2 CPS Fundamentals

2.1 CPSs Behaviours

• CPSs - Essential role in industry and society - Leading to breakthroughs in all

relevant areas by bridging the wide range of fields of action.

• CPSs go beyond traditional systems employed in industry in their complexity,

such as automation systems, which require a much closer networking of the
appropriate systems and software engineering disciplines.

• Automation systems networking is carried out through specially developed

network structures used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralized
controller in production automation applications used to monitor measuring
equipment via a process control system in process automation applications.

• CPSs use open network technologies like the Internet.

• Massive importance of growth of the Internet is characterized by the IoT in

which the real and the virtual worlds are converging.

• CPSs gain a growing importance in networking of embedded computing

systems and components of the information and communication technology
(ICT) as well as with the Internet or more.

• In general the IoT as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-

configuring capabilities based on a standard and interoperable
communication protocol.

• The IPv6 is the latest version that routes traffic across the Internet.

2 Seite 1
2.1 CPSs basic technologies

Three basic technologies:

CPSs go beyond the traditional systems employed in industry with regard to

their complexity, requiring a close networking with appropriate disciplines.

Embedded Computing
System

Networking, CPS Sensing -

Information - Actuating
Communication Technologies
Technologies

• Decreasing cost of computation, networking and sensing - Basic economic

motivation embedding networking, information and communication
technologies in every industry and application.

• Exponential growth in computing power – Extremely sophisticated computers

at consumer electronics prices into the market.

• Same trends have vastly improved sensing and actuation technologies.

• Computers and communication become the universal system integrator -

Keeps large systems together - Enable the composition of the CPSs
infrastructure.

2 Seite 2
2.2 CPSs - Advanced and complex system architecture

• Connects computing, networking and the physical and cyber or virtual

environment within one paradigm.

• Provides services to merge the interaction of the physical and the cyber
worlds by integration and collaboration of computation, communication and
control.

Information
feedback

Services
Real time -
Control Monitoring

Similarities between CPSs and the IoT:

Both are sensing, actuating, computing, transmitting information and using

interaction technologies to merge the cyber and the physical worlds.

Differences:

The IoT emphasizes the connection of things with networks, while CPSs emphasize
the integration of computational and physical element information.

2 Seite 3
2.3 Ubiquitous computing

Global ubiquity to interlink systems to produce an omnipresent service architecture.

Support context-based ubiquity, which can be understood as situated access versus

mass access which may reduce human interaction in automation.

Influence for CPS:

Refers to the integration of computation with the physical and the cyber world’s
whereby things can be sensed through ubiquitous sensors and preprocessed by
ubiquitous computing.

2.4 The architecture of CPSs should be ubiquitous

– an integration of paradigms

• Ambient intelligence:

In an ambient intelligent world, devices work together supporting things -

people doing their tasks, everyday life activities, etc., in an easy way using
information and intelligence hidden in the network connecting these devices
through the IoT requesting for ubiquitous computing which allows massive
networking of computers, sensors, actuators, and radio modules where
things/objects communicate with each other.

• Disappearing computers:

Referring to the miniaturization of devices and their integration into the

environment. Thus, the devices disappear into our surroundings until only the
user interface remains perceivable by users.

• Pervasive computing:

Often synonymously called ubiquitous computing, describes an emerging field of

research that brings in revolutionary paradigms for computing models in the
twenty-first century.

• Post-PC era:

Market trend involving a decline in sales of PCs in favor of post-PC devices,

which include mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. These
devices emphasize portability and connectivity, including cloud-based services,
more focused apps to perform tasks, and the ability to synchronize information
between multiple devices seamlessly.

2 Seite 4
 • Ubiquitous computing:

Concept in software and computer engineering where computing is made

to appear everywhere and anywhere. In contrast to desktop computing,
ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in
any format.

CPS fused:

• Sensing through sensors and sensor networks.

• Actuating through actuators and actuator networks

• Algorithms to adopt the behavior of networked systems.

• Ontologies to interlink the CPSs applications.

• Interoperability standards and human-machine interfaces (HMIs) with

situational adequacy and ergonomic issues.

2 Seite 5
2.5 Embedded computing systems in compare
with CPSs

• CPSs are the integration of computing and communication with physical and
virtual processes.

• With the objective to convey how to interact with the physical world.

• To monitor and control the physical processes.

• Usually with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and
vice versa.

2.6 Benefits with CPSs

Systems safety and

efficiency

Benefits
Cost and Machine
operation of communication
buildings capability

• Requires understanding the dynamics of computers, software, networks, and

physical and virtual or cyber processes allowing to create new machines with
complex dynamics and high reliability.

• Allows being able to apply the principles of CPSs to new industries and
applications in a reliable and economically efficient way.

• Advances are that embedded computing systems created networked embedded

computing systems which bear cyber- physical systems which finally converge to
Internet of Everywhere, Data, and Services.

2 Seite 6
2.7 The evolution from ECS to CPS

Evolution from Embedded Systems to IoT, Datas and Services:

Source Geisberger, Brey Report

2 Seite 7
2.8 Trends in CPS

• Industry 4.0: German initiative since 2013, driven by the platform Industry
4.0.

• Advanced Manufacturing: US government and funding program.

• Smart Manufacturing leadership coalition. A non profit organisation founded

in 2012.

• Intelligent manufacturing. National program driven by the chines ministry

2012.

Realised concepts in different ranges and areas of research, development and

industry.

Described in detail by the "Cyber-physical Concept Map"

Consolidation of a typical CPS is in integration the dynamics of physical processes

with thoose of the software and networking, providing abstractions and modeling,
design and analysis techniques for the integrated whole, which results in this
concept map.

2 Seite 8
2.9 Characteristics and foundational in CPS

Performance regard to
control engineering

Capacity regard to
Information processing information theory
regard to sensor networks

Characteristics
Real-time communication
Formal methods regard to regard to networking
computer science

Middleware regard to
software engineering

2 Seite 9
2.10 Conclusion

• It is essential to rethink industry and manufacturing for the century demands.

• Achieve the requirements, new methods, for designing and testing the
complex systems in which physical characteristics are determined
computationally.

• Computer-controlled Manufacturing is executes by embedding the process

into computers and deals with the manufacturing task mainly through
industrial robots.

• Complexity of manufacturing is primarly concentrated in extensive software

and harware developments nteracting through computer networks as in
CPS's.

• The traditional diciplinary boundaries habe to be realigned at alle levels which

also incorporate a worforce educated with the new skills that are adapted to
CPS's.

2 Seite 10