BIOLOGY INVESTIGATION PROJECT

SESSION-2020-2021

SUBMITTED BY-
AKASH DIXIT
CLASS-XII B
 ROLL NO-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my teacher MRS. HENA
KHANAM as well as our principal
MR.JAVED ALAM KHAN who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic CANCER, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AKASH DIXIT
(student's name ) OF CLASS XII B (your
class) HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
HIS/HER BIOLOGY (subject) PROJECT
ON THE TOPIC CANCER (name of the
project) AS PRESCRIBED BY Mrs. HENA
KHANAM (teacher's name) Ma'am
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21
AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES BY
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION - CBSE.
__________ (teacher's signature)
 INDEX
INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDMENT
CERTIFICATE

INDEX
DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER
CELL
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
NORMAL AND CANCER CELL
CANCER CELL DIVISION
CAUSES OF CANCER
CANCER TYPE-SYMPTOMS,
PREVENTION
CANCER TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CANCER
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Not all Tumors are cancerous; benign Tumors
do not spread to other parts of the body.
Possible signs and symptoms include a lump,
abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough,
unexplained weight loss and a change in
bowel movements. While these symptoms
may indicate cancer, they may have other
causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect
humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to
‘know what to do and when to do it’.
Cancerous cells do not have this programming
and therefore replicate and grow out of
control.
Cancerous cells in together are called
Neoplasm.
 HUMAN CANCER CELL
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly,
forming solid tumors or flooding the blood
with abnormal cells.
Cancer cells have distinguishing histological
features visible under the microscope. The
nucleus is often large and irregular, and the
cytoplasm may also display abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and tex-
ture of the nucleus are often altered in malig-
nant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves,
folds or indentations, chromatin may aggreg-
ate or disperse, and the nucleolus can be-
come enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are
characteristic of different cancer types, to the
extent that nuclear appearance can be used
as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.
DIFFENTIATE BETWEEN CANCER AND
NORMAL CELL
NORMAL CELL CANCER CELL
CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene
replenish the cell population that mutations or chromosome
ages or becomes damaged or mutations that affect the
destroyed. Normal cells reproduce reproductive properties of the
properly cells. They don't experience
biological aging and maintain their
ability to replicate and grow
CELL COMMUNICATION
Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to com-
through chemical signals. These municate with other cells through
signals help normal cells to know chemical signals. They also lose
when to reproduce and when to sensitivity to anti-growth signals
stop reproducing. Cell signals are from surrounding cells. These sig-
usually transmitted into a cell by nals normally restrict cellular
specific proteins growth
CELL SPECIALIZATION
Normal cells have the ability to dif- Cancer cells are unspecialized and
ferentiate or develop into special- do not develop into cells of a spe-
ized cells. For example, cells can cific type. Similar to stem cells, can-
develop into heart cells, brain cells, cer cells proliferate or replicate
lung cells or any other cell of a spe- many times, for long periods of
cific type. time.
CELL DEATH
Normal cells have the When the genes in a
ability to self destruct normal cell are
when they become damaged or damaged beyond repair, certain
diseased. Cells break down and are DNA checking mechanisms signal
disposed of by white blood cells. for cell destruction.

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

NORMAL AND
CANCER CELLS

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and large
Fine chromatin nucleoli
Coarse chromatin
 CANCER CELL DIVISION
Cell division is a normal process used by
the body for growth and repair. A parent
cell divides to form two daughter cells,
and these daughter cells are used to build
new tissue, or to replace cells that have
died as a result of ageing or damage.
Healthy cells stop dividing when there is
no longer a need for more daughter cells,
but cancer cells continue to produce cop-
ies.
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Muta-
tions in genes can cause cancer by acceler-
ating cell division rates or inhibiting nor-
mal controls on the system, such as cell
cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As
a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can de-
velop into a tumor.
 CAUSES OF CANCER
• Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of
cancer deaths.
• Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet,
lack of physical activity, and excessive drink-
ing of alcohol.
• Other factors include certain infections,
exposure to ionizing radiation and environ-
mental pollutants.
• In the developing world nearly 20% of
cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis
B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus
(HPV).
• Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due
to inherited genetic defects from a person's
parents.
These factors act, at least partly, by changing
the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic
changes are required before cancer develops.
 TYPES OF CANCER AND SYMPTOMS
Most Common types of Cancer:
Lung Cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most of-
ten occurs in people who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest
pain, Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at
work, eat diet full of fruits and vegetables
Exercise most days of the week.
Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discom-
fort, inverted nipple, lump formation near
breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be
physically fit. Avoid alcohol and smoking.
Avoid birth control pills and regular screening.
Avoid post-menopausal hormones.
Prostate Cancer
A cancer in a man's prostate, a small wal-
nut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the ur-
ine and semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine
or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejacu-
lation. Prevention- Enough exercise. Main-
taining a healthy and a Balanced diet. Ensur-
ing regular ejaculation. Having green tea regu-
larly.

Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice
box, the vocal cords, and other parts of the
throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx.
Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like cough-
ing, Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath,
weight loss, weakness, fever, a change voice
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen
lymph nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallow-
ing.

Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at

home, regular exercise; eat variety of fruits
and vegetables, limit the intake of alcohol,
have a cup of green tea.
 CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following
ways:
1-Surgery
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a
procedure in which a surgeon removes
cancer from the patient’s body.
2-Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses
high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells
and shrink tumours.
3-Chemotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses
drugs to kill cancer cells.
4-Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps
your immune system fight cancer.
 LATEST SEARCH DONE ON CANCER
Research studies show tests that analysis
tumour DNA in blood, called liquid
biopsies, may help detect cancer early,
guide precision cancer treatment, and
track treatment response.
In a large study, patients with
nonmetastatic breast, lung, or colorectal
cancer who chose alternative therapies
had substantially worse survival than
patients who received conventional
cancer treatments.
An experimental drug may help prevent
the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin from
harming the heart and does so without
interfering with doxorubicin’s ability to kill
cancer cells, according to a study in mice.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.canceresearchuk.org
www.thoughtco.com
www.bing.com
www.healthtap.com
www.mayoclinic.org
www.About.com
www.dogpile.com
www.Cancer.Net
www.Cancer.gov