ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES

SCC(SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE)

ASSIGNEMENT – I

SOMESH SIDDHARTH (A1988520002)

SEMESTER –I
M.ARCH
(ASAP)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Rajeev Sinha

Lecturers of
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND [ARCH644]

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTER PRADESH
SECTOR 125, NOIDA -201303, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
2016
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require
vibration for placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight,
completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of
congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has
the same engineering properties and durability as traditional vibrated concrete.
Due to industrialization there is huge amount of red mud and foundry waste sand
created. Aluminum is now consume during manufacture red mud which is used Red
Mud and Foundry waste Sand are industrial waste and causing threat to environment so
the reduce the cost of the construction also to make structure more durable,
reduce problem of this material the project has been undertaken so that it
can be used for construction fashion following points attempted.
1) To study the properties of foundry waste sand.
2) To blend to mix or to replace cement by different % by foundry waste sand.
3) To study properties of Red mud
4) To prepare the concrete by blending or by replacing the cement by Red mud
5) To study the comparativeness.

Facing lot more problem of foundry waste. Very close to the Kolhapur there is
project of steel industry, sand used for the formation of mound when the molds are
opened the waste sand is dumped for the filling the low lying areas while doing this
the agriculture areas is converted into barren area Because there is no. space for
the waste other than the land filling similar case is in case of Aluminum industry
where red mud is concluded to be waste. Which contains lot amount of bauxite and
that is why red mud is also dump in the nearby areas here it is causing big threat for
the society and it is disturbing the eco system of the environment.
So, it is the dire need to use this particular otherwise waste material for the
constructive in such fashion in the case of concrete so that concrete which became cost
effective as well as ecofriendly. And hence this project is attempted.

INTRODUCTION TO SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

The development of new technology in the material science is progressing rapidly. In

last three decades, a lot of research was carried out throughout globe to improve the
performance of concrete in terms of strength and durability qualities. Consequently,
concrete has no longer remained a construction material consisting of cement,
aggregate, and water only, but has becomes an engineered custom-tailored material
with several new constituents to meet the specific needs of construction industry.
The growing use of concrete in special architectural configurations and closely spaced
reinforcing bars have made it very important to produce concrete that ensures proper
filling ability, good structural performance and adequate durability. In recent years, a
lot of research was carried out throughout the world to improve the
performance of concrete in terms of its most important properties, i.e. Strength and
durability. Concrete technology has under gone from macro to micro level study in
the enhancement of strength and durability properties from 1980’s onwards. Till
1980 the research study was focused only to flow ability of concrete, so as to enhance
the strength however durability did not draw lot of attention of the concrete
technologists. This type of study has resulted in the development of self-compacting
concrete (SCC), a much-needed revolution in concrete industry. Self-compacting
concrete is highly engineered concrete with much higher fluidity without segregation
and is capable of filling every corner of form work under its self-weight only (Okamura
1997). Thus, SCC eliminates the needs of vibration either external or internal for the
compaction of the concrete without compromising its engineering properties.
This concrete was first developed in Japan in late 80’s to combat the deterioration of
concrete quality due to lack of skilled labors, along with problems at the corners
regarding the homogeneity and compaction of cast in place concrete mainly with
intricate structures so as to improve the durability of concrete and structures. After the
development of SCC in Japan 1988, whole Europe started working on this unique noise
free revolution in the field of construction industry. The last half of decade 1991-2000
has remained very active in the field of research in SCC in Europe. That is why, Europe
has gone ahead of USA in publishing specifications and guidelines for self-
compacting concrete (EFNARC 2002). Now, all over the world, a lot of research is
going on, so as to optimize the fluidity of concrete with its strength and durability
properties without a drastically increase in the cost. The first North American
conference on design and use of self-consolidation concrete was organized in
November 2002. At present many researchers are
working in numerous universities and government R&D organizations due to benefits of
the use of this concrete. A very limited work is reported from India, where the future
for
concrete is very bright due to scarcity of skilled man power, non-mechanization of
construction industry, abundant availability of construction materials available at very
low cost. Therefore, it can be said that SCC is still quite unknown to many
researchers, builders, ready mix concrete producers, academia etc.
Self-compacting concrete is basically a concrete which is capable of flowing in to
the
formwork, without segregation, to fill uniformly and completely every corner of it by its
own weight without any application of vibration or other energy during placing. There
is no standard self- compacting concrete. Therefore, each self-compacting concrete
has to be designed for the particular structure to be constructed. However, working on
the parameters which affect the basic properties of self-compacting concrete such
as plastic viscosity, deformability, flowability and resistance to segregation,
self- compacting concrete may be proportioned for almost any type of concrete
structure.
To establish an appropriate mixture proportion for a self- compacting concrete
the performance requirements must be defined taking into account the structural
conditions such as shape, dimensions, reinforcement density and construction
conditions.
The construction conditions include methods of transporting, placing, finishing
and curing. The specific requirement of self-compacting concrete is its capacity
for self-compaction, without vibration, in the fresh state. Other performances such as
strength and durability should be established as for normal concrete.

To meet the concrete performance requirements the following three types of self-
compacting concretes are available.

1) Powder type of self-compacting concrete: This is proportioned to give the

required self-compact ability by reducing the water-powder (material<0.1mm)
ratio and provide adequate segregation resistance. Super plasticizer and air
entraining admixtures give the required deformability.
2) Viscosity agent type self-compacting concrete: This type is proportioned to
provide self-compaction by the use of viscosity modifying admixture to provide
segregation resistance. Super plasticizers and air entraining admixtures are used
for obtaining the desired deformability.
3) Combination type self-compacting concrete: This type is proportioned so
as to obtain self-compact ability mainly by reducing the water powder ratio, as
in the powder type, and a viscosity modifying admixture is added to reduce the
quality fluctuations of the fresh concrete due to the variation of the surface
moisture content of the aggregates and their gradations during the
production. This facilitates the production control of the concrete.
NEED F OR SCC

Now having a look over history of SCC, question arises that what is needed to go for
SCC? So, here are some of the important aspects to go with SCC:

Foundry sand and red mud has pozzolanic properties hence increasing the binding
properties and gives the better strength at the same time it reduces the cost problems.
And also reduces the following problems.
1) Foundry waste dumping
2) Red mud dumping.
In dumping land become useless. It starts polluting the groundwater.
So, it should be used in some constructive fashion. Which is going to cater in two ways
Help in getting better quality of concrete.

For several years, the problem of the durability of concrete structures has been a
major problem posed to engineers. To make durable concrete structures, sufficient
compaction is required. Compaction for conventional concrete is done by vibrating.
Over vibration can easily cause segregation. In conventional concrete, it is difficult to
ensure uniform material quality and good density in heavily reinforced locations.
If steel is not properly surrounded by concrete it leads to durability problems. This is
the problem mainly with heavily reinforced sections where a very high congestion of
reinforcement is seen. In this case, it becomes extremely difficult to compact the
concrete. Then what can be done to avoid honeycombing?
The answer to the problem may be a type of concrete which can get compacted into
every corner of form work and gap between steel, purely by means of its own weight
and without the need for compaction. The SCC concept was required to overcome
these difficulties.
The SCC concept can be stated as the concrete that meets special performance and
uniformity requirements that cannot always be obtained by using conventional
ingredients, normal mixing procedure and curing practices. The SCC is an engineered
material consisting of cement, aggregates, water and admixtures with several new
constituents like colloidal silica, pozzolanic materials, chemical admixtures to take care
of specific requirements, such as, high-flowability, compressive strength, high
workability, enhanced resistances to chemical or mechanical stresses, lower
permeability, durability, resistance against
segregation, and possibility under dense reinforcement conditions.
The properties, such as, fluidity and high resistance to segregation enables the
placement of concrete without vibrations and with reduced labor, noise and much less
wear and tear
of equipment.
Use of SCC overcomes the problem of concrete placement in heavily reinforced
sections and it helps to shorten construction period.
Self-compacting concrete is growing rapidly, especially in the pre- cast market where
its advantages are rapidly understood and utilized.
Super plasticizer enhances deformability and with the reduction of water/powder
segregation resistance is increased.
High deformability and high segregation resistance are obtained by limiting the amount
of coarse aggregate.
However, the high dosage of super-plasticizer used for reduction of the liquid limit and
for better workability, the high powder content as
‘lubricant’ for the coarse aggregates, as well as the use of viscosity-agents to, as well as
the use of viscosity-agents to increase the viscosity of the concrete have to be taken
into account.
Now in our project we are(have) used replacement of (done replacement
of/replaced) cement by volume by red mud and foundry waste. Because of red mud and
foundry waste are solid waste.
Also conventional method of waste red mud in ponds has often adverse environmental
impact and during monsoon waste may be carried by runoff to the surface water
course and a result of leaching may cause contamination of ground water, for further
disposal of large quantities of red mud dumped, produces problems of storage
occupying of a lot of space at present about 60 million tons of red mud is
generated annually
worldwide which is not being recycled satisfactorily. The use of red mud due to higher
compressive strength. To make light
weight strong concrete. Typical red mud contains Cao, Siu2, and Fe2O3

Foundry waste basically contents (contains) uniformly sized, and which having one or
more organic binder.
If some new sand and binder is typically added to maintain the quality of casting and
make up sand lost during operation.
Also, it is used for purposes as substitute constituents in aggregate and as kiln feed in
the
manufacture of Portland cement. It having low absorption and non-plastic nature. Its
mobiles leachable fraction, angle of shear resistance be in the range of 33 to 40
degree as compared to conventional sand.
Besides above following are the advantages of SCC:

Improved Concrete Quality:

• SCC yields homogeneous concrete in situations where the castings are difficult
due to congested reinforcement, difficult access etc.
• SCC shows a good filling ability especially around reinforcement
• SCC is very well suited for special and technically demanding structures
such as tunnel linings, as the possibility to compact the concrete is limited in the
closed space between formwork and rock.
• Shows narrow variation in properties on site.
• Most suitable for concrete filled tubes (CFT) technology construction for
high rise buildings.
• It ensures better quality of in-situ pile foundation.

Environmental & Human Health Protection:

• Reduces noise at sites, the pre cast factory, and neighborhood, hence, it is a
silent concrete.
• Eliminates problems with blood circulation leading to “white fingers” caused
by compacting equipment, hence called a healthy
• concrete.
• SCC gives noise protection in precast industry, by introducing no restrictive
measures like ear protection, marked areas, safety instructions are necessary.
• Shortens the construction time by accelerating construction process,
especially in pre cast industry.
Economy & Time Reducing:
 • Its ease of placement improves the productivity and the cost saving through
reduced equipment and labor equipment.
• Reduction in wear and tear of forms, therefore, it extends the service life of
forms.
• Reduction in the number of workers. Normally one cum requires 1.5 man-hours;
with SCC this is reduced to 0.35 man-hours.
• It reduces the consumption of resources and cost, even considering a higher price
per cubic meter for the concrete. Okamura has reported that it is possible to
reduce the overall bridge cost by 5-
• 15%.
• Because of its high fluidity, this concrete does not need any vibrations so that it
allows to save energy and ensure suitable cost in place.
• Reduction of expenses and manpower needed for patching finished precast
elements.
• It can enable the concrete supplier to provide better consistency in delivering
concrete, which reduces the interventions at the plants or job sites.
Construction with SCC is not affected by the skill of the workers, and shape and
arrangement of reinforcing bars of the structures.

SCC use at construction sites reduces the chance of accident by reducing number of
cables needed for the operation of compacting equipment, hence, reduces the workers
compensation premiums. It gives wide opportunity for the use of high-volumes of
byproducts materials15-18
Such as fly ash, lime stone powder, quarry dust etc., (Yahia et al. 1999, Bazooka, and
Alchemy 2001, Persson 2002, Naik and Kumar 2003) since a higher volume of powder
material is required for enhancing the cohesiveness and reducing the amount of
superplasticizer and viscosity modifying agents.
In spite of above all, following are the some of the disadvantages of
SCC:

DISADVANTAGES OF S C
C

The production of SCC places more stringent requirements on the selection of materials
in comparison with conventional concrete. An uncontrolled variation of even 1%
moisture content in the fine aggregate will have a much bigger impact on the rheology
of SCC at very low W/C (~0.3) ratio. Proper stock piling of aggregate, uniformity
of moisture in the batching process, and good sampling practice are essential for SCC
mixture, A change in the characteristics of a SCC mixture could be a warning sign
for quality control and while a subjective judgment, may sometimes be more
important than the quantitative parameters. The development of a SCC requires a
large number of a trial batches. In addition to the laboratory trial batches, field size
trial batches should be used to simulate the typical production conditions. Once a
promising mixture has been established, further laboratory trial batches are
required to quantify the characteristics of the mixture SCC is costlier than
conventional concrete initially based on concrete materials cost due to higher
dosage of chemical admixtures, i.e. high range water reducer and viscosity
enhancing admixture (VEA). Increase in material cost can be easily offset with
improvement in productivity, reductions in vibration cost and maintenance and proper
uses of mineral admixtures.

INGRADIENTS OF SCC
SCC is something different than the conventional concrete or modification of
conventional concrete it has similar ingredients such as Aggregate binder, however
there blending is changed so as to get the advantage of self-compactness:

• Cement: - Generally Portland cement is used for SCC.

• Aggregates: - The maximum size of aggregate is generally limited to 20mm.
Aggregate of size 10 mm is desirable for structures having congested
reinforcement. Wherever possible size of aggregate higher than
20 mm could also be used. Well graded cubical or rounded aggregate are
desirable. Aggregates should be of uniform quality with respect to shape and
grading.
Fine aggregate can be natural or manufactured. The grading must be uniform
throughout the work. The moisture content or absorption characteristics must
be closely monitored as quality of SCC will be sensitive to such changes.
Particles smaller than 0.125mm i.e. 125-micron size are considered as FINES
which
contribute to the powder content.
• Mixing water: - Ordinary potable water of normally pH 7 is used for mixing and
curing the concrete specimen.
• Admixtures for SCC: -An admixture is a material other than water, aggregates and
cement and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing.
Admixtures are used to improve or give special properties to concrete. The use of
admixture should offer an improvement not economically attainable by adjusting
the proportions of cement and aggregates and should not adversely affect any
properties of the concrete. The admixture consists chiefly of those which
accelerate and those which retard hydrations or setting of the cement, finely
divided materials which improves workability, water proofers, pigments, wetting,
dispersing and air-entraining agents and pozzolanas. Admixtures ranging from
additions of chemicals to waste materials have been used to improve certain
properties of concrete. The admixture is generally added in a relatively minute
quantity. The degree of control must be higher to ensure that over dosages are
unlikely to occur. Excess quantity of admixture may be detrimental to the
properties of concrete. It may be mentioned here that concrete of poor quantity
will not be converted to the good quality concrete by adding admixture. As
mentioned briefly before basic properties of self- compacting concrete
are plastic viscosity, deformability, flowability and resistance to segregation.
Several components of concrete are used provide and control these properties.
It is important to have a stable equilibrium between the plastic viscosity and the
yield stress in the self- compacting concrete. If this equilibrium is upset then we
may have several problems such as, insufficient flow which will affect the filling
ability leading to incomplete filling of the forms or, too low a plastic viscosity
which may cause segregation. Fig.1 shows in qualitative way, the influence on
the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the individual components of concrete.

The effect of each component may be summarized as follows:

• Variations in the powder content affect mainly the yield stress and some extent
the plastic viscosity.
• Air content affects mainly the plastic viscosity.
• Water affects the yield stress and the plastic viscosity.
• Superplasticizer dosage affects mainly the yield stress and marginally the plastic
viscosity.
• Viscosity modifying admixtures affect mainly the plastic viscosity.
The proposed viscosity modifying admixture is high molecular weight polyelectrolytes
with high affinity to water. It imparts structure to the liquid phase of the mix by
interaction of ionic functional groups with water and its own molecules. By binding the
water to itself, the viscosity of the pore water is increased and, in addition, a three-
dimensional network is formed. The combination of both affects contribute to the
effective control of the viscosity of the mix and prevent bleeding and segregation

The ionic interaction of the viscosity modifying admixture molecules are flexible and
can be partially or completely broken down when a reactive low force (shear) is
applied. The yield stress is slightly increased. At normal mixing or placing conditions
(moderate shear), the interactions of the viscosity modifier mentioned above,
guarantee the homogeneity of the mix and prevent the segregation. The balance
between the yield stress and the plastic viscosity is the key to the appropriate self-
compacting concrete rheology.

Chemical Admixtures: - Superplasticizer

Gluoniums SKY 784 is used because it is essential component of SCC to provide
necessary workability.
Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA)
Other types may be incorporated as necessary, such as Gluonium Sky is used for stability
to improve freeze-thaw resistance, and retarders for control and setting minerals.

Mineral Admixtures:

Fly Ash: - Fly ash in appropriate quantity may be added to improve the quality and
durability of SCC.
Red Mud: - Red mud which is residual product of aluminum from bauxite can be used in
appropriate quantity to improve the quality and durability of SCC.
Foundry waste sand: - Like Red mud, Foundry waste sand is also another substitute to
cement in concrete. It when used in appropriate quantity help to improve the quality
and durability of SCC.

PROPERTIES OF S C
C

Fresh SCC Properties

The 3 main properties of SCC in plastic state are:

1) Filling ability (excellent deformability)

2) Passing ability (ability to pass reinforcement without blocking)
3) High resistance to segregation.

Filling ability
Self-compacting concrete must be able to flow into all the spaces within the formwork
under its own weight. This is related to workability, as measured by slump flow or
Ouimet test.
The filling ability or flowability is the property that characterizes the ability of the SCC
of flowing into formwork and filling all space under its own weight, guaranteeing total
covering of the reinforcement. The mechanisms that govern this property are high
fluidity and cohesion of the mixture.
Passing ability
Self-compacting concrete must flow through tight openings such as spaces between
steel reinforcing bars under its own weight. The mix must not ‘block’ during placement.
The passing ability is the property that characterizes the ability of the SCC to pass
between obstacles- gaps between reinforcement, holes, and narrow sections, without
blocking. The mechanisms that govern this property are moderate viscosity of the
paste and mortar, and the properties of the aggregates, principally, maximum size of
the coarse aggregate. Stability or resistance to the segregation is the property that
characterizes the ability of the SCC to avoid the segregation of its components, such as
the coarse aggregates. Such a property provides
uniformity of the mixture during transport, placement and
consolidation.
The mechanisms that govern this property are the viscosity and cohesion of the mixture.
High Resistance to Segregation
Self-compacting concrete must meet the requirements of 1 and 2 while its original
composition remains uniform. The key properties must be maintained at adequate
levels
for the required period of time (e.g.20 min) after completion of mixing. It is property 2
the passing ability and property 3 resistance to segregation that constitute the major
advance, form a merely super plasticized fresh mix which may be more fluid than self-
compacting concrete mix.
Latest developments in accordance with the objectives of the European SCC project
aim to limit the admixtures used for general purpose SCC s to only one by using new
types and combinations of polymers. Experience has shown that such an admixture may
have to add to generate and maintain compacting concrete using less liable
materials.

SCC AND MEASUREMEN T OF IT’S FLOW PROPERTIES

GENERAL

It is important to appreciate that none of the test methods for SCC has yet been
standardized and the tests described are not yet perfected or standardized. The
methods presented here are descriptions rather than fully detailed procedures. They
are mainly ad-hoc methods, which have devised specifically for SCC. Hence for the
validation of concrete these tests have not been considered.

In considering these tests, there are number of points which should be taken into
account: One principal difficulty in devising such tests is that they have to assess three
distinct, though related, properties of fresh SCC – its filling ability (flowability), its
passing ability (free from blocking at reinforcement), and its resistance to segregation
(stability). No single test is so far derived which can measure all the three
properties.
• There is no clear relation between test results and performance on site.
• There is little precise data, therefore no clear guidance on compliance limits.
• Repetition of the tests is advised.
• The test methods and values are stated for maximum aggregate size up to 20
mm; different test values and/or different equipment dimensions will be
appropriate for other aggregate sizes.
• Different test values may be appropriate for concrete being placed in vertical
and horizontal elements.
• Similarly, different test values may be appropriate for different reinforcement
densities.
TEST METHODS
SLUMP FLOW TEST.

The slump flow is used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the absence of
obstructions. It was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of underwater
concrete. The test method is based on the test method for determining the slump. The
diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the concrete.
Assessment of test:
This is simple, rapid test procedure, though two people are needed if the T50 time is to
be measured. It can be used on site, though the size of the base plate is somewhat
unwieldy and level ground is essential. It is most commonly used test, and gives a good
assessment of filling ability. It gives no indication of the ability of the concrete to pass
between reinforcement without blocking, but may give some indication of
resistance to segregation. It can be argued that the completely free flow, unrestrained
by any boundaries, is not representative of what happens in practice in concrete
construction, but the test can be profitably be used to assess the consistency of supply
of ready-mixed concrete to a site from load to load.

Equipment.
The apparatus is shown in figure.

Mold in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200mm at the
base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300mm, confirming to EN12350-2
Base plate of a stiff non-absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a
circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle
of
500mm diameter. The apparatus usually required for this test are as under-Trowel.
Scoop. Ruler. Stopwatch

Procedure:

1) About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

 2) Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone.
3) Place base plate on level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the
base plate and hold down firmly.
4) Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level
with
the top of the cone with trowel.
5) Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
6) Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
7) Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the concrete
to reach the 500mm spread circle. (This is T50 time).
8) Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions.
9) Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is slump flow in
mm).

U box test method

The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei Corporation in
Japan. Sometimes the apparatus is called a “box shaped” test. The test is used to
measure the filling ability of self- compacting concrete. The apparatus consists of a
vessel divided by a middle wall into two compartments, shown by R1 and R2 in Fig. An
operating with a sliding gate is fitted between the two sections. Reinforcing bars with
nominal diameters of 13mm are installed at the gate with center-to-center spacing of
50mm.This creates a clear spacing of 35mm between the bars. The left-hand section is
filled with about 20 liters of concrete then the gate lifted and concrete flows upward
into the other section. The height of the concrete in both sections is measured.

Assessment of test.

This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to construct. It
provides a good direct assessment of filling ability-this is literally what the concrete
has to do-modified by an unmeasured requirement for passing ability. The 35 mm
gap between the sections of reinforcement may be considered too close. The question
remains open of what filling height less than 30 cm. is still acceptable
Equipment.
• U box of a stiff non absorbing material. Trowel
• Scoop
• Stop watch.

Procedure

1) About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2) Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it.
3) Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water.
4) Fill the one compartment of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
5) Leave it to stand for 1 minute,
6) Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the other
compartment.
7) After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the
compartment has been filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1).
Measure also the height in the other
8) compartment (H2)
9) Calculate H1-H2, the filling height.
10) The whole test has to perform within 5 minutes.

3 L box test method

This test, based on a Japanese design for underwater concrete, has been described by
Peterson. The test assesses the flow of the concrete, and also the extent to which it is
subjected to blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus is shown in figure.
The apparatus consists of a rectangular section box in the shape of an ‘L’, with a
vertical
and horizontal section, separated by a moveable gate, in front of which vertical lengths
of reinforcement bars are fitted.
The vertical section is filled with concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the concrete
flow into the horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete
at the end of the horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the
vertical section (H2/H1 in the diagram). It indicates the slope of the concrete when at
rest. This is an indication passing ability, or the degree to which the passage of
concrete through the bars is restricted. The horizontal section of the box can be
marked at 200 mm and 400 mm from the gate and the times taken to reach these
points measured.
These are known as T20 andT40 times and are an indication for the filling
ability.
The sections of bar can be of different diameters and spaced at different intervals: in
accordance with normal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum aggregate size
might be appropriate.
The bars can principally be set at any spacing to impose a more or less severe test of
the passing ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test.
This is widely is used test, suitable for laboratory, and perhaps site use. It assesses
filling and passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability (segregation) can be
detected visually. Segregation may also be detected by subsequently sawing and
inspecting sections of the concrete in the horizontal section. Unfortunately, there is
no agreement on materials, dimensions, or reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is
difficult to compare test results. There is no evidence of what effect the wall of the
apparatus and the consequent
‘wall effect’ might have on concrete flow, but this arrangement does, to some extent,
replicate what happens to concrete on site when it is confined within
formwork.
Two operators are required if times are measured, and a degree of operator error is
inevitable.
Equipment.

• L box of a stiff non absorbing material

• Trowel
• Scoop
• Stop watch

Procedure

1) About 14 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2) Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and close it.
3) Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water
4) Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
5) Leave it to stand for 1 minute.
6) Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal
section.
7) Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the times taken for the concrete
to reach the 200- and 400-mm marks.
8) When the concrete stops flowing, the distance “H1” and “H2” are measured.
9) Calculate H2/H1, the Blocking Ratio.
10) The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.
Ouimet Test
The Ouimet was developed at the University of Paisley as a method for assessment of
highly workable, flowing fresh concrete mixes on construction sites. The equipment is
shown in figure.
The test is based on the principle of an orifice rheometer. The Ouimet consists of a
vertical casting pipe fitted with a changeable inverted cone shaped orifice at its lower,
discharge, end, with a quick – release trap door to close the orifice. Usually the orifice
has an 80 mm internal diameter which is appropriate for assessment of concrete mixes
of aggregate size not exceeding 20 mm. Orifices of other sizes, usually from 70 mm to
90 mm in diameter, can be fitted instead.
Operation consists simply of filling the Ouimet with concrete then opening the trap door
and measuring the time taken for light to appear at the bottom of the pipe (when
viewed
from above).
Assessment of test.

This test is able to simulate the flow of fresh concrete during actual placing on sites. It
is rapid test, and the equipment is simple and easily maintained. The test has the
useful characteristic of being capable of differentiation between highly workable,
flowing mixes, and might therefore useful for compliance testing of successive loads
on site. The timing procedure, however, may be subjected to error, and ideally
requires two people.

Equipment.

• Ouimet device of a stiff non-absorbing material

• Bucket (+/- 10 liter) Trowel
• Scoop
• stopwatch
Procedure

1) About 8 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2) Set the Ouimet on firm ground.
3) Moisten the inside surfaces of the casting pipe and the orifice.
4) Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
5) Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
6) Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping,
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
7) Open the trap door within 10 seconds after filling and allow the concrete to flow
out under gravity.
8) Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the
discharge to complete9the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from
above through the orifice section.
9) The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes

V Funnel Test and V Funnel test at T5 minutes

The test was developed in Japan and used Ozawa et al. The equipment consists of a
V- shaped tunnel, shown in fig. An alternative type of V-funnel, the O funnel, with a
circular section is also used in Japan.The described V-funnel test is used to determine
the filling ability (flow ability) of the concrete with a maximum aggregate size of
20mm.The funnel is filled with about 12 liter of concrete and the time taken for it to
flow through the apparatus measured. After this the funnel can be refilled
concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete shows segregation then the
flow time will increase significantly.

Assessment of test

Though the test is designed to measure flow ability, the result is affected by concrete
properties other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability of the
concrete to block to be reflected in the result – if, for example there is too much
coarse aggregate. High flow time can also be associated with low deformability due to
high paste viscosity, and with high inter-particle friction.While the apparatus is simple,
the effect of the angle of the funnel and the wall effect on the flow of concrete are not
clear.

Equipment.

• V-funnel
• Bucket (+/- 12 liter) Trowel
• Scoop
• Stopwatch
Procedure of flow time

1) About 12 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2) Set the V-funnel on firm ground

3) Moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel.

4) Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
5) Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
6) Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tamping;
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
7) Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to
flow out under gravity.
8) Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the
discharge to complete (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from
above through the funnel.
9) The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.
10) Procedure of flow time at T5 minutes
11) Do not clean or moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel again.
12) Close the trap door and refill the v-funnel immediately after measuring the
flow time.
13) Place a bucket underneath.
14) Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping,
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
15) Open the trap door 5 minutes after the second fill of the funnel and allow
the concrete to flow out under gravity.
16) Simultaneously start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record
the time for the discharge to complete (the flow time T
17) 5minutes).
18) This is taken to be when light is seen from above through the funnel.
J-RING TEST

The principle of J Ring test may be Japanese, but no references are known. The J Ring
test itself has been developed at the University of Paisley. The test is used to determine
the passing ability of the concrete. The equipment consists of a rectangular section
(30mmx25mm) open steel ring, drilled vertically with holes to accept threaded sections
of reinforcement bar. These sections of bar can be of different diameters and spaced
at different intervals in accordance with normal reinforcement consideration,
3x the maximum aggregate size might be appropriate. The diameter of the ring of
vertical bars is 300mm, and the height 100mm.The J Ring can be used in conjunction
with the slump flow, the Ouimet test or even with the V-funnel. These combinations
test the flowing ability and (the contribution of J ring) the passing ability of the
concrete. The
Ouimet time and/or slump flow spread are measured are usual to assess flow
characteristics. The J ring bars can principally be set at any spacing to impose a more
or
less severe test of the passing ability of the concrete. After the test, the difference in
height between the concrete inside and that just outside the J ring is measured. This is
an indication of passing ability, or the degree to which the passage of concrete through
the bars is restricted.

Assessment of test:

These combinations of tests are considered to have great potential, though there is no
general view on exactly how results should be interpreted. There are number of
options- for instance it may be instructive to compare the slump-flow/J Ring
spread with the unrestricted slump flow: to what extent is it reduced?Like the
slump flow test, these combinations have the disadvantage of being unconfined,
and therefore do not reflect the way concrete is placed and moves in practice. The
Ouimet option has the advantage of being dynamic test, also reflecting placement in
practice, though it suffers from requiring two operators.

Equipment

• Mold, without foot pieces, in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal
dimensions 200mm diameter at the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a
height of 300mm.
• Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked
with a circle showing the central location for the slump cone, and a further
concentric circle of 500mm diameter.
• Trowel. Scoop. Ruler.
 • J ring a rectangular section (30mmx25mm) open steel ring, drilled with holes.
In the holes can be screwed threaded sections of reinforcement bar
(length
100mm, diameter 10mm, and spacing 48 +/-2mm)

Procedure

1) About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2) Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone,

3) Place base-plate on level stable ground.

4) Place the J ring centrally on the base plate and the slump-cone centrally inside it
and hold down firmly.
5) Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level
with the top of the cone with the trowel.
6) Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.

7) Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.

8) Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions.

9) Calculate the average of the two measured diameters (in mm).

10) Measure the difference in height between the concrete just inside the bars
and that just outside the bars.

11) Calculate the average of the difference in height at four locations(in mm).
12) Note any border of mortar or cement paste without coarse aggregate at
the edge of the pool of concrete.

Tests to be fulfilled to qualify as SCC:

Though there are many test methods to confirm the qualification to SCC, as
mentioned above, no single method or combination of methods have obtained
universal acceptance. One cannot declare a mix of SCC by only looking at the slump
flow. For example, a mix with slump of even 650mm or more may not be an SCC, as it
may, sometimes be susceptible to blocking and segregation as well. For example
[6], in japan, the slump flow test, V- funnel test, and the box shaped test (or U-box
test) are used for the purpose of SCC acceptance. In Sweden slump flow and L-box
test are used. So, any mix aimed to be SCC must be tested for at least three workability
tests. These can be a combination of any of the following, in addition to slump flow
test, V-funnel test, L-box blocking ratio test etc.
 Table 5.1: Suggested value of acceptance for different
test methods of SCC

Sl Methods Unit Typical range of values

No. Minimum Maximu
m m
1 Slump flow by Abrams mm 600 800
cone
2 T50cm slump flow sec 2 5
3 J-ring mm 0 10

4 V-funnel sec 6 12
5 Time i n c r e a s e , V-funnel at sec 0 +3

6 L-box (h2/h 0.8 1.0

7 U-box h2-h1 0 30
8 Fill-box % 90 100
9 GTM screen stability test % 0 15

Specime Weight of Density Average Failur Compressiv Average

n specime (N/cum density e e compressiv
identificatio n ) (N/cum Load strengt e strength
n (N) ) (KN) h (MPa)
H1 83.20 24651.8 800 35.55
H2 84.00 24888.8 24592.5 780 34.66 34.51
H3 81.80 24237.0 750 33.33

Table8.9 Compressive strength of SCC w i t h 8% r e d

mud and with combination of admixtures (SP+VMA)

Specime Weight of Density Average Failur Compressiv Average

n specime (N/cum density e e compressiv
identificatio n ) (N/cum Load strengt e strength
n (N) ) (KN) h (MPa)
I1 86.00 25481.5 760 33.77
I2 79.40 23525.9 24335.8 770 34.22 33.62
I3 81.00 24000.0 740 32.88