Experiment No.1: Testing of Logic ICs using breadboard.

Objectives:
● Understand how to use the breadboard to patch up, test your logic design and debug it.
● Test TTL and CMOS ICs for their logical functionality.
Theoretical Background:
In all the experiments we use a Digital Training Kit to perform all the experiments . The DIGITAL
TRAINING KIT is a self contained set of electronic circuits that can be interlinked by students to
create working circuits. Component parts cannot be removed or lost in the classroom and
interlinking is performed by short coloured cables fitted with small insulated alligator clips.
Digital logic is the processing of only two states or conditions of ON and OFF. There are certain
electronic chips (called gates) that convert simple on and off conditions to create a third on or
off condition. The basic gates are AND, OR, NAND, NOR and NOT. These digital gates are
explained and combinations of these simple gates in various configurations permits more
complex logic or counting and maths to be computed. The students find digital gates and digital
counting interesting, challenging and exciting. In a very short time they are making up their own
working ‘LOGIC CIRCUITS’. Here we Require 5V of supply in each experiment .The Clock
Generator provides different choices of the frequency of a continuously running clock. The
circuit to be studied will have to be assembled on the breadboard. Diagram below shows the
schematic of the breadboard. It has 128 vertical strips, 64 on each side of the horizontal divider
in the middle, each strip consisting of 5 spring-loaded tie-points internally connected to one
another. The Digital Training Kit consists of 10 switches with 5LED on right side and 5LED on left
side. On the left side of the IC we have seamoss and on right side we have TTL IC that have 5V
voltage. The pins show 2 colors red and green where red means 1 and green means 0 which is
an input signal.
Moving on to the Breadboard part we learn about their connection and how it is connected in
the digital training kit . Breadboard is vertically connected and horizontally disconnected . It has
a connection divided into parts . We also learn about various components of Bread board and
how it is used in digital training kits. We also learn about several ICs and how they are used in
digital training kits . Moving on to what the breadboard is and how it is constructed and what
the wiring terminals use to connect using the breadboard.

Bread board:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototypes with electronics and test circuit designs.
Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate. The
breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connects the holes on the top of the board.
The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and bottom rows of holes are connected
horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are connected vertically. Breadboards are
used to help you connect components to complete your basic circuit. The reason it's called breadboard
dates back to when electronics components were much bigger and people would actually use wooden
breadboards (boards used to cut bread) to connect electronic circuits.
Construction of bread board:
When you first lay your hands on a breadboard, you’ll find that there are many pinholes and start to
wonder how do I start connecting things? However, before you get started, you’ll need to understand
the components of a breadboard to avoid misuse. Hence, I’ve broken down the breadboard components
and features for easier understanding! .
Bus and Terminal Strips

A breadboard consists of two areas called strips, and are often separated from the middle portion
(commonly known as ravine).

● Bus strips are mainly used for power supply connections

Wiring guidelines:
Note how the holes colored in orange are connected together. These sets of connecting holes can be
called a node, where it’s possible to interconnect the node from bus strips to terminal strips with jumper
wires!
Metal clips

s wh

Next, are metal clips; metal clips are what goes underneath the bus and terminal strips and can be seen
when a breadboard is either taken apart or has a transparent outer layer. The function of these metal
clips is to grab onto an electronic component when it’s plugged into the pinhole.They are spaced
2.54mm apart as well.

● So long as an electronic component has leads or pins, it can be used with a breadboard
● Leads: Long metal legs protruding out the component
● Pins: Shorter metal legs

Logic Ics:-
A standard logic IC is a single, small, integrated package carrying basic components and common
functionalities for a logic circuit. These ICs are core components of logic circuits. In this session we
learned how to operate digital ICS on a training kit .
Standard Logic ICs: There are roughly 600 types of standard logic ICs, from basic chips to highly
functional arithmetic-and-logic units. There are two different types of implementation: TTL and CMOS.

In the first experiment we learn about 2 ICS that are TTL and CMOS which are also considered asLogical
ICS and we get to know that CMOS is on the left side of the digital training kit and TTL on the right side
in which both have voltage of 5v.
TTL ICs Transistor-transistor logic ICs: The main circuitry is built with bipolar transistors. These chips
run on 5-V power. If a design calls for signals to be passed among digital ICs, then the designer must
know the logical conditions that will produce an H or L, that is high or low and the voltage ranges that
represent these conditions. Voltage ranges corresponding to logical conditions are called logic levels.
Communicating ICs must use the same logic levels; use of different levels will disable communication
and may even cause IC breakage.
By convention, TTL ICs use the following levels.

Input Signals 0 V to 0.8 V is L; 2.0 V and up is H

TTL ICs have been designed in such a way that their ICs meet the TTL interface standards indicated
above. Since these values are now standard, logic designers working with TTL IC communication need
not concern themselves with logic levels.

CMOS ICs Complementary metal oxide semiconductor ICs: The main circuitry is built from pairs of p-
type and n-type metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Voltages used to drive
these chips extend over a wide range.The case is different for CMOS ICs, where there are many different
series with different logic levels, and where logic levels may also differ according to the supplied voltage.
This means that designers must take care to use consistent logic levels when connecting different CMOS
ICs.

Learnings:

Moving on to the learning outcome of the first experiment that is testing of logical IC using
breadboards . Here , we learn about how different ICs can be used in breadboards for performing
identification of different types of Gates. We also learn about digital training tools which have many
connections like clock breadboards and different types of ICS. We learn about our breadboard, their
connections and their pin diagram. we get to know that bread boards as different types of pin for
example in number 14 are considered as VCC and pin number 7 is considered as ground. We also learn
about the truth table of different gates and different types of IC. We learn how different ICs, each
consisting of four AND / OR / NAND / NOR / XOR gates have been placed on the breadboard. The 3 ICs
on the left belong to the TTL 74LSxx family and have the pin connections , the remaining 3 on the right
belong to the CMOS CD40xx family and have the pin connections we learn about logic function of each
of the given ICs by proceeding step by step as follows:
● Connect the two horizontal stripes on the top of the breadboard to V CC , thereby creating a V
CC bus, and similarly connect the two horizontal strips at the bottom of the breadboard to
create a Gnd bus.
● Connect the V CC and Gnd pins of one of the given chips to the V CC and Gnd busses. Connect
the input pins of one of the four gates in the IC to two input switches, and the output pin of the
same gate to an LED display.
● Apply the four possible combinations of (binary) values to the gate inputs one by one by means
of the input switches and tabulate the corresponding values of the gate output as observed on
the LED display to obtain the truth table of the gate.
● Repeat step B.3 for the other three gates in the same IC and verify that all the four gates in the
IC are identical. Measure the voltages V OH and V OL at the output of any one gate when the
output is logically ‘1’ and logically ‘0’ respectively.
● Identify the given ICs by repeating steps 1, 2, and 3 for each IC one by one.
● CONNECTION DIAGRAM:-

We also learn about how hardware parts can be used in Digital kit. We also learned the
functionality of IC in the Training kit. We also get to use the breadboard to patch up,that can
test your logic design and help to debug it.
Experiment No.2: Introduction to Logisim.
Objectives:
* Creating a project.
* Design entry using schematic diagram.
* Assigning the circuit inputs and outputs to specific pins.
* Simulating the designed circuit.
* Wire and operate logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR.
* Understand how to implement simple circuits based on a schematic diagram using logic gates.
Theoretical Background:
In experiment Two we learn about how to install and operate logisim . logisim is also used
for stimulation of different types of gates. Logisim is an educational tool for designing and
simulating digital logic circuits. With its simple toolbar interface and simulation of circuits as you build
them, it is simple enough to facilitate learning the most basic concepts related to logic circuits. We
tried to simulate different types of gates in logiSim. Logic gates are the basic building blocks of
any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only
one output. The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain
logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate etc.
Logic Gates:
NOT , AND , OR , NOR , NAND , XOR , XNOR
Universal Gates:
NAND , NOR
Implementation of gates using universal gates:-
1. Implementation of not gate using NAND Gate:-

2. Implementation of xor using NAND Gate:-

4. Implementation of or using NAND Gate:-

Learnings:-
In Experiment 2 we get to know about the first transistor which was the biggest transistor in terms of
size compared to the Transistor of nowadays which is small in size. We get to know about a transistor
named Intel westmere Which was the smallest transistor having an area of 240 millimetre of square
which consists of 1.7 billion transistors. Then we learned about the software logisim which was used for
circuit designing of different types of Gates. Then we implemented some logic gates using Universal
Gates. Examples of gates are given above which we practice in class. We also learn about different truth
tables of different logic gates and how they can be implemented in logisim with the help of Universal
Gates . Concluding this experiment in terms of learning outcome we can say that we learn about the
basics operation to be followed and how different types of Gate can be implemented using the
designing logics. Here , we also develop a skill and logic to be followed while designing any circuit in
Logisim using gates.