Object Oriented Programming

Week 2
 Comments on Homework 1
• It is not possible to miss a homework. To pass
this course, you need an average of 75%. If
you have a good reason not to do your work
on time, then make sure I know it.
• Homeworks need to be named with your
name so that I don’t have to search through
my emails. Call your files something like
“ChrisPayneHmwk1.java”
• Use two-space formatting and camel format.
Primitive Variables
 Defining Variables
All variable names must be defined in advance of use.

int thisInteger;
boolean finished = false;
double size = 56.2345;
byte b = 34;
char = ‘@’;
float valueFloat;
short s = 334;
long veryBig = 13452678;
String s1, s2 = “This is a string”, s3;
 System.in.read
public class StringIn1{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
int i = System.in.read();
System.out.println(i);
}

Returns the ASCII values of input

System.in.read() – ASCII Output
System.in.read() - Output
 ASCII and UNICODE
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Is an 8-bit code with 256 characters numbered 0-255

UNICODE (Universal Code) is a 16-bit character code in general

use. Charcaters are numbered 0-65335 and includes most
alphabets and symbol systems.
 ASCII Code
Values 0-31 – codes for device control
Values 32-127 – Visible ASCII, the keyboard
Values 128-255 – So-called “high Ascii” with
variable characters.
UNICODE includes ASCII as its first 255
characters
0-255 in Unicode has 00000000 ASCII
256-65335 Unicode, the first byte is non-zero
 Strings

String s = “Hello Mom!”;

or

String s = “\”This is in quotes “\”;

• Strings can be output as literals by the

System.out.print command.
 Output of several values
System.out.print
and
System.out.println
can combine values with strings e.g.
System.out.println(“Days since the new year = “
+ daysSinceNewYear + “up until today.”);
 Constant values

final double PI = 3.14159;

By convention, constant identifiers are

capitalized
 Strong typing, type casting, type promotion

Mixed type expressions

double average = doubleSum/integerSetSize;

Type promotion

byte a = 40, b = 60;

int c = a + b:

Type casting
byte b;
char c = (char) b;
int anInteger = (int) aDouble;
Selection statements – two forms

if (logical statement) {
.................
}

if (logical statement) {
.................
}
else
{
.................
}
 The switch statement
switch (someVariable){

case (value1):
/* statement sequence ending with */
break;
................... // multiple case and break statements

case (valueN):
/* statement sequence ending with */
break;

default: // statement sequence (optional)

}
 The try... catch statement

try {
/*successful operation code*/
}
catch(Exception sE){
/*exception handling code*/
}

The Exception class is an object class.

 The Iteration Statements

1. while(logical statement is true) {

...........
}

2. do {
..........
}
while (logical statement is true)

3. for(initialization,condition,iteration) {
..........
}
 Arithmetic and Logical Operators

Arithmetic operators

+, -, *, /, %, ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical operators

&& = ‘AND’ || = ‘OR’ ! = ‘NOT’

ratio = denom == 0 ? 0 : num/denom;

 Constructors

• The constructor is a method called when a

class is instantiated to a working object.

• Used for initialization of variables and other

objects.

• Can be omitted if no initialization is needed.

 User-defined class Circle.java

public class Circle{

final double PI = 3.15159;
public double circumference(double radius){
return 2.0*radius*PI;
}

public double area(double radius) {

return PI*radius*radius;
}
}
 Use of the class Circle.class
class UseCircle {

double radius, area, circumference;

public UseCircle() { // constructor

Circle c = new Circle(); // a new object Circle
radius = 10.0;
}

public void run() {

area = c.area(radius); // using the method area from Circle
circumference = c.circumference(radius);
System.out.println (“The area is “ + area + “The circumference is “ + circumference);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

UseCircle uC = new UseCircle(); // the constructor instantiates this program
uC.run();
}
}
 Java I/O Byte Streams
import java.io.*;
public class InputFromKeyboard {
String name;
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader keyboard = new BufferedReader(reader);
System.out.print(“What is your name?”);
name = keyboard.readLine();
System.out.println(“Hello “+name);
}
catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(e);
System.exit(1);
}
}
}
 Importing packages

import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.Buffered Reader;

Alternatively

import java.io.*;
 Input and double a number – Strings and
wrappers
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ManipulatingNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String sNumber,outString;
int twiceNumber;
try{
InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader keyboard = new BufferedReader(reader);
 Input and double a number – Strings and
wrappers (cont.)
System.out.print(“Enter a number: );
sNumber = keyboard.readLine();
twiceNumber = 2*Integer.parseInt(sNumber);
outString = Integer.toString(twiceNumber);
System.out.println();
System.out.println (“The number doubled is : “ + outString);
}
catch(IOException e) {
System.exit(1);
}
}
}
 Constructors and static variables

• If all the useful part of the program is contained within the main()
method, then the global variables may also be defined inside main().

• Variables used by main() but declared outside main() must be declared as

static because main() is static.

• We must convert the String keyboard input sRadius, to a double using

Double.parseDouble(sRadius) from the wrapper class Double.

• We must trap the exception in case the input format is not recognised as
in a double form.

• There is no need, in this program, to convert the double answers back to

strings since that is taken care of by System.out.println();.
 The Wrapper Classes
Classes for number conversions

• Character
• Boolean
• Byte
• Short
• Integer
• Long
• Float
• Double
The Wrapper Classes
 Number formatting
import java.text.*;
public class NumberFormatting {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double d1 = 1.23456;
NumberFormat form2D =
NumberFormat.getNumberInstance();
form2D.setMaximumFractionDigits(2);
form2D.setMinimumFractionDigits(2);
System.out.println(form2D.format(d1));
}
}
}
The NumberFormat class
 Using the command line String arguments

public class StringArguments {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int numberOfArguments;
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++){
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
}
}
 A String application (Part 1)

import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
public class StringMethods {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String inString;
String outString = ““;
int stringLength;
InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader keyboard = new BufferedReader(reader);
try{
System.out.println(“Enter a long string more than 20 characters long...”);
inString = keyboard.readLine();
stringLength = inString.length();
System.out.println(“The string”s length = “ + stringLength);
System.out.println(“Extract a substring “ + “of characters 12 to 24 ...”);
outString = outString + inString.substring(12,24);
 A String application (Part 2)

System.out.println(outString);
outString = ““;
System.out.println(“The odd numbered characters” + “ in the string are : - “);
for (int i = 0; i < stringLength; i = i + 2){
outString = outString + inString.charAt(i);
}
System.out.println(outString);
System.out.println( “The ASCII values of the”+“ last six characters in the string...”);
for (int i = stringLength-6; i< stringLength; i++){
System.out.print((byte) inString.charAt(i) + “ “);
}
}
catch(IOException iE){....}
}
}
Using the String class