Lessons #1 and 2 Focus On The IMF and Its Role in The Global Economy
Lessons #1 and 2 Focus On The IMF and Its Role in The Global Economy
The IMF Center of the International Monetary Fund, in partnership with the U.S.'s National
Council on Economic Education (NCEE), has launched an instructional program for
secondary school students about the effects of globalization and the importance of
understanding the dynamics of the global economy. Thinking Globally: Effective Lessons for
Teaching about the Interdependent World Economy are eight classroom-tested lessons on
globalization, comparative advantage, economic growth, exchange rates, and other
international topics.
Lessons #1 and 2 focus on the IMF and its role in the global economy.
Lesson #1: Ten Basic Questions about Globalization focuses on the history, impact and future
implications of living in a globalized economic system.
Lesson #2: What is the IMF and What Does it Do? Introduces the IMF and its role in fostering global
economic stability through monetary and financial cooperation.
Lesson #3: Why People Trade Students participate in a trading simulation and use this experience to
discover the benefits of free trade.
Lesson #4: Comparative Advantage and Trade in a Global Economy Students observe or participate
in a role-play situation in which one person is better at both of two activities.
Lesson #5: "Hey, Hey! Ho, Ho! Why Do We Need the WTO?" Several activities are used to introduce
students to six international institutions that play important economic roles, especially in the areas of
international trade, finance and development.
Lesson #6: Why are Some Nations Wealthy? Students work in groups to examine data from several
nations regarding size, natural resources and population.
Lesson #7: Foreign Currencies and Foreign Exchange Students participate in a simulated foreign
exchange market. Provides an opportunity for students to use supply and demand analysis to explain
how flexible exchange rates are established in currency markets.
Lesson #8: Exchange Rates: Money around the World Students participate in two auctions to
demonstrate the determination of flexible exchange rates and the need for foreign currency to
purchase goods from other countries.
See also:
Press Release: IMF Launches Lesson Plans for Secondary School Economics Teachers,
September 21, 2005 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2005/pr05211.htm)
INTRODUCTION CONCEPTS
(FRQRPLFV %DUULHUVWRWUDGH
%HFDXVHVWXGHQWVRIWHQWDNHSDUWLQDFWLYLWLHV %HQHILWVRIWUDGH
VXFKDVDWKOHWLFFRPSHWLWLRQVZKHUHRQHVLGH ,QFHQWLYHV
ZLQVDQGRQHVLGHORVHVWKH\PD\QRWUHFRJ 7UDGH
QL]HWKDWERWKVLGHVZLQLQYROXQWDU\WUDGH 9ROXQWDU\H[FKDQJH
7KLVLVWUXHEHFDXVHDQ\RQHZKRGRHVQRW 2SWLRQDO8WLOLW\
H[SHFWWRJDLQIURPDWUDGHZRXOGQRWYROXQ
WDULO\DJUHHWRGRLW7UDGH LVWKHH[FKDQJHRI CONTENT STANDARDS
JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV3HRSOHGHFLGHWRWUDGH 3HRSOHUHVSRQGSUHGLFWDEO\WRSRVLWLYHDQG
EHFDXVHWKH\H[SHFWWREHQHILWIURPLW:KHQ QHJDWLYHLQFHQWLYHV
RQHRUERWKSDUWLHVFHDVHWRUHDSEHQHILWVIURP
DQH[FKDQJHRUZKHQWKH\EHOLHYHWKH\FDQQR 9ROXQWDU\H[FKDQJHRFFXUVRQO\ZKHQDOO
ORQJHUJDLQIURPWUDGLQJH[FKDQJHVVWRS7KH SDUWLFLSDWLQJSDUWLHVH[SHFWWRJDLQ7KLV
LGHDWKDWERWKVLGHVEHQHILWIURPYROXQWDU\ LVWUXHIRUWUDGHDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVRU
WUDGHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRQFHSWVLQ RUJDQL]DWLRQVZLWKLQDQDWLRQDQGDPRQJ
HFRQRPLFVDQGOHDGVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDW LQGLYLGXDOVRURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQGLIIHUHQW
W\SLFDOO\WKHEHQHILWVRIIUHHWUDGHIDURXW QDWLRQV
ZHLJKWKHFRVWV7KLVLGHDDSSOLHVWRH[FKDQJH
DPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVDQGEXVLQHVVHVDVZHOODVWR OBJECTIVES
WUDGHDPRQJQDWLRQV
6WXGHQWVZLOO
3DUWLFLSDWHLQDWUDGLQJDFWLYLW\DQG
5HDVRQLQJ
GHVFULEHWKHLQFHQWLYHVWKDWHQFRXUDJH
7KHHFRQRPLFZD\RIWKLQNLQJLPSOLHVWKDW
WUDGH
SHRSOHMXGJHWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQIURPDWUDGHE\
ZHLJKLQJWKHH[SHFWHGEHQHILWVDJDLQVWWKH
([SODLQWKHRXWFRPHVRIYROXQWDU\WUDGH
H[SHFWHGFRVWV(FRQRPLFUHDVRQLQJDOVRWHOOV
XVWKDWGLIIHUHQWSHRSOHSODFHGLIIHUHQWPDUJLQ
([SODLQZK\WKHUHDUHQ·WDQ\GLUHFWORVHUV
DOYDOXHV RQJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVPDNLQJEHQH
IURPYROXQWDU\WUDGH
ILWVIURPWUDGHSRVVLEOH:LWKYROXQWDU\WUDGH
ERWKVLGHVH[SHFWWKDWWKHYDOXHRIZKDWWKH\
LESSON DESCRIPTION
JDLQZLOOEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHYDOXHRIZKDW
WKH\JLYHXS7KHEHQHILWVRIWUDGHVKRXOG 6WXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWHLQDWUDGLQJVLPXODWLRQ
EHFRPHFOHDUIURPWKLVOHVVRQWKDWLVYROXQ DQGXVHWKLVH[SHULHQFHWRGLVFRYHUWKHEHQHILWV
WDU\H[FKDQJHFDQPDNHERWKLQGLYLGXDOVDQG RIIUHHWUDGH,QDFODVVGLVFXVVLRQWKH\UHODWH
QDWLRQVEHWWHURII WKHVLPXODWLRQWRFRQFHSWVRIUHJLRQDOYHUVXV
XQLYHUVDOWUDGHWUDGHEDUULHUVDQGGLPLQLVK
LQJPDUJLQDOYDOXH7KH\H[SODLQZK\ERWK
SDUWLHVEHQHILWIURPWKHWUDGH
TIME REQUIRED
PLQXWHV
MATERIALS WKHJDLQVZHUHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHORVVHV
2QHEURZQSDSHUEDJIRUHDFKVWXGHQWLQ ,IWKLVZHUHQRWWUXHWKHWHHQDJHU
WKHFODVV ZRXOGKDYHNHSWWKHPRQH\DQGWKH
VWDWLRQRZQHUZRXOGKDYHNHSWWKH
$ ODUJHQXPEHURIVPDOOLWHPVWKDWDUH JDV
HDV\WRH[FKDQJHPLQLDWXUHFDQG\EDUV
VPDOOER[HVRIUDLVLQVSHQFLOVVWLFNHUV 7HOOVWXGHQWVWKDWLQWRGD\·VFODVVWKH\ZLOO
IUXLWVPDOOER[HVRIMXLFHOLEUDU\SDVVHV SDUWLFLSDWHLQDWUDGLQJDFWLYLW\7KHSXU
%HIRUHFODVVGLVWULEXWHWKHJRRGVXQHTXDO SRVHRIWKHDFWLYLW\LVWRH[SORUHWKHUHD
O\LQWKHEDJVIRULQVWDQFHSXWRQO\FDQG\ VRQVSHRSOHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGQDWLRQV
LQVRPHEDJVEXWJLYHVHYHUDOLWHPV WUDGH
LQFOXGLQJFDQG\WRRWKHUV*LYHDIHZ
XQOXFN\VWXGHQWVRQO\RQHRUWZROHVVSRS $VNWKHFODVV´:K\GRSHRSOHWUDGH"µ
XODULWHPVDQGJLYHDIHZVWXGHQWVDQ &RPSLOHDOLVWRIDQVZHUVRQWKHERDUG
DEXQGDQFHRIVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWLWHPVVXFK 'RQRWGLVFRXUDJHDQ\DQVZHUVDWWKLV
DVFDQG\SHQFLOVDQGVWLFNHUV7U\WRFUH SRLQW([SODLQWKDWWKHVHUHVSRQVHVUHSUH
DWHREYLRXVFRQWUDVWVDPRQJWKHFRQWHQWV VHQWK\SRWKHVHV1RZWKHFODVVPXVWILQG
RIWKHEDJV HYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUWRUUHMHFWWKHVH
2SWLRQDO ,QVWHDGRISUHSDULQJEDJVDVN K\SRWKHVHV
VWXGHQWVLQDGYDQFHWREULQJIURPKRPH
RQHRUPRUHVPDOOLWHPVWRWUDGHWKDWWKH\ 'LVWULEXWHWRHDFKVWXGHQWDEDJZLWK
QRORQJHUZDQW VPDOOLWHPVWRWUDGH$VVXUHVWXGHQWVWKDW
WKH\PD\NHHSZKLFKHYHULWHPVWKH\VWLOO
PROCEDURE SRVVHVVDWWKHHQGRIWKHVLPXODWLRQ
:KLOHVWXGHQWVDUHVWLOOLQWKHLUVHDWV
'LVFXVVWKHIROORZLQJVLWXDWLRQZLWKWKH
KDYHHYHU\RQHSULYDWHO\H[DPLQHWKHFRQ
FODVV,PDJLQHWKDW'RQQDDWHHQDJHGUL
WHQWVRIWKHLUEDJV7HOOWKHPQRWWRVKRZ
YHUSXOOVXSWRDORFDOJDVVWDWLRQDQG
WKHFRQWHQWVWRDQ\RQH
SXWVZRUWKRIJDVLQWKHWDQN6KH
WKHQSD\VWKHVWDWLRQRZQHU3RLQWRXW
75$',1*5281'
WKDWWKLVLVDQH[DPSOHRIDQH[FKDQJHRU
DWUDGHEHFDXVHZDVWUDGHGIRUJDV
'LYLGHWKHFODVVLQKDOI$QQRXQFHWKDW
:KRJDLQHGDQGZKRORVWLQWKLVVLWXDWLRQ"
VWXGHQWVZLOOQRZKDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WR
2QHZD\RIORRNLQJDWWKLVLVWKDWERWK
WUDGH([SODLQWKDWWKH\PD\WUDGHDQ\RU
SHRSOHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\JDLQHGVRPH
DOORIWKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHLUEDJVEXWWKH\
WKLQJDQGORVWRUJDYHXSVRPHWKLQJ
PD\WUDGHRQO\ZLWKSHRSOHRQWKHLUVLGH
7KHGULYHUJDYHXSZRUWKRISXU
RIWKHURRP1RRQHLVUHTXLUHGWRSDUWLFL
FKDVLQJSRZHUEXWJDLQHGVHYHUDOJDO
SDWHLQDWUDGH$OORZILYHWRPLQXWHV
ORQVRIJDVROLQH7KHVWDWLRQRZQHU
IRUVWXGHQWVWRWUDGH
JDYHXSVHYHUDOJDOORQVRIJDVEXW
JDLQHGLQSXUFKDVLQJSRZHU
$WWKHHQGRIWKLVILUVWWUDGLQJURXQGFDOO
$QRWKHUZD\RIORRNLQJDWWKLVLV
VWXGHQWVEDFNWRJHWKHU$VNWKHIROORZLQJ
WKDWERWKSDUWLHVKDGRYHUDOORUQHW
TXHVWLRQV
JDLQV%RWKSHRSOHOLNHO\IHHOEHWWHURII
$ +RZPDQ\VWXGHQWVPDGHDWUDGH"
EHFDXVHHDFKQRZKDVVRPHWKLQJWKH\
5HVSRQVHVZLOOYDU\
YDOXHPRUHWKDQZKDWWKH\JDYHXS
%$VNHYHU\RQHZKRPDGHDWOHDVWRQH
7KHWHHQDJHUOLNHO\YDOXHVWKHIXOO
WUDGHWRVWDQGXS:K\GLGWKH\GHFLGHWR
WDQNRIJDVPRUHWKDQWKHZKLOH
WUDGH"5HVSRQVHVZLOOYDU\EXWVKRXOG
WKHVWDWLRQRZQHUOLNHO\YDOXHVWKH
SRLQWWRWKHLGHDWKDWWKHWUDGHVPDGH
PRUHWKDQWKHJDV)RUHDFKSHUVRQ
WKHPEHWWHURIIEHFDXVHWKH\SUHIHUUHG
ZKDWWKH\JRWWRZKDWWKH\JDYHXS ++RZGLGWKLVWUDGHUHVWULFWLRQDIIHFW
& $VNIRUDVKRZRIKDQGV2IWKRVH WUDGLQJGHFLVLRQV"0DQ\VWXGHQWVZLOO
ZKRPDGHWUDGHVKRZPDQ\DUHEHWWHURII OLNHO\DQVZHUWKDWWKH\ZDQWHGWR
DVDUHVXOWRIWKHWUDGHV"*HQHUDOO\ WUDGHZLWKVRPHRQHLQWKHRWKHU
HYHU\RQHZKRWUDGHGVKRXOGEHEHWWHU JURXS,IDQ\RQHYLRODWHGWKHUXOH
RII6LQFHWUDGLQJZDVYROXQWDU\LI WKDWWKH\FRXOGWUDGHRQO\ZLWKSHRSOH
WKH\GLGQRWH[SHFWWREHEHWWHURII RQRQHVLGHRIWKHURRPLWSRLQWVRXWD
WKH\VKRXOGQRWKDYHWUDGHG7KLVLV SUREOHPZLWKWUDGHEDUULHUV:KHQ
WKHPDMRUSRLQWRIWKLVDFWLYLW\ IRUFHVVXFKDVWUDGHEDUULHUVLQWHUIHUH
9ROXQWDU\WUDGHPDNHVERWKSDUWLHV ZLWKSHRSOH·VLQFHQWLYHVWKHUHDUH
ZKRWUDGHGEHWWHURII0DNHVXUHWKLV LQFHQWLYHVWRYLRODWHWKHUXOHV
SRLQWLVFOHDUEHIRUHJRLQJRQ
' ,IDQ\RQHZKRWUDGHGVDLGWKDWKHRU 75$',1*5281'
VKHLVQRWEHWWHURIIDVNKLPRUKHUWR
H[SODLQZK\6RPHWLPHVVWXGHQWVZLOO $QQRXQFHWKDW\RXZLOODOORZRQHPRUH
VD\WKH\WKRXJKWWKH\ZHUHWUDGLQJIRU URXQGRIWUDGLQJ7KLVWLPHWKHUHZRQ·WEH
VRPHWKLQJEHWWHUWKDQZKDWWKH\DFWX DQ\UHVWULFWLRQV6WXGHQWVPD\WUDGHDQ\
DOO\JRW([SODLQWKDWWKLVLVDSURE LWHPVZLWKDQ\RWKHUVWXGHQWVLQWKH
OHPRISRRULQIRUPDWLRQEXWQRWD URRPLIWKH\FKRRVHWRGRVR$JDLQDOORZ
SUREOHPRIWUDGLQJSHUVH6RPHWLPHV ILYHWRPLQXWHVIRUWUDGLQJ
VWXGHQWVZLOOVD\WKH\IHOWVRUU\IRU
VRPHRQHZKRGLGQ·WKDYHDVPXFKDV &DOOVWXGHQWVEDFNWRJHWKHU$VNWKHIRO
WKH\GLGVRWRKHOSWKLVSHUVRQWKH\ ORZLQJTXHVWLRQV
PDGHDWUDGHWKDWFDXVHGWKHPWREH $ +RZPDQ\VWXGHQWVPDGHDWUDGHLQ
ZRUVHRII([SODLQWKDWWKH\SUREDEO\ WKLVURXQG"5HVSRQVHVZLOOYDU\EXW
IHHOEHWWHURIIDVDUHVXOWRIKHOSLQJ \RXVKRXOGILQGWKDWVWXGHQWVPDGH
RWKHUVVRWKH\KDYHVWLOOJDLQHG7KHVH PRUHWUDGHVDIWHUWKHUHVWULFWLRQVZHUH
VLWXDWLRQVGRQRWFRQWUDGLFWWKHSRLQW UHPRYHG
RIWKHDFWLYLW\ % +RZGLGWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIWUDGH
( :K\GLGVRPHVWXGHQWVGHFLGHQRWWR UHVWULFWLRQVDIIHFWWUDGLQJ"$VWUDGHZDV
WUDGH"5HVSRQVHVZLOOYDU\6RPHVWX RSHQHGXSPRUHVWXGHQWVZHUHDEOHWR
GHQWVPD\VD\WKH\ZHUHKDSS\RUVDW ILQGEHQHILFLDOH[FKDQJHV7KLV
LVILHGZLWKZKDWWKH\KDGDQGGLGQ·W GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHJDLQVIURPIUHH
ZDQWZKDWRWKHUVZHUHZLOOLQJWR WUDGHFRPSDUHGZLWKUHVWULFWHGWUDGH
WUDGH7KLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWYROXQ & 'LGDQ\RQHPDNHPRUHWKDQRQH
WDU\H[FKDQJHVVWRSZKHQERWKVLGHV WUDGH"$JDLQWKLVQXPEHULVOLNHO\WR
GRQRWH[SHFWWRJDLQ6RPHVWXGHQWV EHODUJHUWKDQLQWKHILUVWURXQG
ZLOOVD\WKH\ZHUHQRWDEOHWRJHWZKDW ' :K\GLG\RXWUDGH"$QVZHUVZLOO
WKH\ZDQWHG+RZHYHUHYHU\RQHZKR YDU\EXWVKRXOGSRLQWWRWKHIDFWWKDW
GRHVGHFLGHWRWUDGHLVEHWWHURIIWR WUDGHPDGHWKHPEHWWHURIIWKDQ
VRPHGHJUHHRUWKH\ZRXOGQ·WKDYHYRO EHIRUH
XQWDULO\WUDGHG ( 2IWKRVHZKRPDGHWUDGHVKRZ
) 'LGDQ\RQHWUDGHPRUHWKDQRQFH" PDQ\DUHEHWWHURIIDVDUHVXOWRIWKH
:K\"6HYHUDOVWXGHQWVSUREDEO\PDGH WUDGHV"$OOVWXGHQWVZKRWUDGHGVKRXOG
QXPHURXVWUDGHVEHFDXVHWKH\FRQWLQ EHEHWWHURIIIURPWKHWUDGHLIWKH
XHGWREHFRPHEHWWHURIIZLWKHDFK WUDGHVZHUHYROXQWDU\3RLQWRXWWKDW
WUDGH WKRVHZKRWUDGHGLQERWK5RXQGDQG
*:HUHDQ\UHVWULFWLRQVSODFHGRQ 5RXQGVKRXOGEHHYHQEHWWHURIIDIWHU
WUDGHV"<HVVWXGHQWVFRXOGWUDGHRQO\ 5RXQGWUDGHV
ZLWKSHRSOHRQWKHLUVLGHRIWKHURRP
) ,GHQWLI\VRPHVWXGHQWVZKRKDGD SHRSOHWUDGH"$QVZHUVZLOOYDU\5HIHU
ODUJHQXPEHURIWKHVDPHLWHP'LGDQ\ WRWKHK\SRWKHVHVRQWKHERDUGDQG
RQHWUDGHDZD\VRPHEXWQRWDOORIWKH FRPSDUHWKHPZLWKWKHUHDVRQVVWX
LWHP",IWKLVRFFXUUHGLWLVDGHPRQ GHQWVJDYHIRUWUDGLQJ
VWUDWLRQRIWKHODZRIGLPLQLVKLQJ . :KDWFRQFOXVLRQVFDQ\RXGUDZIURP
PDUJLQDOYDOXHXWLOLW\7KHPRUH\RX WKLVVLPXODWLRQ"$JDLQDQVZHUVZLOO
KDYHRIVRPHWKLQJWKHOHVV\RXYDOXH YDU\EXWVKRXOGLQFOXGHVRPHPHQWLRQ
RQHPRUHXQLWRILW)RUH[DPSOH\RXU RIWKHJDLQVIURPWUDGHDQGWKHFRQ
WHQWKSLHFHRIFDQG\LVPRUHHDVLO\ FHSWWKDWERWKVLGHVEHQHILWDQGQRRQH
JLYHQXSWKDQWKHRQO\FDQG\EDU\RX ORVHV
SRVVHVVWKHPDUJLQDOXWLOLW\LWSUR
YLGHVLVQRWDVJUHDWDVWKDWRIWKHILUVW 2SWLRQDO +HUHLVDQDOWHUQDWLYHZD\WR
SLHFH FRQGXFWWKHWUDGLQJDFWLYLW\WKDWXVHV
* 6RPHSHRSOHKDGPRUHLWHPV²DQG QXPEHUVWRVKRZJDLQVIURPWUDGH
PRUHYDOXDEOHLWHPV²WRWUDGHWKDQRWK 'LVWULEXWHWKHEDJVZLWKWKHWUDGLQJLWHPV
HUVMXVWDVZLWKVRPHFRXQWULHV,I\RX WRVWXGHQWVDVEHIRUH$VNVWXGHQWVWRUDWH
ZHUHRQHRIWKH´SRRUHUµVWXGHQWVZHUH RQDVFDOHRIRQHWRILYHWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQ
\RXDEOHWRWUDGH" 3UREDEO\\HVXQOHVV ZLWKWKHLUEDJ·VFRQWHQWVZLWKILYHEHLQJ
VRPHEDJVFRQWDLQHGRQO\LWHPVZLWK YHU\VDWLVILHGDQGRQHEHLQJGLVVDWLVILHG
QRYDOXHWRDQ\VWXGHQW ,QVWUXFWVWXGHQWVWRZULWHWKHQXPEHURQ
+ 'LGDQ\YHU\SRRUVWXGHQWVWUDGH WKHEDJ([SODLQWKDWHFRQRPLVWVXVHWKH
ZLWKDQ\YHU\´ULFKµVWXGHQWV"3UREDEO\ WHUPXWLOLW\ WRGHVFULEHWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQ
\HV7KLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWSHRSOHLQ SHRSOHUHFHLYHIURPWKLQJV²LQWKLVFDVH
ZHDOWK\QDWLRQVDUHQ·WWKHRQO\RQHV WKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHLUEDJ$VNIRUDVKRZRI
ZKREHQHILWIURPWUDGHDQGWKDWPXWX KDQGVDQGFRXQWKRZPDQ\VWXGHQWVUDWHG
DOO\EHQHILFLDOWUDGHFDQWDNHSODFH WKHLUXWLOLW\DWDQGDQGNHHSD
EHWZHHQSHRSOHLQZHDOWK\FRXQWULHV WDOO\RQWKHERDUG
DQGSRRUFRXQWULHV
, :DVHYHU\RQHWRWDOO\KDSS\ZLWKKLV $IWHUWKH5RXQG WUDGLQJVHVVLRQDVN
RUKHUWUDGHV" 3UREDEO\QRWEXWHPSKD VWXGHQWVWRUDWHWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKH
VL]HWKDWWKLVLVQRWWKHSRLQW6WXGHQWV LWHPVWKH\QRZKDYHDQGWRDJDLQUHFRUG
ZKRKDGOLWWOHWRWUDGHPD\QRWKDYH WKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQE\ZULWLQJDQXPEHU
EHHQDVSOHDVHGDVWKRVHZLWKDODUJHU IURPRQHWRILYHRQWKHLUEDJ6XUYH\WKH
QXPEHURILWHPV6RPHVWXGHQWVPD\ FODVVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUXWLOLW\DQGUHFRUGWKH
KDYHWUDGHGPHUHO\WRDYRLGIHHOLQJ UHVSRQVHVRQWKHERDUG7KHQXPEHUV
OHIWRXW6RPHVWXGHQWVPD\QRWKDYH VKRXOGEHKLJKHUWKDQEHIRUHWUDGLQJ
EHHQDEOHWRILQGVRPHWKLQJWKH\ZHUH GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKHEHQHILWVIURPWUDGH
LQWHUHVWHGLQDWDOO6WXGHQWVZKR
WUDGHGDQGWKHQUHDOL]HGWKH\PLVVHG $IWHUWKH5RXQG WUDGLQJVHVVLRQDVN
DEHWWHUWUDGHPD\KDYHEHHQXQKDS VWXGHQWVWRUDWHWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKH
S\)LQDOO\VWXGHQWVZKRXQGHUHVWL LWHPVWKH\QRZKDYHDQGWRDJDLQUHFRUG
PDWHGWKHFRVWVRIWUDGHRURYHUHVWL WKHQXPEHURQWKHLUEDJ6XUYH\WKHFODVV
PDWHGLWVEHQHILWV²RUERWK²PD\KDYH DJDLQUHJDUGLQJWKHLUXWLOLW\DQGZULWHWKH
EHHQXQKDSS\7UDGLQJGRHVQ·WJXDU QXPEHUVRQWKHERDUG6WXGHQWVZKRWUDG
DQWHHKDSSLQHVV(FRQRPLVWVPHUHO\ HGVKRXOGUDQNWKHLUXWLOLW\KLJKHUWKDQ
PDLQWDLQWKDWWUDGHZLOOFRQWLQXHLI WKH\GLGLQWKHILUVWURXQGRIWUDGLQJ
SHRSOHDUHEHWWHURIIDIWHUWKHWUDGH 6WXGHQWVVKRXOGDOVRQRWHWKDWWKHRYHUDOO
WKDQLIWKH\KDGQRWWUDGHGDWDOO XWLOLW\UDQNLQJVIRUWKHFODVVKDYH
- 'LG\RXUWUDGLQJEHKDYLRUVXSSRUWRU LQFUHDVHGZLWKHDFKWUDGLQJURXQG
GLVSURYHWKHFODVV·VK\SRWKHVHVDERXWZK\
CLOSURE
6XPPDUL]HWKHOHVVRQE\KDYLQJVWXGHQWVGLV
FXVVKRZWKHWUDGLQJVHVVLRQVUHVHPEOHGWUDG
LQJLQWKHUHDOZRUOG6RPHGLIIHUHQFHVDUH
REYLRXV6WXGHQWVGLGQ·WH[FKDQJHPRQH\DQG
WKH\GLGQ·WKDYHWRZRUN²LHLQFXUSURGXF
WLRQFRVWV²WRJHWWKHLWHPVWKH\WUDGHG
&RPSDUHWKLVVHVVLRQZLWKWKHJDVROLQHVFH
QDULRIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHOHVVRQDQG
QRWLFHWKHPDQ\VLPLODULWLHV<RXPD\ZLVKWR
SRLQWRXWWKDWDQLGHDXQGHUO\LQJIUHHWUDGHLV
WKDWGLIIHUHQWSHRSOHSODFHGLIIHUHQWPDUJLQDO
YDOXHVRQLWHPV3HRSOHWHQGWRJLYHXSLWHPV
WKH\YDOXHOHVVWKDQWKHLWHPWKH\DUHJHWWLQJ
LQH[FKDQJH,QWKLVZD\VWXGHQWVHQGHGWKH
DFWLYLW\ZLWKDQLWHPWKH\YDOXHGPRUHWKDQ
WKHRQHWKH\KDGZKHQWUDGLQJEHJDQ