UNIT -1

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1.1 Basics of Java, Background/History of Java,
Java and the Internet, Advantages of Java
1.2 Java Virtual Machine & Byte Code
1.3 Java Environment Setup
1.4 Java Program Structure
1.5 Procedure-Oriented Vs. Object oriented
programming concept
1.6 Basics of OOP: Abstraction, Inheritance,
Encapsulation, Classes, subclasses and super
classes, Polymorphism, message communication
1.7Compiling and running a simple "Hello World"
program: Setting Up Your Computer, Writing a
Program, Compiling, Interpreting and Running the
program, Common Errors
1.1 JAVA EVOLUTION
 Java is a general purpose, class based, and robust,
secure, safe, object oriented programming language.
 It was developed by sun micro system in 1991 by
James Gosling its name was Oak. In 1995 its name
has been changed to Java because of some legal
issues.
 Java was designed for development of software for
consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, toaster
etc.
 Java removes limitation like portability and
reliability of C and C++.
 Java program would run in fundamentally different
execution environments.
 Java is strongly typed language.
 Compile time contains translating programs into a
machine independent byte code representation.
 Runtime activities include loading and linking of
classes needed to execute a program, optional
machine code generation, dynamic optimization of
program.
 Most striking feature of java is platform
independence. Java is not tied to any particular
hardware or OS. Java programs can be executed
anywhere on any system.
JAVA FEATURES
There are various features described by sun micro system.
Some of them are given here:
1. Compiled and interpreted
2. Platform independent
3. Portable
4. Object oriented
5. Robust and secure
6. Distributed
7. Familiar , simple and small
8. Multithreaded and interactive
9. High performance
10. Dynamic and extensible
1. Compiled and interpreted:
 Computer language is either compiled or interpreted.
Java combines both so it is two stage system
 First java compiler translates source code into byte
code.
 Java interpreter generates machine code that can be
directly executing by machine that is running the
program.
Source code

javac

Byte code
java

Machine code
2. Platform independent:
 Programs written by user are called source code
and executable program is called object code.
 Object can be executed by computer and object is
specific to a particular CPU. So it cannot be executed
on different platform. Java removes this limitation.
 When java program is compiled java compiler
produces on object file which contains bytecode.This
byte codes are not machine/CPU specific, it can be
interpreted by JVM (Java Virtual Machine).so that
code can be run on any JVM of computer system.
 The Same byte codes can be executed by any JVM on
any platform.
 Thus java is platform independent.
3. Portable :
 Java’s important feature is portability.
 Java program can be easily moved from one computer
system to another, anywhere and anytime. Changes
/upgrade in OS .processors and system resources will
not force any changes in java program.
 We can also download applet from a remote computer
onto our local system via internet and execute it locally.
 Java provides Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA),
which makes the java language portable provided that
the system must have interpreter for the JVM .
 Java also has the standard data size irrespective of
operating system or the processor .These features make
the java as a portable language.
 Java provides portability in two ways:
 First, java compiler generates byte code instructions
that can be implemented on any machine.
 Secondly, the size of primitive data types is machine-
independent.
4. Object oriented
 Almost everything in java is an object.
 All program code and data reside within object and
classes. Object model in java is simple and easy to
extend.
 Java comes with extensive set of classes, arranged in
packages that we can use in our program by
inheritance.
 Java is true (pure) object oriented language because
object is the outer most level of data structure in
java.
 Everything in java is object even the primitive data
types can also be converted into object by using the
wrapper class.
5. Robust and secure
 It provides safe guards to ensure reliable code.
 Java has strict compile time and runtime checking for
data types.
 Java also incorporates concept of exception handling,
which captures series errors and eliminate any risk
crashing system. So, java is robust.
 Java system verify not only all memory access but also
ensures no viruses are communicated with applet.
 Absence of pointer in java ensures that program cannot
gain access to memory location without proper
authorization.
6. Distributed
 Java is designed as distributed language for creating
applications on networks.
 Java applications can open and access remote objects
on internet .These multiple programmers at multiple
remote locations to collaborate and work together on
a single project.
7. Simple ,small and familiar
 Java is small and simple.
 Many features of C and C++ those are redundant or
sources of unreliable code are not part of java.
 It doesn’t support pointer,pre-processor , header
files,goto statement and other
 It eliminates operator overloads, multiple
inheritance, thus java is simplified version of C++.
 It includes automatic storage management,
typically using a garbage collector, to avoid safety
problems of explicit de-allocation of memory
references.
8. Multithreaded and interactive
 Java is multithreaded programming language.
 Multithreading means a single program having
different threads executing independently at the same
time. Multiple threads execute instructions according to
the program code in process or a program.
 Java supports multithreaded programs. This means we
need not wait for the application to finish one task
before beginning other.
 Java runtime comes with tools that support
microprocessor synchronization and construct smoothly
running interactive system.
9. High performance
 High performance ,by intermediate byte code
 Multithreading enhances the overall execution
speed of java program
10. Dynamic and extensible
 Java is dynamic language
 It is capable of dynamically linking in new class
libraries, method and object.
 Java program support function written in other
language such as C and C++.This function known
as native methods.
 Native methods are linked dynamically at
runtime.
Note :
Java does not run on Windows 95 and MS-Dos
because on DOS and Windows 95 file names have
extension having 3(.htm or .txt) character while
java file has extension having 4 characters (.java).
1.1 ADVANTAGES OF JAVA
 Java syntaxes are inherited from C/C++.In C++ many
concepts are confused which are left out or more
cleared in java.
 Java is easy to program because it eliminates the

drawback of other languages likes pointers, memory

management etc.that affect code of robustness.
 Java is object oriented language, which helps the
programmers to visualize the program in real life terms
 Java enables users to create smooth and clear code.

 Java is called portable language because it is single

code can be run on any operating system.
 Java is platform independent, so it allows the same
software to execute without change on
heterogeneous set of devices.
 Java provides multi-threading, so user can run more

than one thread activity at a time.

 Java codes are checked before loading and so they
are secured from run time errors.
 Java loads classes dynamically, at the time when
they are actually needed.
 Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant

code and extend the use of existing classes.

 The principle of data hiding helps the programmer
to build secure programs that cannot be attacked by
code in other parts of program.
 It is possible to map object in problem domain in
the program.
 The data centred approach enables us to capture
more details of a model in an implementable form.
 Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded
from small to large systems.
 Java strongly associated with Internet.
1.1 JAVA AND INTERNET
 Java is strongly associated with internet because the
first application program written in java was Hot
java.
 Internet users can use java to create applet programs
and run them locally using java enabled web browser
 internet users can also setup their web sites
containing java applets that could be used by other
remote users of internet.
 The ability of java applets made java a unique
programming language for internet.
JAVA AND WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB)

 WWW is an open ended information retrieval system

,designed to be used in internets distributed
environment.
 WWW contains web pages which provides
information and control.
 We can navigate to a new document in any direction.

 HMTL tags that enables user to find ,retrieve,

manipulate and display documents world wide.
 Web
page

Figure :1
 Before java, WWW was limited to display of still (means
motionless ) images and texts.
 But incorporation of java into web pages ,web pages are
capable of supporting animation, graphics, games and a
wide range of special effects.
 Using java, the web has become more interactive and
dynamic
 Using web, we can run java program on someone else’s
computer across the internet.
 Java communicates with a web page through special
tag<APPLET> by following way:
 User’s Computer Remote Computer
Applet
Byte code source code

Byte code

Java
Web browser Applet tag

HTML document

output
Web browser
Sends a request for
an HTML
Documents and
web server

user Figure :2
STEPS:
1. User sends a request for an HTML Document’s web
server. (Web server is a program that accepts a
request , process the request and sends the required
document)
2. HTML document is returned to the user’s browser
document contains APPLET tag which identifies
applet.
3. Corresponding applet byte code is transferred to
user’s computer by java compiler
4. Java enabled web browser on user’s computer
interprets the byte code and provides output.
5. User may have further interaction with applet but
with no further downloading from providers web
server.
WEB BROWSERS
 Web browsers are used to navigate through the
information found on the net.
 Browsers allows users to retrieve information spread
across internet and display it using HTML.
 Web browse in java:

 Hot Java
 Netscape Navigator
 Internet Explorer
1) HOT JAVA
 Browser from sun micro system.
 It enables the display of interactive content on the web
using java language.
 Hot java written completely in java .

 It is currently available for the SPARC /Solaris

platform as well as windows 95 and windowsNT.
NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR

 Browser from Netscape communication Co. is general

purpose browser that can run java applets.
 It was most widely used browser at that time.

 It has visual display about downloading process and

indication of the no. of bytes downloads.
 It supports java scripts ,a scripting language used in
HTML documents.
INTERNET EXPLORER

 Browser for Micro windows 95 an NT.

 Navigator and explorer uses toolbars ,icons,
menus and dialog boxes for easy navigation.
 Explorer uses JIT (just in time complier), which
increases the speed of execution.
 1.2 JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE (JVM)
 All language compilers translates source code into
machine code for a specific computer.
 Java is platform independent or machine neutral!!!

 Java compiler produces an intermediate code (byte

code or virtual machine code ) for a machine that
does not exist. that machine is Java Virtual
Machine(JVM).
 JVM exists only inside the computer memory.

 JVM is a simulated computer within the computer and

does all major functions of real computer.
 Java Program Java compiler Virtual machine

Source code Byte code

Figure :4.1 Process of compilation

Virtual machine Java interpreter Real machine

Byte code Machine code

Figure :4.2 Process of converting byte code into machine code
 Byte code is not machine specific.
 Machine code is generated by the java interpreter by
acting as intermediately between the virtual machine
and real machine.
Real machine

Operating system

Java virtual machine

Java object Framework(API)

compiler interpreter

User application programs

Figure :5
user
s Layer of interactions for java program
JIT (JUST IN TIME COMPILER)
 JVM includes optional JIT.
 JIT dynamically compiles byte code into executable
code.
 It takes byte code ,compiles them into machine
code(native code) for machine.
 It compiles program on a method by method basis just
before they are called.
 JIT is faster than JVM.
 JRE (JAVA RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT)
 JRE consists of JVM and the program on the other .
 It runs code compiled for JVM by:

 Loading the .class files

 Verifying byte code
 Executing the code
 Complier Run time
time
Class loader

.java Byte code verifier

(Source code)
interpreter
JIT code
generator
Run time

.class
Java Virtual Machine
(byte code)

Hard ware
JAVA SUPPORT SYSTEM
 Internet connection
 Web server
 Web browser
 HTML
 Applet tag
 Java code
 Byte code
1.3 JAVA ENVIRONMENT SETUP
JE (JAVA ENVIRONMENT)
 JE includes large no. of development tools and
hundred of classes and methods.
 Tools are part of JDK (java development toolkit) and
classes and methods are part of JSL
(API)
 JE = JSL + JDK

JDK : Java Development Toolkit

JSL : Java Standard Library
API : Application Programming Interface
JDK (JAVA DEVELOPMENT TOOLKIT)
 It is a collection of tools that are used for developing
and running java program.
 JDK includes

 applet viewer (for viewing java applets)

 javac (java compiler)
 java (java interpreter)
 javap (java disassembler)
 javah (for C header files)
 javadoc (for creating HTML documents)
 jdb (java debugger)
No Tools Description
1 appletviewer It enables user to run java applets.
2 javac javac translates java source code to byte code
(java compiler) files that the interpreter can understand.
3 java It runs application by reading and interpreting
(java interpreter) byte codes.

4 javap(java It enables users to convert byte code files into a

disassembler) program description.
5 javah(for C It Produces header files for use with native
header files) methods.
6 javadoc (for It creates HTML format documentation from
creating HTML java source code files.
Documents)

7 jdb (java It helps user to find error in our program.

debugger)
JSL :JAVA STANDARD LIBRARY OR
API :APPLICATION PROGRAMMING
INTERFACE

 It includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped

into several functional packages.
 Most commonly used packages are:

 lang (language support package)

 util (utility package)
 io (Input/output package)
 net (Networking package)
 AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit package)
 applet (applet package)
No Package name Description
1 Language support It includes classes and methods required for
package (lang) implementing basic feature of Java.

2 Utility package Collection of classes to provide utility functions

(util) such as date and time functions.

3 Input output A collection of classes required for

package(io) input/output manipulation.

4 Networking Collection of classes for communicating with

package(net) other computers via internet.

5 Abstract Window Collection of classes that implements Platform

toolkit package(awt) independent Graphical User Interface

6 Applet Collection of classes that allows us to create

package(applet) java applets.
 Text
Editor

Java Source HTML

javadoc
code files

javac

Java Header
javah
class files files

java jdb

Java
Program
output Figure :3
IMPLEMENTING JAVA PROGRAM

 Java application program implementation involves a

three steps:
 Creating the program (.java file)
 Compiling the program( using javac )
 Running the program ( using java )
1.4 JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE
BASIC STRUCTURE OF JAVA PROGRAM

 Java program may contain many classes of which

only one class defines a main method.
 Class contain data members and methods that
operate on data members of class.
 Method may contain data type declaration and
executable statements.java program define classes
and put them together.
 Suggested

optional

optional

optional

optional

Essential

Basic structure of java program

DOCUMENTATION SECTION:
 This section comprises a set of comment lines giving
the name of the program, author and other details,
which the programme would like to refer to at a large
stage.
 Comments must explain why and what of classes and
how to algorithms.
 Java supports three types of comment line:

 Single comment line : //

 Multiline : /* ……. */
 Documentation line : /** ……. */
PACKAGE STATEMENT:

 The statement declares a package name and

informs the compiler that the classes defined
here belong to this package.
 package student ; //student is package

package statement is optional.

 IMPORT STATEMENTS:

 After package statement (but before class

definitions) be a number of import statements. This
is similar to the #include statement in C.
import packagename.classname;
 This statement instructs the interpreter to load the
test class contained in the package Student.
 Using import statement ,we can access to classes
that are part of the other named packages.
INTERFACE STATEMENT:

 Interface is like a class but includes a group of

method declarations. This is also an optional
section.
 It is used only when we want to implement the
multiple inheritance feature in the program.
 CLASS DEFINITIONS:

 A java program may contain multiple class definitions.

Classes are the primary and essential elements of a
Java program. The number of classes used depends on
the complexity of the problem.
 MAIN METHOD CLASS:

 Every java stand alone program requires a main

method as its starting point, this class is essential
part of a java program.
 Simple java program may contain only this part.

 The main method creates objects of various classes

and creates communications between them.
 On reaching the end of main ,the program
terminates and control passes back to the
operating system.
 1.5 PROCEDURE-ORIENTED
VS.
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
PROCEDURE-ORIENTED VS. OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
No Procedure oriented Object oriented programming
programming
Program is divided into small parts Program is divided into parts called
1
called functions. objects.
Importance is not given to data but Importance is given to the data rather
2 to functions as well as sequence of than procedures or functions because
actions to be done. it works as a real world.
3 POP follows Top Down approach. OOP follows Bottom Up approach.

POP does not have any access OOP has access specifier named
4 specifier. Public, Private, Protected

In POP, Data can move freely from In OOP, objects can move and
function to function in the system. communicate with each other through
5
member functions.
 To add new data and function in OOP provides an easy way to add new
6 POP is not so easy. data and function.
In POP, Most function uses Global In OOP, data cannot move easily from
data for sharing that can be function to function, it can be kept
7
accessed freely from function to public or private so we can control the
function in the system. access of data.
POP does not have any proper way OOP provides Data Hiding so
8 for hiding data so it is less secure. provides more security.
In POP, Overloading is not possible. Overloading is possible in the form of
9 Function Overloading and Operator
Overloading.
Examples of POP are: C, VB, Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA,
10 FORTRAN, and Pascal. VB.NET, C#.NET.
JAVA ,C AND C++
Java and C
 Java is an object oriented language has mechanism
to define class and objects.
 To build up a simple and safe language, java team
did not include some of C features in java.
Java does not include
 C unique statement goto ,sizeof ,typedef

 Data types like struct ,union and enum

 Modifiers keywords like auto ,extern, register

,signed and unsigned

 Explicit pointer type
 No pre-processor so it does not use #define
,#include and #ifdef
 java does not support any mechanism for defining

variable arguments to function

Java adds,
 Java functions with no arguments must be
declared with empty parameters and not with the
void keyword
 It adds new operator ,instanceof and >>>
 It uses break and continue
JAVA AND C++
 Java is true object oriented language while C++ is
basically C with object oriented extension.
 Java does not support

 Operator overloading

 Multiple inheritance

 Global variable

 Explicit pointer

 Header files

 Garbage collector ,but java uses finalize ( ) method

 Not have template class as C++

 C++ is superset of C.Java may be considered as first

cousin of C++ and a second cousin of C.
C++

C
JAVA
1.6 BASICS OF OOP: ABSTRACTION,
INHERITANCE, ENCAPSULATION, CLASSES,
SUBCLASSES AND SUPER CLASSES,
POLYMORPHISM, MESSAGE COMMUNICATION
 BASICS OF OOP’S
 OOP is an organization and development, which
attempts to eliminate some of the pitfall of
converting programming method.
 OOP treats data at a critical element in the
program development and doesn’t allow it to flow
freely around the system .
 It ties data more closely to the function that operate
on it and protect it from unintentional modification
by other function.
 OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a
number of entities called object. And build data and
functions around these entities.
 Object= Data + Method
 Data of object can be accessed only by the method
associated with that project.

data
BASIC CONCEPT OF OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
1) Object and classes
 Objects are basic runtime entities in object
oriented system.
 Object may represent a person, place, chair, or
any item.
 Object can interact without having to know the
details of each other’s data or code.
 Object is a basically a set of data and code to
perform operation on data
 object
person Parrot

legs
Name data
eyes
Basic pay feather
peak
salary( ) methods
eating ( )
tax ( )
flying ( )
2) CLASS
 Class is prototype that defines the variables and
the methods common to all object of similar type.
 Classes are user defined data types and behave
like built in type of programming language.
 Simply, Class is a collection of logically related
data items which includes data (variable) and
function (methods) for data.
 Birds

Flying birds Non Flying birds class

Parrot sparrow Peacock kiwi Penguin Object

3)Data abstraction and
Encapsulation:

 Data abstraction refers to act of representing

essential features without including background
details or explanation.
 Data encapsulation means wrapping up of data
and methods into a single unit.
 The data is not accessible to the outside and only
these methods, which are wrapped in class access it
this insulation of the data from direct access by
program is called data hiding.
4) Inheritance
 Inheritance is a process by which object of one
class use the properties of object of another class.
 It supports hierarchical classification.

 It provides Reusability of code. We can add an

additional feature to an existing class without
modifying it .This is possible by deriving a new
class from the existing one.
 New class with additional features can be created,
that new class with have combined features of
both the new classes.
5) Polymorphism
 Polymorphism means the ability to take more
than one form. Simply, it means that are the same
operation have may behave different on different
classes.
6) Dynamic Binding
 Binding refers to the linking of procedure call to the
code to be executed in response to call.
 Dynamic binding means code associated with a
given procedure call is not know until the time or
call at runtime.
 It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.

7) Message Communication
 Object oriented program consist of a set Object
communicates with one another by sending and
receiving information.
1.7 COMPILING AND RUNNING A
SIMPLE "HELLO WORLD" PROGRAM:
SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER,
WRITING A PROGRAM, COMPILING,
INTERPRETING AND RUNNING THE
PROGRAM, COMMON ERRORS
SIMPLE JAVA PROGRAM

class Test
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
System.out.println( “welcome to Java”);
}
}
1) First line : class Test
 declares a class which is an object oriented
construct.
 java is true object oriented language and therefore
everything must be placed inside a class.
 class is keyword and it declares that a new class
definition follows.Test java identifier(name)
specifies name of the class to be defined.
2) Second line : Opening brace : {
3) Third Line : public static void main (String
args[ ])
Every java program must include main( ) method. It
is the starting point for interpreter to begin the
execution of program.
MAIN ( ) METHOD OF JAVA
 public: The keyword public is an access modifier. It
declares main method as unprotected .it makes
method accessible to all other classes.
 static : It is a keyword, which declare method is for
entire class and not a part of any object of class. The
main must always be declared as static since the
interpreter uses this method before any objects are
created.
 void does not return any value.
 String args declares parameter names args which
contain an array of object of class type string.
4) Output line:

System.out.println (“Hello”);

class
object method
 This line is similar to printf ( ) statement of C or
cout<< construct of C++.
 Since java is true object oriented, every method must
be part of an object.
 println method is a member of the out object, which
is a data member of a System class.println method
always append a new line character to the end of the
string. This means subsequent output will start on a
new line.
 Semicolon at the end of each statement is used. Every
java statement must end with semicolon.
5) Fifth line :closing brace : }
It is the ending of program.
 Note: java program must name same as in class which
includes main( ) method otherwise interpreter
cannot run that class.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRINT( ) AND PRINTLN( ) METHOD
print ( ) method: print and wait
 This method sends information into a buffer. This
buffer is not flushed until a newline (or end of line)
character sent. As a result print( ) method prints out
on one line until a new character is encountered.
System.out.print ( “hello”);
 We can also use \n to force the display to be brought
to the next line by printing a newline character as
follows:
 System.out.print ( “ hello \n” ); //this would work
same as println ( ) method
println ( ) method : prints a line and move to next line

 This method takes the information provided and

displays it on a line followed by a line feed.

System.out.println( “java !!!”);

COMMAND LINE ARGUMENT
 If we want, our program to act in a particular way
depending on the input provided at the time of
execution.
 This is done in java programs by using command line
arguments.
 Definition: command line arguments are
parameters that are supplied to the application
program at the time of on invoking it for
execution.
 We can write java program that can receive and use
the arguments provided in the command line.

public static void main (String args[ ])

 args is declared as an array of strings(known as
string object) .
 Any arguments provided in the command line are
passed to the array args as its elements.
 We can simply access the array elements and use
them in the program as we want.
 Command line arguments are passed when we run
the program
To compile : javac Test.java
To run : java Test Basic C++ C Java
 This command line contains four arguments .These
arguments are assigned to the array args as follows:
Basic → args[0]
C++ → args[1]
C → args[2]
Java → args[3]
class Cmd1
{
public static void main (String args[ ])
{
int count=0;
String str;
count=args.length; //to find how many arguments
are passed to command line
System.out.prinltn ( “total no. of arguments passed = “
+ count );
while ( i < count )
{ str= args[ i ];
i=i+1;
System.out.println ( i + “ : “ + “Java is “ +
str + “ !!!” );}}}
E: \java program \ javac Cmd1.java
E: \java program \ java Cmd1 simple robust secure
portable dynamic object_oriented

Output :
total no. Of arguments passed= 6
1 : Java is simple !!!
2 : Java is robust !!!
3 : Java is secure !!!
4 : Java is portable !!!
5 : Java is dynamic !!!
6: Java is object_oriented !!!
READ STATEMENT
 We may also give values to variables interactively
through the keyboard using readLine( ) method.
 readline( ) is invoked using an object of the class
DataInputStream.
 readLine( ) reads the input from the keyboard as a
string which is then converted to the corresponding
data type using the data wrapper classes.
 We have used the keywords try and catch to handle
any errors that might occur during the reading
process.
Example :
import java. io .DataInputStream;
class Reading
{ public static void main (String args [ ])
{
DataInputStream obj=new DataInputStream(System.in);
int i=0;
float f=0.0 F;
try
{
System.out.println (“enter an integer no “);
i = Integer.parseInt ( obj. readLine( ) );
System.out.println (“enter float no “);
f = Float.valueOf (obj.readLine ( ) ).floatValue( );
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println ( “enter proper value” );
}
System.out.println( “int no i= “+ i );
System.out.println( “float no f= “ +f);
}
}
OUTPUT:
E :\ java program\ javac Reading.java
E :\ java program\ java Reading

enter an integer no
56
enter float no
23.455
int no i= 56
float no f=23.455
Thank you