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Thermal Stress For Report

Thermal stresses occur when temperature changes cause expansion or contraction that is restricted. For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports: 1) Temperature changes cause deformation (δT) based on the coefficient of thermal expansion and temperature change. 2) Restricted deformation creates thermal stress (σ) proportional to the modulus of elasticity and temperature change. 3) As temperature increases, the rod is in compression; as it decreases, the rod is in tension.

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147 views5 pages

Thermal Stress For Report

Thermal stresses occur when temperature changes cause expansion or contraction that is restricted. For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports: 1) Temperature changes cause deformation (δT) based on the coefficient of thermal expansion and temperature change. 2) Restricted deformation creates thermal stress (σ) proportional to the modulus of elasticity and temperature change. 3) As temperature increases, the rod is in compression; as it decreases, the rod is in tension.

Uploaded by

Geraldine
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Thermal Stress

Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount δT, is


given by
 

δT=αL(Tf−Ti)=αLΔT

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in


meter, Tiand Tf are the initial and final temperatures, respectively in °C. For
steel, α = 11.25 × 10-6 m/m°C.
 

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will


be induced in the structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is
not permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress created is
termed as thermal stress.
 

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the


thermal stress is computed as:
 

deformation due to temperature changes;

δT=αLΔT 

deformation due to equivalent axial stress;


δP=PLAE=σLE
 

δT=δP

αLΔT=σLE

σ=EαΔT

where σ is the thermal stress in MPa, E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod
in MPa.
 
If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be
made:
 

δT=x+δP

αLΔT=x+σLE

where σ represents the thermal stress.


 

Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in
compression, and if the temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in
tension.
 

Problem 261
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two
fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F?
At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in/(in·°F)
and E = 29 × 106 psi.
 
Solution 261
For the stress at 0°F:
 

 
δ=δT+δst
σLE=αL(ΔT)+PLAE
σ=αE(ΔT)+PA
σ=(6.5×10−6)(29×106)(70)+12000.25
=17995psi=18 ksi           answer
 
For the temperature that causes zero stress:
 

 
δT=δst
αL(ΔT)=PLAE
α(ΔT)=PAE
(6.5×10−6)(T−70)=12000.25(29×106)
T=95.46∘F           answer

Problem 262
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of
5000 N at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C,
what is the minimum diameter of the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E
= 200 GPa.
 
Solution 262 

 
δ=δT+δst
σLE=αL(ΔT)+PLAE
σ=αE(ΔT)+PA
130=(11.7×10−6)(200000)(40)+5000A
A=500036.4=137.36 mm2
 
14πd2=137.36
d=13.22 mm           answer
Problem 263
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a
temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What
stress would be induced in the rails at that temperature if there were no initial
clearance? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.
 
Solution 263
 

 
Temperature at which δT = 3 mm:
δT=αL(ΔT)
δT=αL(Tf−Ti)
3=(11.7×10−6)(10000)(Tf−15)
Tf=40.64∘C           answer
 
Required stress:
δ=δTδ=δT
σLE=αL(ΔT)
σ=αE(Tf−Ti)
σ=(11.7×10−6)(200000)(40.64−15)
σ=60 MPa           answer

Axial Load
The load that acts along centroidal axis of body will be known as axial load. The centroidal axis of
body passes through center of gravity line along longitudinal direction of member. The load acts
upon in the path normal to plane of cross section of body.
Consider the below figure showing the body subjected to axial load.

 
In conditions where this axis of centroid will not be in the same line as the applied force, it is known

as eccentric loading. It produces a moment in the beam which has a magnitude of  .

The normal stress created due to axial force is as below.

 
Here, the term F is the axial force and A refers to cross-sectional area.

It is understood from above formula that the stress will reduce as the cross-sectional area will
increase in value. Hence, the magnitude of stress increases with the increase in area of beam.

The Saint Venant’s principle gives that the stress varies with uniform cross section in this case,
when the both ends in a beam will be of fixed type.

The deflection caused by axial load can be given as below.

 
Here, E is elasticity modulus and L is total beam length.

The stiffness can also be expressed as below.

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