy & Manning equations.
 To determine normal depth of a channel.
 To determine the optimum cross-section for
uniform flow.
 To determine flow in compound channels.
PIPE FLOW VS. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Pipe flow Open channel flow

(OCF)
No free surface (flowing full) Free surface through out the
length of flow in the channel
Flow cross-sectional area Flow cross-sectional area may
equals to cross-sectional area vary
Pressure in the pipe is not Pressure at the free surface
constant. remains constant, equal to
atmospheric pressure.
Pressure driven Gravity driven
TYPES OF FLOWING WATER IN
OPEN CHANNEL

Spatial variation Temporal variation

d/dx d/dt
Uniform Steady

Non-uniform Unsteady

* Spatial variation * Temporal variation

(Changes due to space) (Changes due to time)
 STEADY & UNIFORM FLOW
o POSSIBLE ONLY on a long channel, with uniform cross
section and slope, where
o The flow depth is known as normal depth yn @ D
o Bed slope, S0 = friction slope, Sf

Q1 = Q2 (Steady Flow) *Friction Slope,

Sf = HL/L
Where HL= Total Head Loss

HGL = Z + D
*Bed Slope,
S0 = Δz/L
@ D1
Bed slope is easier to define
D2 @

2 2
v v
Total energy per unit weight between 1 and 2, z1 + D1 + 1 = z2 + D2 + 2
No pressure head term due to flow expose to the atmosphere! 2g 2g
 GOVERNING EQUATIONS

1) Chezy equation, (1769)

Chezy formula: v = C ms OR v = C RS
where C = 2g / f Chezy Coeff. [m1/2s-1]
m @ R is hydraulic mean depth, A/P [m]
S is bed slope [dimensionless]
Q= Av
2) Manning’s equation, (1895) [widely used]

Manning formula:

m @ R = hydraulic mean depth, A/P [m]

Q= Av S = bed slope [dimensionless]
 EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF CHEZY
COEFFICIENT
Ganguillet and Kutter Bazin
0.00155 1 86.9
23 + + C=
s n k
C= 1+
 0.00155  n m
1 +  23 + .
 s  m
 k = surface roughness (see table)
s = bed slope
n = roughness coeff.  m = R = hydraulic mean depth
m = R = hydraulic mean
depth

Both equations in SI unit,

but are NOT popular
MANNING’S COEFFICIENT
n values

Manning’s roughness coefficient can be noted as N @ n @ ᶯ

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNELS

 Actual distribution of velocities:

➢ Vmean ~80-85% of surface velocity, occurs over 60% of
flow depth d;
➢ Vmax typically located 0.5-0.25d below surface.
Average velocity
calculated from
Chezy or Manning’s eqn

d
Q = Av

* Equations for OCF assumed

uniform flow across the channel
 TYPICAL GEOMETRY
FOR UNIFORM FLOW
Top Width, B
B = 2nD
A = BD
D
P = B + 2D D
1
A BD n
Bottom width, b m= =
P B + 2D
Rectangular Triangular
B = b + 2nD B 2nD
A= D= D = nD 2
2 2
D 1 P = 2D n 2 + 1
n
b

Trapezoidal
A1
b+B b + b + 2nD d
A= D= D D
2 2 A2
A = (b + nD )D = bD + nD 2

P = b + 2D n 2 + 1 A = A1+A2 P
Circular
Example 1: Calculate the flow rate, Q, in the channel shown in the figure
below, if the Manning’s roughness coefficient N is 0.025 and the slope of
the channel S is 1: 1600.
B = b + 2nD Step 2: Identify the given roughness coeff.
Step 3: Given C (calculate v using Chezy) @ given N (calculate v using Manning)

D = 1.25 m 1 a) Using Chezy’s Equation v = C mi

n = 2 GIVEN
b = 4.5 m
From Ganguillet and Kutter
0.00155 1
23 + +
Step 1: Identify the geometry of channel, calculate A & P C= 1/ 1600 0.025 = 38.8 m1/ 2s −1
 0.0015  0.025
B = 4.5 + 2  2  1.25 = 9.5 m 
1 + 23 + .
 1  0.867
b+B 4 .5 + 9 .5  1600 
A= D= 1.25 = 8.75 m2
2 2 v = 38.9  0.867  1 = 0.906 m s -1
1600
P = 4.5 + 2  1.25  22 + 1 = 10.09 m Step 4: Calculate Q = Av
A 8.75 Q = Av = 8.75  0.9055 Q = 7.92 m3/s
m= = = 0.867 m
P 10.09
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
b) Using Manning’s equation v = m i
N
1/ 2
1  1 
v= 0.867 2 / 3   = 0.9092 ms -1
0.025  1600 
Step 4: Calculate Q = Av
Q = Av = 8.75  0.9092 Q = 7.96 m3/s
Example 2: Using the Manning’s equation, determine the normal depth, yn in the
trapezoidal channel below if Q = 12.5 m3/s. Given: N = 0.025, S = 1/1600

Step 1: Identify the geometry of channel, define A & P

yn? 1 A = 4.5y + 2y 2
n=2 P = 4 .5 + 2 y 5
b = 4.5 m Step 2: Identify the given roughness coeff.
Given C (use Chezy) @ given N (use Manning)

1 A 5 / 3S 1/ 2
Method 1 Q = AR S
2 / 3 1/ 2
=
n nP 2 / 3
Step 4: Solve yn by trial & error method;

Right S 1 / 2 ( 4 .5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
yn HandSide
from Q=
1.5 11.278 n ( 4 .5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3
2.0 19.879 Step 3: known parameter (left) = unknown parameter (right)

1.6 12.784 nQ ( 4 .5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
1.55 12.018 =
S 1/ 2
( 4 .5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3
1.59 12.629
1.58 12.474 (4.5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
1.57 12.321 12.5 =
 yn  1.58 m (4.5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3
Example 2: Using the Manning’s equation, determine the normal depth, yn in the
trapezoidal channel below if Q = 12.5 m3/s. Given: N = 0.025, S = 1/1600

Step 1: Identify the geometry of channel, define A & P

yn? 1 A = 4.5y + 2y 2
n=2 P = 4 .5 + 2 y 5
b = 4.5 m Step 2: Identify the given roughness coeff.
Given C (use Chezy) @ given N (use Manning)

1 A 5 / 3S 1/ 2
Method 2 Q = AR S
2 / 3 1/ 2
=
n nP 2 / 3
Step 4: Solve yn by direct method (CALCULATOR);

S 1 / 2 ( 4 .5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
from Q=
n ( 4 .5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3
 yn  1.58 m
Step 3: known parameter (left) = unknown parameter (right)

nQ ( 4 .5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
=
S 1/ 2
( 4 .5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3

(4.5 y + 2 y 2 ) 5 / 3
12.5 =
(4.5 + 2 y 5 ) 2 / 3
EXERCISE
Typical Circular Channel

Answer: Q = 5.19 L/s

EXERCISE

Answer: Q = 42 m3/s

Answer: b = 21.5 m

Typical Rectangular Channel

EXERCISE
Typical Triangular Channel

Answer: Q = 4.42 m3/s

 End of Part 1 (Week 7)
SUB-TOPIC 3.1:
UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

LEARNING OUTCOMES (PART 2)

 To contrast open channel flow with pipe flow.√

 To contrast spatial and temporal variation of flow
variables. √
 To apply Chezy & Manning equations. √
 To determine normal depth of a channel. √
 To determine the optimum cross-section for
uniform flow.
 To determine flow in compound channels.
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
(NORMAL FLOW CONDITION)

VS

OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION

(MAXIMUM FLOW CONDITION)
 OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION

A → P → R → v → Q: affects discharge and lining cost.

Optimum hydraulic section: Pmin.

Practical consideration:
Stable side slope, (1/n)
 OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION
Optimum cross section – producing Qmax for a given
flow area, bed slope and channel roughness, which
would be that with Pmin and Amax therefore tend to
be the cheapest construction cost.
Qmax Amax, Pmin, Minimum Cost
MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION / BEST HYDRAULIC CROSS SECTION

*For all best hydraulic cross-sections, the hydraulic radius should always be R = d/2 regardless of their shapes.

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4768669/
OPTIMUM RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

Derivation:
 OPTIMUM TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION
FROM TYPICAL GEOMETRY DIMENSION

A = (B + nD)D
A
B= − nD
D
A
P = B + 2D n 2 + 12 P= − nD + 2 D n 2 + 1
D
dP A
Pmin = − 2 − n + 2 n2 + 1 = 0
dD D
(
A = D2 2 n2 + 1 − n )
(
BD + nD 2 = D 2 2 n 2 + 1 − n)

Bottom width, B = 2 D (n 2
+1 − n ) for rectangular channels, n = 0 B = 2D
FOR OPTIMUM DIMENSION

A = BD + nD 2 = 2 D 2 ( n + 1 − n)+ nD
2 2

)
Note: Use Chezy eq.
(
= D2 2 n2 + 1 − n D=
A1/ 2
 2 n2 + 1 − n 
1/ 2 Q = AC (RS )1/ 2
 
from   Q = AC ( A / P )1/ 2 S 1/ 2
Assume A = constant,
P = 2 A1/ 2 2 n 2 + 1 − n Hence Qmax if Pmin.
(
P 2 = 4A 2 n2 + 1 − n )
 OPTIMUM TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION

dP 2  2n 
For Pmin = 4A − 1 = 0
dn  
 n +1 
2

2n = n 2 + 1 4n 2 = n 2 + 1 3n 2 = 1
1
n=
3
1
i.e. tan θ = = 3 θ = 60 
n

It can be shown that: FOR OPTIMUM DIMENSION

BD + nD 2 B + nD
R= =
B + 2D n 2 + 1 B
+ 2 n2 + 1
D
2D n 2 + 1 − nD D
R= =
2 n 2 + 1 − 2n + 2 n 2 + 1 2
 OPTIMUM CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
Area of flow, A = Sector OSTU − Triangle OSU
1 2  1 
= r  2 − r 2 sin  cos  = r 2   − sin 2 
2  2 
Wetted perimeter, P = 2r

d (A P ) 1  dA dP 
(A P )min d
= 2 P
P  d
−A =0
d 
dA dP
P =A
d d

 
2r  r 2 (1 − cos 2) = r 2   − sin 2   2r
1
 2 
(1 − cos 2) =  − sin 2
1
2
2 = tan 2 Note: Use Chezy eq.
2 = 257.5 v = C(RS )1/ 2
Depth of flow, Z = r (1 − cos ) , when Z < r v = C( A / P )1/ 2 S 1/ 2
Hence vmax if (A/P)min.
= r (1 + 0.62) = 1.62r
= 0.81 pipe diameter
 OPTIMUM CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
(
d A3 P )1 
= 2  3PA2
dA
− A3
dP 
=0
(A3/P)min d P  d d 
dA dP
3P =A
d d
 
3  2r  r 2 (1 − cos 2) = r 2   − sin 2   2r = 0
1
 2 
4 − 6 cos 2 + sin 2 = 0
2 = 308 
 = 154 = 2.64 rad
Note: Use Chezy eq.
Depth of flow, Z = r (1 − cos )
Q = AC(RS )1/ 2
= r (1 + 0.90 ) = 1.90r
Q = C( A3 / P )1/ 2 S 1/ 2
= 0.95  pipe diameter
Hence Qmax if (A3/P)max.

1/ 2
Discharge running full  R2 
1/ 2
 0 .5 
=  = 
maximum discharge  R1   0.574 
Discharge running full = 0.933  Maximum discharge
SUMMARY:
OPTIMUM TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION
Pmin Bottom width;
(
b = 2D n 2 + 1 − n )
Side slope;
1
n= θ = 60 
3

D
R=
2
OPTIMUM RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
Pmin Bottom width; b = 2D
Side slope; n=0
D
R=
2
 SUMMARY:
OPTIMUM CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION

Area of flow, A = Sector OSTU − Triangle OSU

1 2  1 
= r  2 − r 2 sin  cos  = r 2   − sin 2 
2  2 
Wetted perimeter, P = 2r

(A P )min 2 = tan 2 (A3/P)min 2 = 308

2 = 257.5  = 154
 = 128.75 Depth of flow, Z = r (1 − cos )
= r (1 + 0.90 ) = 1.90r
Depth of flow, Z = r (1 − cos ) = 0.95  pipe diameter
= r (1 + 0.62) = 1.62r
= 0.81 pipe diameter
Note: Use Chezy eq. Depth of flow, Z >r;

Depth of flow, Z <r; v = C(RS )1/ 2 Note: Use Chezy eq.

v = C( A / P ) S
1/ 2 1/ 2

Q = AC(RS )1/ 2
Hence vmax if (A/P)min.
Q = C( A3 / P )1/ 2 S 1/ 2
Hence Qmax if (A3/P)max.
EXAMPLE
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION
Example
Design an optimum trapezoidal channel for a flow rate Q = 15.0 m3/s.
Given n = 0.025, S = 1/1600. (To determine B, D, Top Width)

Step 1: Identify the typical geometry of channel, define A & P

P = B + 2D k 2 + 1
Side slope for
A = BD + kD 2
trapezoidal
Step 2: Identify the given roughness coeff.
k Given C (use Chezy) @ given n (use Manning)

1 A 5 / 3S 1 / 2
 Q = AR S =
2 / 3 1/ 2

n nP 2 / 3
Step 3: identify optimum cross section

Optimum section for trapezoidal: Step 5: Solve D by trial & error OR

Side slope for trapezoidal: k = 1/ 3 direct method (CALCULATOR);

Step 4: known parameter (left) = unknown parameter (right) D RHS

nQ (BD + kD 2 )5 / 3
Substitute B & k 2.5 12.562
From Manning
1/ 2
= optimum cross section
2.6 13.947
S (B + 2D k 2 + 1)2 / 3
2.67 14.971
(BD + kD 2 )5 / 3 2.68 15.121
15 =
(B + 2D k 2 + 1)2 / 3
 D  2.7 m
  3.1 m
Top width, B+2kD = 6.2 m
Example

Design an optimum trapezoidal channel for a flow rate Q = 15.0 m3/s.

Given n = 0.025, S = 1/1600, and the land reserve is 6 m. (limitation)

Step 1: Identify the typical & optimum geometry of channel, define A & P

P = B + 2D k 2 + 1
k = 1/ 3
Optimum side slope
For trapezoidal
A = BD + kD 2

Step 2: Identify the given roughness coeff.

Given C (use Chezy) @ given n (use Manning)
k
 Q = 1 AR A S 1/ 2
5/3
2 / 3 1/ 2
S =
n nP 2 / 3
Step 3: substitute limitation in the equation) Step 5: Solve D by trial & error OR
direct method (CALCULATOR);
Top width B + 2kD = 6 D RHS
Step 4: known parameter (left) = unknown parameter (right) 2 10.737
nQ (BD + kD 2 )5 / 3 Substitute k
2.2 15.474
From Manning 1/ 2
= optimum cross section
and B = 6 – 2kD
2.1 14.506
S (B + 2D k 2 + 1)2 / 3 2.15 14.988
nQ [D(6 − 2kD ) + kD 2 ]5 / 3
1/ 2
=  D  2.15 m
S [(6 − 2kD ) + 2D k 2 + 1]2 / 3
Is R = D/2?  Bottom width= 6-2kD  3.5 m
Why?
EXERCISE
 COMPOUND CHANNELS
 A channel of which the flow may be subdivided
into more than one distinct region.

Overbank
Channel /
Floodplain Main
Channel

a) Non-symmetrical cross section

Overbank Overbank
Channel / Channel /
Main
Floodplain Floodplain
Channel

b) Symmetrical cross section

 COMPOUND CHANNELS
 Channel conveyance, K
Overbank
Channel /
Floodplain Main
Channel

5/3
1 A
K = AR 2 / 3 =
n nP 2 / 3
where Q = KS1/ 2
 Energy & momentum
coefficient: 3
 Ki 
  A 2  (Energy coeff)
=  i 

( K i ) 3 /( Ai ) 2

=  A
iK
 i
2
 (momentum coeff)

( K ) A 2 
i  i 
 COMPOUND CHANNELS
Wrong section
(Left overbank / (Right Overbank /
Floodplain) Floodplain) distribution

(Main channel)

A1 ,P1 A3 ,P3
A2 ,P2
Negligible shear, hence do not
contribute to wetted perimeter

A15 / 3 A25 / 3 A35 / 3

K1 = K2 = K3 =
n1P12 / 3 n2P22 / 3 n3P32 / 3

Qi = Ki S1/ 2 ( = v i Ai ) QT = Q1+Q2+Q3
AT = A1+A2+A3
v = QT / AT
 COMPOUND CHANNELS

A) B)

??

1 A5 / 3
Q = KS
1/ 2
K = AR =
2/3

n nP 2 / 3

(Solution for A)

(Solution for B) ???

EXAMPLE
COMPOUND CHANNEL
Example The figure below shows a channel with a composite section.
After large storm events, the channel exceeds the bank-full level of 3.0
m. The flood banks measure 15 m wide with side slopes of 1:3 and are
grassed, with a manning’s roughness value of 0.035. If the manning’s
roughness of the main channel is 0.015 and the bed slope is 0.001,
determine the discharge at the maximum flood level of 4.5 m. Calculate
the energy coefficient.

Left Flood bank Main Channel Right Flood bank

19.5 m 17 m 19.5 m

3 1.5 m
1 2

3 4.5 m
15 m
15 m 1
1
2
5m
 1) Main Channel 2) Left Flood bank = Right Flood bank

5 + 17 15 + 19.5
A1 =  3.0 + 1.5  17 = 58.5 m2 A2 = A3 =  1.5 = 25.88 m2
2 2
P1 = 5 + 2 5  3.0 = 18.406 m P2 = P3 = 15 + 10  1.5 = 19.74 m
5/3 5/3
A1 58.65 / 3 A2 28.88 5 / 3
K1 = = = 8428 K2 = K3 = = = 886.6
n1P1
2/3
0.015  18 .42 2/3
n2P2
2/3
0. 035  19 . 74 2/3

Q1 = K1S0 = 266 .5 m3 / s
1/ 2
Q2 = Q3 = K 2S2 = 28.04 m3 / s
1/ 2

Q1 Q2
v1 = = 4.56 m/s v2 = v3 = = 1.08 m/s
A1 A2

4) Energy Coefficient
3) Summary
 Ki3 
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 322.6 m3 / s   A 2 
=  i 
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 110 .36 m2 ( K i ) 3 /( Ai ) 2
Q
v = = 2.93 m/s v A + v 2 A2 + v 3 A3
3 3 3
A  = 1 31 = 2.02
v (A1 + A2 + A3 )

This is a lot greater than 1.0

EXERCISE

Answer:
Total carrying capacity Q = 11.24 m3/s
Ratio of flood discharge to the normal condition, 11.24 / 1.09 = 10.31.
 End of Part 2 (Week 8)