BAP 203

BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY V

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

00106142018 SHUBHANGI GUPTA

02806142018 GARGI BHATELE
03006142018 LAAIBA NIZAMI
03206142018 DEEPSHALINI MEHTA
03506142018 BHUMIKA NARAIN
 DESIGN LOAD

Design loads that need to be considered in while designing a structure are categorized into:

I. G – Dead Load
II. Q – Live Load due to UDL or PL
III. W – Live Load due to Wind
IV. S – Live Load due to Snow
V. E – Live Load due to Earthquake

The structure must be adequately designed so as to safely withstand all of these

loads MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 DESIGN LOAD

DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD SNOW LOAD LATERAL LOAD

Dead Loads are loads that are permanent: Lateral Loads are loads that act
Live Loads are loads that change with
Snow Loads are loads developed due to
time or can move: horizontally to the structure:
1. Always act vertically on the structure heavy snow fall:
2. Self-Weight – weight of the actual 1. Wind Loads
1. People, furniture, and occupancy
structural members 1. Forces of accumulated snow on a roof
2. Any Uniformly Distributed Load 2. Earthquake Loads
3. Superimposed – objects that are 2. Load values are usually specified in
(UDL) or Point Load (PL) on top of 3. Flood or Rain Water Loads
permanently attached to the structure building codes
the slab 4. Soil Pressure Loads
(floors, roofs, decks) 3. Depends on e.g. location, exposure to
3. Movable equipment, snow, rain, wind,
4. Concrete slab, stationary equipment, wind, roof slope
impact, earthquake
partitions, etc. MTCC5020: DESIGN OF
MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL
MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Snow Loads
ELEMENTS Live Loads Lateral Loads
ELEMENTS Dead Loads
 PRIMARY LOAD DEPENDS UPON

Primary loading generally includes the materials from which the structure was built, the occupants, their furniture,
the direct influence of various typical weather conditions, as well as unique loading conditions experienced during
construction, extreme weather and natural catastrophes.

Primary load depends upon:

I. Beam
II. Column
III. Foundation
 PRIMARY LOAD DEPEND UPON

BEAM COLUMN FOUNDATION

The beam that are connecting columns for Column is a vertical structural member. It A structure essentially consists of two parts,
transferring loads of a structure directly to the transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and beam, namely the super structure which is above the
columns are known as primary beams. Usually, including its self-weight to the foundation. plinth level and the substructure which is below
primary beams are shear connected or simply Longitudinal rebar runs vertically and is held in the plinth level. Substructure is otherwise known
supported and they are provided in a regular place by ties Longitudinal bars are typically about as the foundation and this forms the base for any
building structure.The depth of the primary 4% of the gross column area; ties are usually 3 or structure. Generally about 30% of the total
beams is always greater than secondary beams. 4 bars construction cost is spent on the foundation. The
Primary beam act as a medium between Typically designed for compression, but must be soil on which the foundation rests is called the
columns and secondary beams. able to resist bending. “foundation soil”.
 REINFORCEMENT USED IN LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES

• Generally all concrete structures are reinforced with some type of VARIOUS TYPES OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
reinforcement. Nonreinforced concrete members are assumed to carry
only small gravity loads or perform a noncritical, non-life-threatening load-
carrying function. Examples include a slab on grade, a walkway, a low-
height retaining wall, etc. All other applications belong to structural
concrete where some type of reinforcement is used.

• In reinforced concrete, bars are placed where tension and cracking are
expected. In prestressed concrete, the tendons are stressed to apply a
compressive force balancing tensile stresses and preventing cracking.
TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT USED IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

• Hot Rolled Deformed Bars: This is the most common type of reinforcement for regular RCC structures.
Hot rolling is done in the mills which involves giving it deformations on the surface i.e. ribs so that it can form
bond with concrete.

• Mild Steel Plain bars: These are plain bars and have no ribs on them. These are used in small projects
where economy is the real concern. As plain bars cannot bind very well with concrete hence hooks have
to be provided at the ends.

• Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement: When hot rolled steel bar undergoes process of cold
working, Cold worked reinforcement is produced. Cold working involves twisting or drawing the bars
at room temperature.

• Prestressing Steel: Prestressing steel is used in the form of bars or tendons which are made up of
multiple strands, however, tendons / strands are more frequently used as these can be laid in various
profiles, which is a primary requirement of prestressing steel. Prestressing strands are, in turn, made
up of multiple wires (typical 2, 3 or 7 wire strands).Typical seven wire strand consists of six wires
spun around the seventh wire which has a slightly larger diameter, thus forming a helical strand.
 COLUMNS AND ITS TYPES
Column is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression. It might transfer loads from a
ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.

TIED COLUMN CIRCULAR COLUMN AXIALLY LOADED UNIAXIAL ECCENTRIC BIAXIAL ECCENTRIC
SHORT COLUMN
COLUMNS LOADED COLUMN LOADED COLUMN

COMPOSITE COLUMN
SHAPE OF STEEL COLUMN
 BEAMS AND ITS TYPES
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is
primarily by bending. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.

TYPES OF BEAMS
 FOUNDATION AND ITS TYPES

The soil beneath structures responsible for carrying the loads is the FOUNDATION. The structural element which
transmits the load to the soil (such as a footing) is the foundation.

INSTALLATION OF FOUNDATIONS

• First, inspection of the soil takes place where the buildings is going to be built. (Soil
Investigation)
• Second, calculation of the live and dead load that the foundation needs to transfer is
done. According to that, selection of the foundation type & footings take place.
• Third, designing of the structural member’s specifications such as size, reinforcement
and mix ratio to support the load for a longer period is done

FUCTION OF FOUNDATION

• Distribution of loads
• Stability against sliding & overturning
• Minimize differential settlement
• Safe against undermining
• Provide level surface
• Minimize distress against soil movement
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
They are usually located no more than 6 ft below the lowest finished
floor. A shallow foundation system generally used when
(1) the soil close the ground surface has sufficient bearing capacity.
(2) underlying weaker strata do not result in undue settlement. The
shallow foundations are commonly used most economical foundation
systems.
DEEP FOUNDATION
The shallow foundations may not be economical or even possible
when the soil bearing capacity near the surface is too low.
In those cases deep foundations are used to transfer loads to a
stronger layer, which may be located at a significant depth below the
ground surface.
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

ISOLATED COMBINED RAFT/MAT CANTILEVER SPREAD

FOOTING FOOTING FOOTING FOOTING FOOTING
Footing only for one column We use this footing when It is a continuous thick RCC The two columns are A spread footing is also called
is called as isolated footing. the two or more columns slab that is resting on the soil connected by a beam is as footer or footing. The base
•The shape of the isolated are close to each other. that extends the entire termed as cantilever footing. is more in length than a
footing is usually square and If the bearing capacity of the footprint of the building and It is also called strap footing. typical load-bearing wall
rectangular. soil is low between the two increases the bearing capacity The beam in cantilever foundation is called spread
•The size of the isolated columns then we of the soil. This foundation footing does not remain in footing. They are further
footing is depending on the provide combine footing. cannot slide during the flood. contact with soil, and not classified into different types:
safe bearing capacity of soil •It should be in rectangular, It can support heavy loads transfer any pressure or 1: Square spread footing
and load on the column. trapezoidal or column-wall from other types of stress to the soil. 2. Continuous
•A Minimum 100 to 150 in shape. foundation. 3: Circular
mm thick concrete bed is We provide it where the soil 4: Rectangular
provided. condition is poor. 5: Ring
 DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION CAISSON FOUNDATION

A caisson foundation is a watertight retaining structure used as a bridge

• Through driving preformed units into the required founding level or
pier and used for the construction of a concrete dam and may also be
by drilling in driving tubes filled with concrete to the desired depth,
used in the repair of ships.
pile foundations are constructed,
This type of deep foundation is mostly used because caissons can be
• In different ways, tubes can be filled with concrete and they can be
floated.
filled during or before the withdrawal.
Advantages
• When the soil constructional or economic conditions make it
There are the following advantages of caisson foundation such as;
necessary to transmit loads of structures to strata that are beyond
•These are economics.
the reach of shallow foundations, then a pile foundation is used.
•It minimizes the need for pile cap.
• Pile foundation can be used to help resist uplift, lateral forces, and
•These foundations reduce vibrations and slightly less noise.
overturning and for waterfront installations, bridges, and buildings
•To varying site conditions these are easily adaptable.
they are used as foundations.
•These foundations have high lateral and axial loading capacity.
 MATERIALS USED IN FOUNDATION
Foundation must be constructed of a durable material of an adequate strength
CONCRETE
The most suitable material is concrete .Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates & water in a
controlled proportion

CEMENT
• Manufactured from clay & chalk
•Act as a binder of the concrete mix
•Cement can be supplied in bags ( 1 bag = 50kg) or in bulk
•Air tight sealed bags requiring a dry dump free store
•Bulk cement delivered by tanker (12 to 50 tones) & pumped into storage silo

AGGREGATES
• 2 types of aggregates: coarse & fine aggregates
•Coarse aggregate is defined as a material which is retained on a 5mm sieve
•Fine aggregate is defined as a material which is passes a 5mm sieve
•Aggregate can be either : Natural rock (disintegrated) Crushed stone gravels

WATER CONCRETE MIX

•Must be of a good quality fit for drinking • This concrete mix expressed as a ratio, e.g.,
•Water is added to start the chemical reaction & to give workability 1:2:4 or 1:3:6/20mm, which means 1 part of
•The amount of water used is called the water/cement ratios, usually about 0.4 to 0.5 cement 3 parts of fine aggregates 6 parts of
•Too much water will produce a weak concrete mix of low strength coarse aggregate 20mm – maximum size of
•Whereas too little water will produce a concrete mix of low & inadequate workability. coarse aggregate for the mix
 ADVANTAGES

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DEEP FOUNDATION

•This foundation takes less time for construction as compared •To all difficult foundation site problems, a pile foundation provides
to others in the construction work. a common solution.
•Shallow foundation reduces our construction time and •For any type of structure and for any type of soil, a pile
material. foundation can be used.
•No experienced labor is required to construct a shallow •Reduce construction time.
foundation. •It is suitable for all sizes of land.
•A shallow foundation is economical and cheaper than other •For wetlands, this foundation is best.
types of foundation.
•The failure occurs due to earth quack is lesser than any other There are the following advantages of caisson foundation such as;
type of foundation. •These are economic.
•It minimizes the need for pile cap.
•These foundations reduce vibrations and slightly less noise.
•To varying site conditions these are easily adaptable.
•These foundations have high lateral and axial loading capacity
 DISADVANTAGES

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DEEP FOUNDATION

•If weight of structure is high and load of the structure is •Piles can undergo corrosion.
distributed unequally. •Daily inspection required.
•The bearing capacity of top surface soil is less. •Skilled labour is required to fix the piles.
•If sub-soil water level is high and it is uneconomical to
pump out the water from the hole or canal.
•If there is a chance of scouring as the structure is near
sea or river shallow foundation can not be used.
REINFORCEMENT AND JOINERY DETAILS
REINFORCEMENT AND JOINERY DETAILS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.theconstructor.com
• www.Wikipedia.com
• www.civileduera.com
• www.reinforcementedu.com
THANK YOU