Science

Technology &
Society
& Module 1

Prepared by:
Mr. Jemuel B. Lagarto
facebook.com/jemuelbucudlagarto
[email protected]
 INTRODUCTION TO
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
 discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
 discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment;
 discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
 explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the world;
 describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age;
 explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;
 evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their
contributions to nation building; and
 identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their
impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

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 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY

INTRODUCTION

Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as today. Our
current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant over
throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is replaced by
a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory power like the Heliocentric
Model. Such is termed scientific revolution. This is just one of the many theories that
were challenged in the history of Science and have helped shaped our society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact
in the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as
a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has greatly influenced
the development of the Philippine society. You will evaluate different government
policies and programs to see how they have shaped the nation. You will also learn
significant inventions and projects accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the
countries’ science and technology, and have been a major contributor to the
Philippine nation-building.

This unit will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and technology
came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of global and national
history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating development.

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The Meaning of Science and Technology
 The science, technology and society (STS), also referred to as science
and technology studies, is the study of how social, political, and cultural
values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these,
in turn, affect society. STS scholars are interested in a variety of problems
including the relationships between scientific and technological innovation
and society, and the directions and risks of science and technology. The field
of STS is related to history and philosophy of science although with a much
broader emphasis on social aspects of science and technology.
 Science, technology and society refers to the interaction between science
and technology and social cultural, political and economic contexts which
shape and are shaped by them; specific examples throughout human history
of scientific and technological developments.

Meaning of Science
 Science is a systematized body of knowledge.
 Science is an organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific method).
 Science is knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.
 Science is human activity; scientist
 Science is a social enterprise: people, knowledge, skills, facilities,
apparatuses and technologies.
 Science leads to formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, law and
procedures which seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena.

Meaning of Technology
 Technology as material products: results of scientific inquiry: hardware
produced by a scientist.
 Technology as the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical
problems that will help humans to survive and improving his life.
 Technology as a social enterprise – Technology is a complex system of
knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, materials, and resources applied
and allocated to the development, operation and production of a new
improved product, process or services.
 Technology as modern technology based on the advances of science since
the end of WWII to the present.
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 Technology as a social enterprise – Technology is a complex system of
knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, materials and resources applied
and allocated to the development, operation and production of a new
improved product, process or services.
 Technology as modern technology based on the advances of science since
the end of WWII to the present.

Some of the notable human success in the field of science and technology
Humans are ingenious species. Humans (Homo sapiens) have
dreamed up and created some amazing and far-out things. From the moment
someone bashed a rock on the ground to make the first sharp-edge tools, to
the debut of the wheel to the development of Mars rovers and the Internet,
several key advancements stand out as particularly revolutionary. Here are
some of the most important inventions of all time, along with the science
behind the invention and how they came about.

Figure 1.1 The Evolution of Wheel (“Image: Why It Took So Long to Invent
the Wheel – Live Science 2012)
The Wheel
The concept of inventing the wheel came during 3500 B.C. Humans were
severely limited in how much stuff they could transport over land, and how
far. The idea came to connect a non-moving platform to a rolling cylinder.
People then invented the wheel and axle which is the concept of making
wheels. The holes at the center of the wheels and the ends of the fixed
axles had to be nearly perfectly round and smooth for the wheels to work.
Wheeled carts facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling the
transportation of goods to and from markets, as well as easing the burden
of people traveling great distances. Source: https://www.livescience.com/33749-top-10-inventions-changed-
world.html
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The Compass
Before, mariners navigate with the
star, but that method did not work
during the day or on cloudy nights.
The Chinese invented the first
compass sometime between the 9th
and 11th century; it was made of
lodestone, a naturally-magnetized
iron ore, the attractive properties of
which they had been studying for
centuries. Soon after, the technology
passed on to the Europeans and
Arabs through nautical contact. The
compass enabled mariners to
navigate safely far from land,
Figure 1.2 Old Compass (“Image: Old Compass
increasing sea trade and contributing Large Clock – Zazzle.com)
to the Age of Discovery.

The Printing Press

It was Johannes Gutenberg, a German who invented the printing press
around 1400. Though other before him – including inventors in China and
Korea – have developed the movable type made from metal, Gutenberg was
the first to have created a mechanized process that transferred the ink
(which he made from linseed oil and soot) from the movable type to paper.
Printing presses exponentially increased the speed with which book copies
could be made, and thus led to the rapid and widespread dissemination ok
knowledge for the first time in history.

Figure 1.3 The Old Printing Press (“Image: Who

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invented the old printing press – Whoinvent.com)
 The internal combustion engines
In these engines, the combustion of
fuel releases a high-temperature
gas, which, as it expands, applies
force to a piston, moving it. Thus,
combustion engines convert
chemical energy into mechanical
work. Decades of engineering by
many scientists went into designing
the internal combustion engine.,
which took its (essential) modern
form in the latter half of the 19th
century. The engine started in the
Industrial Age which enabled the
Figure 1.4 Internal Combustion Engine (“Image:
invention of a huge variety History of the internal combustion engine –
machines, including modern cars crankshift.com)

and aircraft.
The telephone
Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be
awarded a patent for the electric telephone in
Figure 1.5 Old 1876. Though several inventors did pioneering
Telephone (“Image:
Disruptive Innovation: work on electronic voice transmission, the
Change is Scary – invention quickly took off, and the revolutionized
blog.languange.com)
global business and communication.

Penicillin
In 1928, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming
noticed a bacteria-filled Petri dish in his laboratory, the
sample had become contaminated with a mold, and
everywhere the mold was, the bacteria was dead. The
antibiotic mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium,
and over the next two decades, chemists purified it
and developed the drug Penicillin, which fights a huge
number of bacterial infections in humans without
harming the human themselves. Penicillin was being
mass produced and advertised by 1944. Figure 1.6 Alexander Fleming
6|Page (“Image: Penicillin history –
time.com)
 Figure 1.7 History of the Internet (“Image: How internet was born -
The Internet theconversation.com)

The internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks used by

billions of people worldwide. It is impossible to credit the invention of the Internet
to a single person, as countless people helped develop it. In 1960’s, a team of
computer scientists working for the U.S. Defense Department’s ARPA
(Advanced Research Project Agency) built a communication network to connect
the computers in the agency, called ARPANET. It used a method of data
transmission called “packet switching” ARPANET was the predecessor of the
Internet that eventually emerged to become the “information superhighway”.

Eco-friendly Technologies/Advantages
These are sustainable technologies. This technology utilizes resources from the
environment without causing negative effects to it. Some of these are:
 Solar Energy – use of solar panels to provide electricity
 Geothermal energy
 Wind power – wind mills as source of energy

Disadvantages and Ethical dilemmas of Science and Technology

1. Threats to human survival – the invention of nuclear weapons in 1945, like the
nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that caused deaths of many
people. This was a product of chemical and biological warfare (bio-warfare);
toxic wastes produced by manufacturing companies that threaten human
survival and stability of the environment.
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2. Ethical dilemmas – exploitation of advance scientific knowledge and
technological devices and systems gave rise to situations in which advances
seem to have turned against their beneficiaries, creating ethical dilemmas.
The negative effects of technology are numerous. In our march to progress
we have degraded the natural world. Forests are chopped down, topsoil is
washed away, rivers are polluted and our waste is dumped in the oceans.
3. Disparities in Human well-being – there are advance countries enjoying
science and technology based successes and hold high esteem in
contemporary society (Economic strength), versus millions of people in less
developed countries which have not partaken in these benefits.
4. Social and cultural conflicts – Military power is vital for national security of
many government; Superior and highly technical weapons dictated the
outcome of some recent wars.
5. Innovating technologies can have negative consequences for certain sectors
or constituencies:
 include pollution associated with production process,
 increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies,
 conversion of agricultural land into urban areas,
 effect on human psychological and emotionally – the usage of
addiction of new gadgets
 effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can cause fatal
births and diseases
 global warming

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ACTIVITY 1

PROS AND CONS

1. Choose one topic written below;
a. Use of social media
b. Conversion of agricultural land to industrial areas
c. Emergence of genetically modified organisms
d. Use of robots/machines in industrial facilities
e. Emergence of the different brands and models of
cars
2. You will explain the advantages and disadvantages of
the following situation;
3. Answer must be backed up with theories and concepts
of science and technology;
4. Give possible suggestions on how to deal or treat the
given situation;
5. Minimum of 300 words maximum of 600 words;
Format:
Font size - 12
Font style – Arial
Line spacing – 1.5
Margin - Normal Criteria:
Paper size - Letter Content – 30%
Organization (flow of contents) – 25%
Mechanics (grammar, punctuation,
spelling, layout) – 25%
Originality - 20%
Total - 100%

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Multiple Choice
Write the correct letter of your answer on the space provided before the
number.

1. Which of the following is not biotechnology?

a. Genetically modified organisms b. Cell phone
c. Dolly the sheep d. Cloning
2. Which of the following is not sustainable technology?
a. Solar Energy b. Geothermal Energy
b. Wind Power c. Biowarfare
3. Which is not true about Science?
a. allows quick solution to a problem
b. systematized body of knowledge
c. an organized and dynamic inquiry
d. a social enterprise
4. Which of the following is technology?
a. Laptop b. Cell
b. Microorganism c. Digestions
5. Which sentence is not true?
a. Science and technology is vital for national security of many
governments.
b. Science and technology help in the improvement of products.

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c. Science and technology could lead to under industrialization.
d. Science and technology advances medical diagnosis.
6. Which is the limitation of science?
a. Discovery b. Inventions
b. Moral judgement c. Theories
7. He is known as the inventor of telephone;
a. Lawrence Roberts b. Alexander Graham Bell
b. Alexander Fleming c. Thomas Edison
8. It is the drug to be an antibiotic that kills some bacteria
that was discovered by Alexander Fleming;
a. Penicillin b. Streptomycin
b. Amoxicillin c. Augmentin
9. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Science
and Technology??
a. Global warming b. Pollution
b. Addiction to gadgets c. Solar Energy
10. Which of the following is not considered as penalties of
science and technology?
a. Threats to human survival
b. Advanced countries enjoying STS
c. Ethical dilemmas
d. Advancement of countries

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 Procedure: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Are science and technology part of your
everyday living? Cite 5 examples and explain
how each affects your everyday living.
2. What are some of the notable human failures
in the field of science and technology?
3. If given the chance what technology would you
like to invent and why?
4. What is the current situation of the Philippines
with regards to Science and Technology?

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 Rubric
Score Criteria
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
 An explanation stating the logic behind the
95 - 100 answer is
(Advanced)
 provided with each answer (because…)
 Complete sentences are used
 Each question is restated in the answer
 Proper scientific terminology is used in all parts
of
 answer
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
90 - 94  No explanation of the answers is given
(Proficient)
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is fully restated in most of the
answers
 Some scientific terms are used
 Some parts of the question are correctly
80 - 89 answered
(Needs  Some parts of the question are partially correct
Improvements)
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is not restated in most answers
 Very few scientific terms are used
 One part of the question is correctly answered
75 - 79  It is unclear what is meant by many of the
(Failing) answers
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Sentences are incomplete
 No scientific terms are used

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 Historical Antecedents in the
Course of Science and
Technology
(9 hours)
Learning Objectives:
t the end of this topic, students will be able to: 
 discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society; and
 explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the environment

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Science and Technology during
Pre-Historic Times
Presentation of Contents

“I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been
only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then
finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of
truth lay all undiscovered before me.” – Sir Isaac Newton

Early humans attempted to understand the unknown world, they were curious
about their nature. They observed and started to record patterns, cycles and
repetitions of what was happening in their environment and started to look for an
answer. With their experience they were able to analyze and organize information
and learned which led to understanding of science.

Because early human were able to organize and study information, they used
the information they acquired in starting the primitive technology thus gave its way to
the birth of technology. Therefore, technology has come to reality because of the
desire of early humans to thrive and survive, which later improved and made their
life easier.

A. THE DAWN OF THE FIRST CIVILIZATION

Ancient human were able to discover and invent tools and methods as science
developed and progressed. With the availability of new scientific instruments
and techniques, archeology excavation has provided us with data and
evidences. Facts have been unearthed and reveled that even during primitive
time, people have already developed skills and technologies which served
and supplied their needs for survival. Mankind existed long before the written
word, there was no historical evidences of how people liven then because
written records of any kind dated only in about 5,000 B.C.

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 People then discovered, learned and developed science and technology
as the consequence of their search for food, and other survival needs, for practical
reasons and even curiosity.
 Discovery of mud plaster that led to pottery and mud brick house; first
known pottery was in Japan around 10,000 B.C

B. EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING PRE-HISTORIC

TIMES (3000-5000 B.C.)
Man’s achievements in science can be categorized as: (a) discovery
(recognition and observation of new objects); (b) invention (mental process
wherein man’s various discoveries, observation and experience are put together
to produce new ways (operation) and means (tools) of obtaining things (useful).
Stone Age: This period was marked by which stone was widely used to make
tools and implements. Dated roughly 3.4 million years ago, and in about 8000 BC
this era was divided into three separate periods – Paleolithic Period (Early),
Mesolithic Period (Middle), and Neolithic Period (New) – based on the degree of
sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools. It is believed tool making began
very early in the olden times.
The era of Australopithecus and Paranthropus were contemporaneous
with the evolution of the genius Homo. Man was a food gatherer, depended for
his subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild
fruits, nuts, and berries.
Tools developed gradually from single to all-purpose tools to a collection
of varied and highly specialized type of tools, each designed to serve in
connection with a specific function. The trend was from a stage of non-
specialization to stages of relatively high degrees of specialization. In the
manufacture of stone implements, four fundamental traditions were developed by
the Paleolithic ancestors: (1) pebble tool traditions; (2) bifacial-tool, or hand-axe
traditions; (3) flake-tool traditions and (4) blade-tool traditions.
Stone tools were made from a variety of stones: flint and chert were shaped
or chipped for use as cutting tools, flakes, blades and weapons; Flaking was able
to produce a wide range of special tools that was used for cutting, chopping,
scraping and sawing. Basalt and sandstone were used for ground stone tools.
Wood, bone, shell, antler and other materials were widely used, as well.

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 The Early Stone Age includes the most basic stone toolkits made by early
humans. The oldest stone tools, known as the Oldowan toolkit, consist of hammer
stones that show battering on their surfaces; stone cores that show a series of flake
scars along one or more edges; and sharp stone flakes that were struck form the
cores and offer useful cutting edges. Handaxes are cutting tools as well as other
kinds of ‘large cutting tools’ are characteristic of an Archeulean toolkit.
During middle Paleolithic time, the pace of innovation in stone technology
began to accelerate. Handaxes were made with exquisite craftsmanship, and
eventually gave way to smaller, more diverse toolkits, with an emphasis on flake tools
rather than large core tools. One of the main innovations was the application of
‘prepared core technique,’ in which a core was carefully flaked on one side so that a
flake of predetermined size and shape could be produced in a single blow. This
technique probably raised the level of standardization and predictability in stone
technology.
Middle Stone Age toolkits included points, which could be hafted on the shafts
to make spears. When smaller points were eventually made, they were attached to
smaller, sleeker shafts to make darts, arrows, and other projectile weapons. Stone
awls have been used to perforate hides and scrapers. Many important inventions
appeared, such as needles and thread, skin clothing, the harpoon, the spear thrower,
and special fishing equipment.

Figure 1.8 Stone Age Tools (“Image: Stone toll - Wikipedia.com)

Sample of Stone Age tools

The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies as well as
bronze smelting, adoption of agriculture, the shift from food gathering to food
producing, development of pottery using sediments and clay.
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 Agriculture was developed and certain animals were raised as well. Moreover,
recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains.
Bronze Age: The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age. Stone
Bronze-Iron system and generally followed the Neolithic period. This period is
marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy. Bronze denotes the first period
in which metal was used, man began smelting copper and alloying with tin or arsenic
to make bronze tools and weapons. Copper-tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact
that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze that began
in the third millennium B.C. Bronze itself is harder and more durable than the other
metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain technological
advantage.
 Man-made tin bronze technology required set production techniques. Tin must
be mined and smelted separately, then added to molten copper to make
bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and of
developing trade networks.

Figure 1.9 Bronze Tools (“Image: Variety among bronze tools - Sciencephoto.com)
Sample of Bronze tools
Iron Age is the period of time in prehistory when the dominant tool making material
was iron. Preceded by the Stone Age and Bronze Age, the transition from Bronze
Age occurred at different times in different places on Earth. As the name suggests,
Iron age Technology is characterized by the production of tools and weaponry using
ferrous metallurgy or iron work more specially from carbon steel. Meteoric iron has
been used by human since 3200 BC, but ancient iron production did not become
widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore, remove impurities and regulate the
amount of carbon in the alloy were developed.

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 Figure 2.0 Iron Age (“Image: Early human smelting iron - Sciencephoto.com)

The distinctive dark metal brought with it significant changes to daily life in
ancient society, from the way people grew crops to the way they fought wars. Iron
made life a lot easier in those days, much of European had settled into small village
life, toiling the soil with iron farming tools, such as sickles and plough tips, made the
process more efficient and allowed farmers to exploit tougher soils, try new crops
and have more time for other activities.

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Group the following words according to their uniformity and label
them accordingly.

Stone Age Iron Age Bronze Age

Flake tool smelting iron flaking
Metallurgy alloy substance sickles
Australophitecus ferrous metallurgy Neolithic period
2nd period of prehistoric time 3rd period of prehistoric time smelting copper with iron
800 BC Mining clay pottery

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 VENN DIAGRAM
Procedure: Compare and contrast the different period (age) according to
evidences of Science and Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000 –
5000 B.C.). Show your answer by means of Venn diagram.

STONE AGE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

IRON AGE BRONZE AGE

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 MOVIE REVIEW
Watch the movie “The Flintstone” and answer the
following questions;
a. What particular period is depicted in the
movie? Justify your answer.
b. Name some of the tools and their function that
were introduced in this movie.
c. What are the values you learned from the
movie? Justify your answer

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 Rubric
Score Criteria
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
 An explanation stating the logic behind the
95 -100 answer is
(Advanced)
 provided with each answer (because…)
 Complete sentences are used
 Each question is restated in the answer
 Proper scientific terminology is used in all parts
of
 answer
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
90 - 94  No explanation of the answers is given
(Proficient)
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is fully restated in most of the
answers
 Some scientific terms are used
 Some parts of the question are correctly
80 - 89 answered
(Needs  Some parts of the question are partially correct
Improvements)
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is not restated in most answers
 Very few scientific terms are used
 One part of the question is correctly answered
75 - 79  It is unclear what is meant by many of the
(Failing) answers
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Sentences are incomplete
 No scientific terms are used

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Science and Technology in
Ancient Times
Presentation of Contents
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and Technology
keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people along these areas.
Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and Technology, which has
the end goal of improving lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient, our
society respond by changing as well. These changes are evident as each ancient
civilization keep on creating technology that has been modified and that is being used
today.
To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first writing
system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they invented plowing,
irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the existence of this
civilization, their main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers
and seas. They are also known to develop the first road.

Figure 2.1 Sumerian Cuneiform (“Redirect Notice”, 2019)

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 On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects. One
of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the seven
wonders of the world.

Figure 2.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon (“Image: Hanging

Gardens of Babylon – Wikipedia.com”)

Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like
the death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian Civilization.
Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions like water clock or
clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing known as hieroglyphics.
They have also invented cosmetics for aesthetic reason. Meanwhile, during this time,
wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from the
harmful rays of the sun.

Giza Necropolis
Figure 2.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image Result for
https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Can-
you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg", 2019)

Figure 2.3 Death Mask ("Google Image Result for

https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg", 2019)”)

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 Figure 2.5 Papyrus ("Image: Papyrus in Ancient Figure 2.6 Mummification ("Image: Mummification
Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...", 2019) history – Egyking.com)

Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics.
They are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like coliseum, Olympics,
alarm clock and water mill.

Figure 2.7 Olympics ("Image: The Olympic Games Figure 2.8 Greek Coliseum ("Image: the coliseum
[ushistory.org]", 2019) (greece) - YouTube", 2019)

Here are some of the Great Greek Philosophers that helped in the development
of science and technology during Ancient times:

a. Thales of Miletus (638 – 548 B.C.) developed the

theory of matter based upon water.

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b. Socrates (470 – 399 B.C.) emphasized the study of
human nature in relation to society, established the
theory of skepticism.

c. Empedocles (493 – 433 B.C.) assumed that there

were more than one kind of matter and postulated
four roots of elements: earth, air, fire and water.

d. Hippocrates about 400 B.C. started the science of

medicine and is known as the greatest physician of
antiquity and regarded as the father of medicine. He
stated that disease have natural causes and the body
has the power to repair itself. His name is always
associated with Hippocratic Oath, an oath traditionally
taken by newly graduate physician to observe the
ethical standards of their profession, specifically to
seek to preserve life

e. Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) Regarded as the father of

Biology, undertook a large-scale classification of
plants and animals. He introduced a method of
scientific thinking that still plays a role today.
Engrossed himself in studying many areas of science
like Physics, Astronomy, Meteorology, etc. His “scala
nature” or Great Chain of Being is one of the first
theories in Biology. The species from scale from
simple to complex putting animals that laid warm and
wet creatures alive as the highest form but evolution
is not possible.

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f. Archimedes (287 -212 B.C.) – performs experiments
which led him to discover the laws of the lever and the
pulley that resulted in the invention of machines which
could easily move loads. He calculated the value of
pi, which was a geometrical calculation that helped
determine the width, or circumference of a circle. He
excelled in geometry, calculus, theoretical
mathematics, hydrostatistics and displacement.

g. Ptolemy, about 100 A.D. – one of the greatest

astronomers who founded the Geocentric theory
(Earth-centered) and wrote the Almagest

h. Democritus – developed atomic theory; elaborated

idea that matter consisted of atoms.

i. Pythagoras (497 – 581 B.C.) – Mathematician, held

numbers were basic to matter; the Pythagorean
Theorem.

j. Plato dealt with the nature of the universe; ascribe

geometric forms composed of bounding planes to the
elements of earth, fire, air and water based upon their
physical properties.

k. Aristarchus: Both a mathematician and an

astronomer, Aristarchus discovered new theories
about the way the planets move in their orbits.
Aristarchus thought that even though the earth
revolved around the sun, it also spun on its axis, or
spin-point, as it followed its orbit around the sun.

28 | P a g e
 l. Hipparchus discovered the length of the month which
is only one second off from the length that we use
today.

n. Eratosthenes determined that the circumference of

(the distance around) the earth was 28,000 miles,
which is only three thousand miles more than what we
know today.

m. Theophrastus regarded as father of plant science,

wrote “History of Plants” in which he described the
forms, behavior, morphology, and properties of some
500 food and medicinal plants. Most outstanding
botanist of the early botany. He. Wrote “Causes of
Plants” in which he described grafting methods, seeds,
effect of temperature upon plants, the relations of
weather to soil and the taste and perfumes of plants.
The manuscript also deals with the medicinal uses of
plants.
Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, the
Roman Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other
civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms of codified laws and legislation. They
are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound books or codex. In terms
of architecture and engineering, Romans are known for building elaborate churches,
basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses. They have
also devised their own number system which is the Roman Numeral System.

Figure 2.8 Roman numeral system Figure 2.9 Roman aqueduct ("Image: Roman
("Google Image Result for Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels", 2019)
http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/u
29 | P a g e
ser_upload/roman-numerals.jpg",
2019)
 a. The Romans used water power and watermills for making cereals milling,
sawing timber and crushing ore. They exploited wood and coal for heating.
b. The Romans made great use of aqueducts, dams bridges, and
amphitheaters.
c. The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water. The city
of Rome itself was supplied with eleven aqueducts made of limestone that
provide the city with over 1 million cubic meters of water each day,
sufficient for 3.5 million people even in modern-day times.
d. Romans dedicated their many resources to the study of astronomy,
astrology, geography, and other sciences. Their contributions were crucial
to future generations and have helped us collect the knowledge we have
today.
e. Ancient Roman used sundials to tell time and even created portable
versions, they also used tools for measuring, manual drills, and metal
spikes (used as nails),
f. Advanced glassblowing techniques brought new technology to Rome in
the form of window glass, hanging glass oil lamps, and other objects made
of glass.
g. Rome’s military benefited from technological improvements to weapons,
shields, armor, and other items.

Some of the Notable Roman Scientists

1. Galen (129 – 199 A.D.) – great physician and surgeon; Galen
influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including
anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well
as philosophy and logic.
2. Vitruvius is another writer whose work has provided us with important
knowledge about Ancient Rome. He also an architect and an engineer,
sometimes referred to as the first architect.
3. Pliny – described almost a thousand species of plants, most of which
were highly valued for their medicinal uses.

30 | P a g e
 Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk
trade, tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.

Figure 3.0 Silk Road ("Image: Silk Road - Figure 3.1 The Great Wall of China ("Image:
HISTORY", 2019) Great Wall -", 2019)

Various forms of sciences such as astronomy, physics, chemistry,

meteorology, seismology, have originated from China.

Chinese contributions to science and technology:

a. Paper and Chinese calligraphy began writing about 1500 BC. The earliest
writing, we know of from China was on animal bones, which are called “oracle
bones” because they were used to tell the future.
b. Place and value number system – decimal or base ten system was first
developed by the Chinese. The earliest invention was the abacus, a
calculator that used sliding beads to help compute math problems quickly.
c. The first recorded observation of comets, solar eclipses, were done in China.
d. Invented kites and lanterns.
e. The clock was first devised from astronomical purposes. The first ever clock
had a puppet which would hold up a plate that would tell the time. Also giant
water clocks which rang every 15 minutes were invented.
f. Magnetic compass: the compass was a wooden circle with marking on it, and
a magnetic spoon on top for religious purposes.
g. Gunpowder
h. Fireworks were actually bamboo cases filled with gunpowder with a fuse on
the side. Fireworks were initially used for shows. Later on they were used to
scare off enemies during the war.

31 | P a g e
i. Kites were first invented in China during Chou dynasty. Kites were first made
of bamboo and silk. Chinese people flew kites for fun and also during war to
carry messages to signal people and also to carry explosive in besieged
cities.
j. Seismological detectors – Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detecting
tool called seismocope.
k. Cross bow is a bow set horizontally on a stock. When the shooter releases a
mechanism, the crossbow fires arrows or bolt forced by the mechanical
energy of previously stretched bowstring.
l. Fans were made of bamboo spines that stick out in the shape of semicircle
with silk wrapped around it. Fans were mostly used by women and soldier.
m. Paper and printing. Their early script contained 80,000 different characters.
They went on to invent books and had book shops.
n. Seed drills
o. Iron plough: This was one of the major developments in ancient Chinese
agriculture.
p. Porcelain: This is made of special white clay which has a lot of kaolin in it.
q. Silk was made from the cocoons of silkworms.
r. Wheelborrows
s. Other inventions included umbrella, iron casting, hot air balloon, matches,
stirrups for riding horse, and acupuncture. Paper money was first developed
and used in China.

32 | P a g e
 CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Supply the word needed to complete the cross word puzzle in

reference to the given questions below: (Note: No spacing and No
Erasure)

33 | P a g e
Across
2. The monumental evidence of the scientific expertise and and technical
skills of the ancient Egyptians in geometry, architecture, engineering, and
labor management.
6. Former name of Iraq.
8. He invented pasteurization.
14.This civilization emerged near the two rivers-- Tigris and Euphrates.
15.The first writing system; it utilizes pictures and triangular symbols which
are carved on clay using wedge tools.
16. Worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from
harmful rays of the sun.
17. It was commonly used in milling grains. It was said to be a lot better than
mills since farmers do not have to raise animals just to use them for milling.
18. A system of writing of the Egyptian; it was believed to be provided by
their gods.
19. Wrote “History of Plants” in which he described the forms, behavior,
morphology, and properties.
20. It is said to be the invention that connected Far East China to the world.

Down
1. A number system of Romans
3. Know for high degree cooperation with one another and their desire for
great things.
4. A civilization located in North Africa, along Nile River.
5. They are known as great builders, engineers and architects.
7. Oldest civilization in Asia
9. It was said to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
10. Described almost a thousand species of plants, most of which were
highly valued for their medicinal uses.
11. Famous invention of alexander graham bell
12. It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens.
13. Zacharias Janssen was able to develop this tool.

34 | P a g e
 Create a timeline of the events of the development of
science and technology for the following civilization.
a. Sumerian civilization
b. Babylonian civilization
c. Egyptian civilization
d. Greeks civilization
e. Roman civilization
f. Chinese civilization

Be creative with your timeline, you can put images

and brief information to your timeline.

g.

35 | P a g e
 Rubric for Timeline
Category 4 3 2 1

Included events Most of the Some events Many major

are important and included events included are events are
Quality of interesting. No are important or trivial, and major excluded, and too
Content major details are interesting. One events are many trivial
excluded. or two major missing. events are
events may be included.
missing.
The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline
Quantity of contains 6 events contains at least 5 contains at least 4 contains fewer
facts related to the events related to events related to than 3 events.
topic being the topic being the topic being
studied. studied. studied.
Facts are Facts are Facts are Facts are often
accurate for all accurate for accurate for most inaccurate for
Accuracy events reported almost all events (~75%) of the events reported
on the timeline. reported on the events reported on the timeline.
timeline. on the timeline.

Events are placed Almost all events Most (~75%) of Most events are
Sequence of in proper order. are placed in the events are incorrectly placed
content proper order. placed in proper on the timeline.
order.
An accurate, . An accurate, An accurate date Dates are
Dates complete date has complete date has has been included inaccurate or
been included for been included for for almost every missing for
each event almost every event. several events.
event.
Events are clearly Events are Events are not Events are
Sentence described using described well, described well described using
fluency accurate and vivid but language is and language is vague language
language. sometimes vague often vague or or inaccurate
or inaccurate. inaccurate. information.

Punctuation, Punctuation, Punctuation, There are many

spelling and spelling and spelling, and punctuation,
capitalization capitalization capitalization are spelling, and
Mechanics were checked by were checked by mostly correct, but capitalization
another student another student were not checked errors.
and are correct and are mostly by another
throughout. correct. student.

28 = 100 18 – 21 = 90 5 – 9 = 75
26 – 27 = 98 14 – 17 = 85 1 – 4 = 70
22 – 25 = 95 10 – 13 = 80

36 | P a g e
 Science and Technology in
Middle Ages
Presentation of Contents
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the
fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production, and health. The wars have
resulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this period, there was
significant increase in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased,
which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most
innovative minds came from this period.

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing

developed by Chinese was improved by the time of
Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press. This
general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical
printing press which was eventually used all over the
world. The printing press was invented to address the
need for publishing books that would spread information
to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made
works accessible to individuals who could not even write
(Streissguth, 1997).
Figure 3.2 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press
("Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press
Stock Photos & Johannes ...", 2019)

Figure 3.2 The old printer ("Image: History of the

37 | P a g e printer – Britannica.com)
 Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing
populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More
and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which
resulted in more people getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to
study microorganisms in order to develop proper medicines for illnesses. Guided
by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias
Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).

Figure 3.3 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope

("Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy
Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument
that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during
this time.

Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the
creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited the
movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to solve the problem.

38 | P a g e
Here are some of the famous inventions during Medieval times:

Military Technologies such: Other inventions:

a. Counterweight trebuchet a. Blast furnace
b. Longbow with massed, disciplined archery b. Hourglass
c. Steel crossbow c. Vertical windmills
d. Complete Full plate armor d. Spectacles
Agricultural Innovations: e. Chess
a. Heavy wheeled plough f. Mirrors
b. Horse collar g. Oil paint
c. Artesian well h. A tide mill
d. Wheelborrow i. Spinning wheel

Figure 3.3 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope

("Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy
Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

In the 14th century, crisis of the late Middle Ages was underway. A plague
called Black Death came, it wiped out so many lives it affected the entire system.
It brought a sudden end to the previous period of massive scientific change. The
plague killed 25-50% of the people in Europe, especially in the crowded areas of
the towns, where the heart of innovations lay. Quarantine technique was
established, initially a 40-day-period, the quarantine was introduced by the
Republic of Ragusa to prevent spreading of diseases like Black Death, Venice
began quarantines, then the practice spread around in Europe.

39 | P a g e
 Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Choose at least three inventions from the
Medieval/Middle Ages that strikes you most. Why did
you choose these three?

2. Choose at least three inventions from the Medieval

Ages which you think have the least importance.
Why did you choose these three?

3. Choose at least three inventions which you think are

most valuable for the survival of a human being.
Why did you choose these three?

40 | P a g e
 Rubric
Score Criteria
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
 An explanation stating the logic behind the
95 - 100 answer is
(Advanced)
 provided with each answer (because…)
 Complete sentences are used
 Each question is restated in the answer
 Proper scientific terminology is used in all parts
of
 answer
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
90 - 94  No explanation of the answers is given
(Proficient)
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is fully restated in most of the
answers
 Some scientific terms are used
 Some parts of the question are correctly
80 - 89 answered
(Needs  Some parts of the question are partially correct
Improvements)
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is not restated in most answers
 Very few scientific terms are used
 One part of the question is correctly answered
75  It is unclear what is meant by many of the
(Failing) answers
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Sentences are incomplete
 No scientific terms are used

41 | P a g e
 Black Death Plague is one of the deadliest
diseases in history. This disease killed over
thousands of people during the middle age. One of
the best and effective techniques that the people did
during those time to prevent and lessen the spreading
of disease is the quarantine technique.
Today, as we face the covid-19 pandemic, we still
use the quarantine technique because of its effective
and efficient result in preventing the transmission of
virus. Aside from this technique, the government also
mandated to wear protective gears such as
facemask, face shield and PPE to prevent the
contamination and the spread of virus.

Create a poster that shows the difference

between how modern people combat covid-19
pandemic and how people during middle age faced
the Black death plague.

Criteria:
Content – 35%
Techniques – 30%
Skill in colors and drawings – 20%
Neatness – 10%
Overall impact – 5%
Total – 100%

42 | P a g e
Science and Technology in
Modern Times
Presentation of Contents
The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines
that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means
to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between
and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries.
However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more
complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger
challenges since health was of great concern.
As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs
of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis Pasteur,
a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve the problem. He
invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored
and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and
Technology and Medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation
and vaccination.
The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and
transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum refinery
industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.

43 | P a g e
 The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each
other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication
system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-to-day
decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the
invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important
inventions at that time.

Figure 3.4 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone

("Image: Inventor of the Telephone: Alexander
Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they
would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing machines like computer.
Other important people/inventions in modern times:
 Albert Einstein – Theory of Relativity
 Radioactive isotopes have been used as tracers in complicated
chemical and biochemical reactions and have also found application in
geological dating.
 Charles Darwin proposed the natural selection as an explanation o
evolution. Darwin’s complete theory is published in “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859.

44 | P a g e
 Gregor Mendel – Theory of Genetics
 Hugo de Vries around the turn of the century biological evolution came
to be interpreted in terms of mutations that result in a genetically distinct
species.
 The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most
important biological process take place at the molecular level led to the
rapid growth of the field of molecular biology, with such fundamental
results as the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic code.
 Modern medicine; new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin,
insulin, and a vast array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts
and implantation of artificial donated organs.
 In astronomy ever larger telescoped have assisted in the discover that
the sun is a rather ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky
Way, which itself is only one of the galaxies, that in general are
expanding away from each other. The space age began with launch of
the first artificial satellite in 1957. A human first went into space in 1961.
Since then cosmonauts and astronauts have ventured into space for
further study of universe.
 The study of remote objects, billions of light-years from the earth, has
been carried out at all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with
some of the most notable results being made in radio astronomy, which
has been used to map the Milky Way, study quasars, pulsars, and other
unusual objects, and detect relatively complex organic molecules
floating in space.
 The electronic industry, born in the early 20th century, has advanced to
the point where a comlex device, such as computer, that once might
have filled an entire room can now be carried in an attaché case. The
electronic computer has become one of the key tools of modern
industry. electronics has also been fundamental in developing new
communications devices (radio, television, laser)
 A Watt steam engine. The steam engine, made of iron and fueled
primarily by coal, became widely used in Great Britain during Indurtial
Revolution.

45 | P a g e
Important Technological Developments
1. Metallurgy: A major change in the metal during the era of the Industrial
Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For
a given amount of heat, coal required much less labor to mine than cutting
wood and converting it to charcoal, and coal was more abundant than
wood.
2. Machine tools: created a demand for metal parts used in machinery. This
led to the development of several machines tools for cutting metal parts.
3. Chemicals: The large scale production of chemicals such as sulphuric
acid invented by the Englishman John Roebuck. Sulphuric acid is used for
pickling (removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. Nicolas
Leblanc, in 1791 introduced a method for the production of sodium
carbonate. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textiles, soap,
and paper industries.
4. Cement: In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder,
patented a chemical process for making Portland cement which was an
important advance in the building trades. This process involves sintering a
mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 C°, then grinding it into a fine
powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce
concrete.
5. Gas lighting: Work of William Murdoch, the process consisted of the
large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, and purification of the gas and
its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established
in London between 1812 and 1820.
6. Glass making: A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder
process, was developed in Europe, during the early 19th century.
7. Paper machine: A machine making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop
of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert.
8. Agriculture: improved agricultural productivity dried up workers to work in
other sectors of the economy. Industrial technologies that affected farming
included the seed drill, the Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and
the threshing machine. Jethro Tull invented as improved seed drill in 1701,
it was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot
of land and planted them at the correct depth.

46 | P a g e
9. Transportation: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland
transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels
employed to move heavy goods by sea. Wagon ways were used for
conveying coal to rivers for further shipment. From astounding automobile
and the early airplane to the modern supersonic jet and the giant rocket
that has taken astronauts to the moon. Transportation improvements,
such as canals and improved roads, also lowered food cost, railroads
were introduced near of the Industrial Revolution.
10. Food nutrition: food supply had been increasing and prices falling before
the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices.
11. Housing: Living conditions during the Industrial revolution w=varied from
splendor for factory owners to squalor for workers.
Industrial revolution also created a middle class of professionals, such as
lawyers and doctors, who lived in much better conditions.
Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public
health acts regulating such as sewage, hygiene and home construction.
12. Clothing and consumer goods: Consumers benefited from falling
prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking
utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space
heating.

47 | P a g e
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in
the Philippines.

2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each

invention.

3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to

society.

48 | P a g e
 Rubric
Score Criteria
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
 An explanation stating the logic behind the answer is
95 - 100
 provided with each answer (because…)
(Advanced)
 Complete sentences are used
 Each question is restated in the answer
 Proper scientific terminology is used in all parts of
 answer
 All parts of the question are correctly answered
90 - 94  No explanation of the answers is given
(Proficient)
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is fully restated in most of the answers
 Some scientific terms are used
 Some parts of the question are correctly answered
80 - 89  Some parts of the question are partially correct
(Needs
 No explanation of the answers is given
Improvements)
 Complete sentences are used
 The question is not restated in most answers
 Very few scientific terms are used
 One part of the question is correctly answered
75 - 79  It is unclear what is meant by many of the answers
(Failing)
 No explanation of the answers is given
 Sentences are incomplete
 No scientific terms are used

49 | P a g e
 Create a collage on the inventions, developments and
important people during the middle ages.

50 | P a g e
 Rubric for Collage
Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Variety of pictures Limited Adequate Good Excellent
• used to develop variety of variety of variety of variety of
main idea pictures pictures pictures pictures
used to used to used to used to
develop the develop the develop the develop the
main idea. main idea. main idea. main idea.

Ideas Few Some Several Many

• originality original original original original
• interest ideas in ideas in ideas in ideas in
material or material or material or material
display are display are display are and display
evident to evident to evident to are evident
stimulate stimulated stimulate and
interest. some much stimulate a
interest. interest. great deal
of interest.
Relevance of Little Some Material Material
material • material material selected is selected is
connected to main selected is selected is mostly all relevant
ide relevant relevant relevant and clearly
and rarely and and connected
connected somewhat connected to the main
to the main connected to the main idea.
idea. to the main idea.
idea.
Visual Impact Overall Overall Overall Overall
• effectiveness of visual visual visual visual
overall presentation impact is impact is impact is impact is
limited. somewhat effective. very
effective. effective.

16 = 100 7 – 9 = 85
14 – 15 = 98 4 – 6 = 80
10 – 13 = 90 1 – 3 = 75

51 | P a g e
 Intellectual
Revolution
(3 hours)
Learning Objectives:
t the end of this topic, students will be able to: 

 discuss paradigm shifts through history;

 explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world; and
 select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech representing his/her
theory

52 | P a g e
Intellectual Revolution
Introduction

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to
be true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned that Sun
is the Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, are revolving
around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient times believed that the earth
was the center of the universe. Early beliefs also claimed that human beings were
created through “Divine Creation” but this was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection. These are just some of the examples of early theories
that were challenged in the history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our
Society? What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people or
groups of people behind these upheavals that permanently changed the course of
history of Science? What were their needs, and what were their struggles that
motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution?

This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these aforementioned
questions. Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology theories
paved the way for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of the
fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

Presentation of Contents

The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System has changed many times
throughout history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were
based on what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar
System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets
as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a
concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model, considered to be
one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely accepted by the people and
became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 years.

53 | P a g e
 In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by
putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of
heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since
their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other
things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Figure 3.5 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine Creation ("Image:
Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century.
Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all the animals and
plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted the commonly held
Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific work and ideas until 28
years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were
enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded
scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the
theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual organisms
within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic,
individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to
survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that have enabled these
individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation. This is called Theory
of Evolution by Natural Selection

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 Figure 3.6 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine Creation ("Image:
Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)

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 Figure 3.7 Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th
century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology
with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud

explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of
three conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.

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 Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science
since concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that
Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it.

Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some
mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of
psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.

Other Science and Technology Development

a. Nicolaus Copernicus
- In 1543, De Revolutionibus orbium colestium is often marking the
beginning of the scientific revolution.
b. William Gilbert (1544-1603)
- Published books On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and the Great
Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a theory of
magnetism and electricity.
c. Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601)
- A Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate and comprehensive
astronomical and planetary observations. He was assisted by Johannes
Kepler, where the latter used the information to develop his own theories
in Astronomy. In November 1572, he discovered the ‘Tycho’s Star’ or the
‘Star or 1572’.
d. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
- First publication in astronomy called Cosmographic Mystery presented a
stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to drawing together
mathematical astronomy, physics, and a quasi-

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Choose the letter of your answer and write the corresponding
letter on the space provided before the number.

1. An Astronomer who believed in “Heliocentric theory”

a. Claudius Ptolemy b. Isaac Newton
c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Edwin Hubble

2. He discovered the ‘Star of 1572; a dramatic supernova

believed to appear in Cassiopeia constellation
a. Johannes Kepler b. Isaac Newton
c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Tycho Brahe

3. The following are TRUE about Galileo except

a. discovered the moon of Jupiter
b. hesitate the Copernican theory
c. developed a refracting telescope
d. published “The Starry Messenger”

4. He made extensive observations that he published

around 1660, opening up the micro-world of biology
a. Aristotle b. Alexander Koyre
c. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek d. Tycho Brahe

5. He introduce the term “Scientific Revolution”

a. Aristotle b. Alexander Koyte
c. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek d. Tycho Brahe

6. His book laid to foundations of a theory of magnetism and

electricity.
a. William Gilbert b. Charles Drawin
c. Tycho Brahe d. Aristotle

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 7. The theory that the Earth is the center of the universe
a. Heliocentric theory b. Geocentric theory
c. Theory of evolution d. Theory of creation

8. The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe

a. Heliocentric theory b. Geocentric theory
c. Theory of evolution d. Theory of creation

9. A person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar

or a thinker
a. Scientist b. Philosopher
c. Mathematician d. Psychologist

10. Period in science during the 16th and 17th centuries

(1600's-1700's) in which scientists challenged traditional authority
and used observations and reason to reach conclusions; advances
in medicine and mathematics
a. Middle ages b. Modern ages
c. Industrial revolution d. Scientific revolution

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Choose two proponents of science and technology
from The Scientific Revolution period and make a
journal or newsletter on how to promote their
contributions done during this period. (one-page
journal type blog)

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 Rubric for
Journal/Newsletter
Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
Content Response to Response Response Response
assigned topic thoughtful and adequately consists of
thorough and fairly well addresses unsupported
well written, written; most some aspects opinions only
with varied opinions of the marginally
sentence supported with assigned related to the
structure and facts topic; opinions topic
vocabulary; sometimes
opinions based on
always incorrect
supported with information.
facts.
Idea Excellent use Good reliance
Incomplete Ideas not
Development of examples upon development clearly stated
and details to examples and
of ideas; or developed.
explore and details to
details and
develop ideas illustrate and
examples not
and opinions develop ideas
always
and opinions.
evident
Organization Very logically Contains Topics and Entry is
organized; introduction,
ideas unstructured.
contains some discussed
introduction; developmentsomewhat
development of ideas, and
randomly;
of main idea conclusion entry may lack
(or ideas), and clearly defined
conclusion. introduction or
conclusion.
Mechanics Flawless Few or no Several Many
spelling and spelling spelling and instances of
punctuation. errors; some punctuation incorrect
minor errors. spelling and
punctuation punctuation.
mistakes.
16 = 100 7 – 9 = 85
14 – 15 = 98 4 – 6 = 80
10 – 13 = 90 1 – 3 = 75
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 Science and
Technology and
Nation Building
(5 hours)

Learning Objectives:
t the end of this topic, students will be able to: 

 explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;

 list noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major contributions
in shaping the Filipino nation;
 identify science and technology policies of the government;
 appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino nation; and
 recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior during
the exchange of ideas.

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Science and Technology and
Nation Building
Presentation of Contents

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal –
raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology
is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos
in their everyday life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built
the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking,
fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous
technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation, both on land and on
waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science.
Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads,

bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication
using some engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition,
Spanish colonizers developed health and education system in the country.

The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country.
They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in the field of
science and technology.

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Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines,

under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to
note that some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the field than
others, which you will find out soon as you course through this topic.
Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of
Science and Technology in the Philippines

 lack of support in experimental

work
 marginal budget for scientific
research
 low salaries of scientists employed
by the government
 established the National Science
Development Board
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

 directed the Department of

Education to revitalize the science
courses in public high schools
 channelled additional funds to
support projects in applied
sciences and science education
 He proclaimed 35 hectares in
Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site
of the Philippine Science
Community
 scholarships for graduate and
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986) undergraduate science scholars,
and workshops on fisheries and
oceanography
 added the Philippine Coconut
Research Institute to the NSDB to
modernize the coconut industry.

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  support for the promotion of scientific
research and invention with
Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972
 he enacted a law under Presidential
Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to
establish the National Academy of
Science and Technology
 He enacted a law on the completion
of the National Agriculture and Life
 Sciences Research Complex at the
University of the Philippines at Los
Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s.
1982)
 He established the Mindanao and
Visayas campuses of the Philippine
Science High School to encourage
careers in science and technology
 established other research institutes
like PAGASA, National Grains
Authority, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research, Philippine
National Oil Company among others

 National Science and Technology

Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and
Technology
 Science and technology's role in
economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted.

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

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  created the Presidential Task Force
for Science and Technology which
came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan or STMP
 Executive Order No.128 abolished
R.A. No. 3859, also known as the
“Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
 Gave assistance to Filipino inventors
through giving financial aid, patent
application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors
market their products domestically
and abroad
 R.A. 6655 or the Free Public
Secondary Education Act of 1988
opened doors to free education up to
the secondary level
 “Science for the Masses Program”
which aimed at scientific and
technological literacy among Filipinos

 significant increase in personnel

specializing in the science and
technology field
 addition of Philippine Science High
Schools in Visayas and Mindanao
 Government provided 3,500
scholarships for students who
were taking up professions related
to S&T
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)  Schools were becoming more
modernized and updated with the
addition of high-tech equipment for
student
 Priority for S&T personnel
increased when Magna Carta for
Science and Technology
Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)
was established

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  Award was published in order to
give incentives and rewards for
people who have been influential
in the field of S&T (Inventors and
Inventions Incentives Act or
Republic Act No. 7459)
 Programs such as National
Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and
Technology
 Enactment of a law creating a
nationwide system of high schools
specializing in the field of science
and engineering (Science and
Technology Scholarship Law of
1994)
 Enacted the Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines (Republic
Act No. 8293)

 Launched a full-scale program

based on cost-effective irrigation
technologies
 Establishment of one science high
school in every province
 Advancement of industries and
schools into the Internet age,
 Passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

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  The science and technology sector
of the Philippines was dubbed as the
"golden age“ during her term
 Numerous laws and projects that
concerns both the environment and
science to push technology as a tool
to increase the country's economic
level
 The term "Filipinnovation" was the
coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub
in Asia
Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Science Technology and
(2001 - 2010) Innovations (STI) was developed
further by strengthening the schools
and education system such as the
Philippine Science High School
(PSHS), which focuses in science,
technology and mathematics in their
curriculum
 Imposes Republic Act 10601 which
improves the Agriculture and
Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech)

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 Filipino Scientists and their Inventions
Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist

specializing in geothermal energy
development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz
and team powered an electric light bulb
using steam-powered electricity. This
was the first geothermal power
generated in the Philippines.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon

researched methods of producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon
experimented with the production of
ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and
coconut.

Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best

known for his isolation of nine rice
varieties, thus was renowned by
developing rice breeding in the country.
The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are:
Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22
and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and
Pedro Escuro (1923 - ) C-12.

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the

Father of poultry science in the
Philippines. Francisco Fronda has
improved methods of production for the
poultry and livestock industry.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

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 Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-
fueled power generator. He also is
the developer of one of the world's
most profitable biogas systems.

Felix Maramba

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo

researched the phytochemical
properties of plants in the Philippines
for natural products, essential oils,
and the medicinal qualities.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman

researched the propagation of pure
macapuno trees. Her research led to
the faster propagation of pure
macapuno trees and increased
macapuno nut production from 3-5
macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980).
She also invented tissue culture
Emerita De Guzman techniques for the rapid propagation
of abaca and banana plants.

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is

credited with studies that lead to the
invention of an improved incubator
and a jaundice relieving device.

Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)

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 Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio
Zara invented, made improvements
to, or discovered the following:
invented the two-way television
telephone or videophone (1955)
patented as a "photo phone signal
separator network"; discovered the
physical law of electrical kinetic
resistance called the Zara effect
(around 1930); invented an airplane
engine that ran on plain alcohol as
Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978) fuel (1952).

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 This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich
historical background on its journey to scientific and technological
progress. Your class will be divided into 5 groups, where each group
shall choose one period to elaborate on the development of S&T in
each period and its contributions and implications to the present
society. Complete the table below.

a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period

b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period

Period State Contribution Science culture and Implications

of of the period practices/Society’s of S&T and
S&T in the norms during the science
during development period culture of
the of S&T each period
period to the
present

Note: Please read the article below for additional information

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by
Olivia C. Caoili
Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-
and-technology-in-the-philippines_pdf#download-require

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 Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern
Filipino scientists and their respective inventions/ discoveries.
Describe the inventions and their major contributions in the
development of our nation.

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 List some policies/programs of the government that steers
forward the nation’s Science and Technology. Describe these
policies briefly, and give their pros, as well as their cons. Support
your claims by citing examples of their positive/negative impact
to our nation’s development.

Policy/Program Pros (with Cons (with

positive impacts) negative impacts)

1.

2.

3.

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 In this unit, you have learned the different contributions to
Science and Technology of each epoch of human history- Ancient,
Medieval and Modern Times. Necessity and adversity drive people
to think and invent technology to address the needs and problems
they encountered in everyday life. These inventions paved way to
major developments from ancient to modern society and along with
it, the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge that
influenced our very own notion of the world.

The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific

endeavors in the quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural
world, and hence the birth of scientific revolution. The revolution
had sparked human creativity and critical thinking, and by this time,
many a discovery and scientific ideas were developed, and new
scientific paradigms were generated which had overthrown
previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is not
permanent, and subject to constant change through careful
research and experimentation.

In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our

society has been faring on its improvement in terms of Science and
Technology especially in agriculture, handicraft and medicine.
During colonization, there was a slow growth of S&T since majority
of its sophistication is brought about by the foreign invaders. The
establishment of Bureau of Science by Americans paved the way
for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial
period where Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different
programs and policies of the government gear towards reinforcing
progress of S&T. Many Filipinos were renowned not only in the
national but also around the global society for their outstanding feat.

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1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major
revolutions? Why?

2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual

revolutions did not take place?

3. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major

revolutions? Why?

4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual

revolutions did not take place?

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 5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it
in a good way, otherwise, or both? Explain how.

Aldea K., Caronan H., Candido M. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society
(OBE Ready). Mnadaluyong City: Books Atbp, Publishing Corp.

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Retrieved from: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-
technology-in-the-philippines_pdf#download-require

McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building.
Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

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