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COMM 263 Radio/TV Production TV Studio Production Notes: Birth of Television

This document provides an overview of the history and development of television, the television production process, and the roles of the television production crew. It discusses the origins of television in the early 20th century, the growth of television ownership in homes in the 1950s and 1960s, the transition to color television in the 1950s and 1960s, and alternatives to broadcast television that emerged such as cable, VCRs/DVDs, satellite television, and digital television. It also outlines the three phases of television production, the roles of the production crew, studio operations including cameras, lighting, audio, and graphics, and directing techniques.

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150 views

COMM 263 Radio/TV Production TV Studio Production Notes: Birth of Television

This document provides an overview of the history and development of television, the television production process, and the roles of the television production crew. It discusses the origins of television in the early 20th century, the growth of television ownership in homes in the 1950s and 1960s, the transition to color television in the 1950s and 1960s, and alternatives to broadcast television that emerged such as cable, VCRs/DVDs, satellite television, and digital television. It also outlines the three phases of television production, the roles of the production crew, studio operations including cameras, lighting, audio, and graphics, and directing techniques.

Uploaded by

hotalam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMM 263 Radio/TV Production

TV Studio Production Notes


Birth of Television
 Nipkow Disk
 Philo T. Farnsworth
 Vladimir Zworkin
The Big Freeze
 1946- 100 licenses cause problems
 FCC froze until develop master plan
 1952 plan to prevent interference, still in use today
 1952 most Americans had a set
TV Nation
 6-7 inch sets at $400
 By 48, in bars and could gather and watch
 1950- 10% of homes
 1960- 90% of homes
 50’s about 4 ½ hours a day
 How much do you watch?
Color TV
 1929 begin experimentation
 1946 CBS had a rotating disk system
 FCC demand compatibility
 1953 RCA develop system
 1967 most sets and programs in color
 Mid 90’s almost all TV sets are color
Two Golden Ages of TV
 1952-1960
 Rapid growth
 Quality programming
 1960-1980
 Economic boom
 But dissatisfaction with medium
 The Big Three
Alternatives to Broadcast
 Cable Television
 Started to get TV to where no signal
 60’s start to grow and networks say pirates
 80’s less 20% homes by 2000 68%
 Market share reduced
 Segments viewers
 VCR and DVD
 Ampex develop in 1956
 1970 developing small home version
 Sony Beta and Panasonic VHS
 Threat to TV and movies?
 Digital Versatile Disc
 Direct Broadcast Satellite
 Digital TV
 Numbers instead of electrical impulses
 16 by 9 instead of 4 by 3
 June 2009 all analog transmitter are turned off
TV as Contemporary Medium
 8 hours 15 minutes per day (household)
 Economic competition
 2000- 1,248 commercial/ 354 public
 5 or 6 major networks
 Barter syndication
 Audience attention
 Ratings
 Law of large numbers
 Content Producers
 Networks produce content
 Large ownership companies (85% group owned)
 Increase in average owner per group (8.1 in 2002 from 3.5 in 1985)
 Industry in Transition
 Global media
 Cable/DBS/DVD/DVR
 V-chip and ratings system
 TV-Y, TV-Y7, TV-G, TV-PG, TV-14, TV-MA

Television Production Process

Three Phases of Production


 Pre-Production
 Hit target audience
 Set in motion
 Rehearsals
 Production
 Post Production
TV Production Crew
 Producer
 Director
 Technical Director
 Engineer
 Lighting Director
 Floor Director
 Audio Director
 Camera Operators
 Assistant Director
 CG Operator
 Talent
TV Studio Operation

Tools for Studio Operations


 Studio Camera- generally three in studio

 Lighting- TV camera needs more light than eye

 Audio (Microphones)- often forgotten

 Video Switcher- controls flow of video


Camera as a Tool
 Be able to operate it.

 Understand how it works to solve problems.

 Learn the technology to communicate with engineers.


How the Camera works!
 Electronic Eye

 Video (NTSC)
 525 lines (640/480)
 30 frames/second
 2 fields/frame
Depth of Field
Camera Operations- Visual Modes
 Exposition Mode- present to camera

 Subjective Mode- point of view

 Observational Mode- third party

 Mixing Modes- need some consistency


Basic Camera Shots

Shot Composition-Headroom
Shot Composition-Talk Space

Shot Composition-Lead Room

Rule of Thirds

Basic Camera Movements


TV Studio Lighting
 Measuring Light
 Color Temperature
 Lighting Instruments
 Three Point Lighting

Primary Factor of Lighting


 Understand 3 point lighting to illuminate subject, give shape, add texture, fill in harsh
shadows and separate from background
 Not too large contrast light and dark
 Create an even base light
 Working knowledge of two type of instruments
 Reasonable understanding of color temperature
Measuring Light
 Reflected Light- gives shape and texture, paints visual image
 We perceive shape and color by what is not reflected

 Incident Light- direct path from instrument to subject


 Without enough there are black holes
Foot Candles- Light’s Measurement
 Amount of light collected in a one foot radius of a standard candle.

 Using a light meter, you measure the objects.


 Example-Suit 15 ftc/Wall 700 ftc… 46:1 ratio
Color Temperature
 Different types of lighting casts a different temperature of light.
 Different temperatures cast different color tints of light.
 Indoor Lighting generally is 3200 K (Kelvin) **red**
 Outdoor Lighting 5600 K **blue**
Lighting Instruments-Spot
 Focused, Narrow and Directional

 Parts of Light
 Pin
 Barn Doors
 Lens- Fresnel
Lighting Instruments-Flood
 More Diffused, Wide Spread of Light

 Types of Floods
 Scoop
 Broad

 Internal/External Reflector
Three Point Lighting

 Key Light- Strong and Focused

 Fill Light- Softer, Fills in Harsh Shadows

 Back Light- Separates Subject from Background

Floor Director - Hand Signals


TV Audio
Similar to audio production
Wireless Lav. Placement- L rule

The Video Switcher


Basic Video Switching Theory
 Route multiple sources together

 Switch from one source to another

 Integrate multiple sources into one picture

 Preview upcoming shots before on live


Basic Video Effect
 Cut- picture immediately replaced
 Dissolve- gradually replaced
 Wipe- replaced in a pre-selected pattern

 Key- cutting out a portion of picture


 Luminance Key
 Chroma Key
Switcher Design and Function
Upstream and Downstream

Video Graphics

Video Graphics Equipment


 Art Card- black cardboard with white lettering
 Character Generator (CG)- typewriter like
 Computer Driven Graphics- 4 main types
Computer Driven Graphics
 Paint Effects- pre-selected shapes/clip art
 Animation- Frame by Frame/Real Time
 Image Manipulation- D.V.E.
Digital Graphics Take Memory
 Each Pixel (picture element) is one bit of information.
 13 inch B&W image may consist of 640 lines with 480 pixels on each line. 300,000 bits per
screen
 30 screens of information per second.
Fundamentals of Graphic Design
 Dimension and Size
 Contrast
 Pleasing to the Eye
Dimension and Size
 Aspect Ratio- 4 to 3
 Essential Area- Over scan
 Graphic Size- big enough to see
Contrast
 Color- Hue/Saturation/Luminance
 Black and White- light on light
Pleasing to the Eye
 Visually Appealing
 Sense of Order to Screen
 Balance
 Simplified Detail
What & How Graphics Communicate
 Graphics Communicate and Demonstrate
 Create an Image or Mood
Don’t Use a Graphic Because it is Available!
IF IN DOUBT/LEAVE IT OUT!

Television Scripting
Film Script Style
Split Column- NonDramatic

Common Script Abbreviations


 XLS- Ext. Long Shot
 LS- Long Shot
 MS- Medium Shot
 CU- Close Up
 XCU- Ext. Close Up
 2S- Two Shot
 OC- On Camera
 OS- Over the Shoulder
 SOT- Sound On Tape
 VTR- Recorded Video
 VO- Voice Over
The Storyboard- Another Script
Mechanics of Scriptwriting
 Writing to Video
 Important to convey message in visuals

 Watch TV with mute on and see if you still understand content and context

 Simplicity is key
Six Rule for TV Scripting
 Assume conversational tone
 Avoid complex sentences
 Provide adequate logical structure
 After make important point expound and illustrate
 Pace it
 Don’t pack too many facts into one message

TV Interviewing Tips
Interview- Prepared Open
 What is the topic?
 Who is the guest?
 Why is the guest worth listening to?
 Why should the audience care about the topic?
Interview-Prepare Questions
 Avoid “Dead End” Questions
 Avoid Yes/No
 Avoid Obvious/Obscure Questions

 Get the interviewee to explain and add own context… Why? How?
Interview- Prepared Close
 Thank Guest
 Thank Audience
 What is on next show?

 Must be keep loose, because of time!


Television Directing
Start to Finish Preparation/Execution
 Production Feasibility
 Book Studio/Assign Crew
 Supervise Equipment Setup
 Ready Crew- rehearse
 Ready Set- frame shots
 Roll & Record Tape
 Take Test- color bars/slate
 Prepare Start
 Give Ready Cues
 Start- fade up from black
Director Dialog
 Ready Cues

 Take Cues

 Adjustment Cues

 Time Cues
Directing Commands
R & R Tapes Roll & Record Tapes
Camera One
Z-I Zoom in
Z-O Zoom out
LS Long Shot
MS Medium Shot
CU Close-up
2S 2 shot
M Mike
Q Que
S/U Sound under
S/F Sound full
W/S With sound
FS Fade sound
D Dissolve
C Cut to
ST Stop Tape
DI Dolly in
DO Dolly out
PR Pan Right
PL Pan Left
TU Tilt up
TD Tilt down
CG Computer graphic
Critical Zones
 Open

 Transition to Tape

 Close
TV Production Crew Review
 Director
 Technical Director
 Floor Director
 Audio Director
 Camera Operators (1,2,3)
 CG Operator
 Talent

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