Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS ‘Tum to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Pisarenr) Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph). Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. ‘Adapted from Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio, a collection of linked short stories originally published in 1919. Inher girlhood and young womanhood Elizabeth had tried to be areal adventurer in life. At eighteen life had so gripped her that she was no longer fll of illusions but, although she ine ad a half dozen admirers before she married Tom Willard, she 5 had never entered upon an adventure prompted by desir alone. Like all the women in the world, she wanted a real love. Always there was something she sought blindly, passionately, some hidden wonder in life. The tall beautiful girl with the swinging stride who had walked under the trees with men was forever 10 putting out her hand into the darkness and trying to get hold of | some other hand. In all the babble of words that fell from the lips of the men with whom she adventured she was trying to ‘ind what would be for her the true word. Elizabeth had married Tom Willard, a clerk in her father’s 415 hotel, because he was at hand and wanted to marry at the time when the determination to marry came to het. Fora while, like most young girls, she thought marriage would change the face of life. If there was in her mind a doubt of the outcome of the ‘marriage with Tom she brushed it aside. Her father was ill and 20 near death atthe time and she was perplexed because ofthe ‘meaningless outcome of an affair in which she had just been involved, Other girls of her age in Winesburg were marrying ‘men she had always known, grocery clerks or young farmers. In the evening they walked in Main Street with their husbands and 25 when she passed they smiled happily. She began to think that the fact of marriage might be full of some hidden significance. ‘Young wives with whom she talked spoke softly and shyly. “It changes things to have a man of your own,” they said. ‘On the evening before her marrage the perplexed girl had a 20 talk with her father. Later she wondered ifthe hours alone with the sick man had not led to her decision to marry. The father talked of his life and advised the daughter to avoid being led | ito another such muddle. He abused Tom Willard, and tha le | Blizabeth to come to the clerk's defense. The sick man became | 35 excited and tried to get out of bed. When she would not let him walk about he began to complain. | “ve never been let alone,” he said. “Although I've worked hard I’ve not made the hotel pay. Even now I owe money at the ‘bank. You’ll find that out when I’m gone.” ‘The voice of the sick man became tense with earnestness. Being unable to arise, he put out his hand and pulled the girl’s head down beside his own. “There’s a way out,” he whispered. “Don’t marry Tom Willard or anyone else here in Winesburg. There is eight hundkes | 45 dollars in a tin box in my trunk. Take it and go away.” ‘Again the sick man’s voice became querulous. “You've got to promise,” he declared. “If you won't promise not to marry, give me your word that you'll never tell Tom about the money. is mine and if give it to you P've the right to make that demand | 50 Hide it away. Its to make up to you for my failure as father ‘Some time it may prove to be a door, a great open door to you ‘Come now, give me your promise.” lo‘The passage can best be described as ‘A) a brief description of young woman's life followed | by a significant dialogue, | __B) astrident critique of small town social customs | followed by an unflattering character portrait. ©) a discourse on the nature of mariage and the role of finances in family decisions. D) description of how a young woman deals with untimely romances and an indifferent father. ‘The author indicates that Elizabeth sought the “hidden wonder in life” (line 8) primarily in A) literature. B) money. ©) travel. D) romance. ‘Tom Willard because A) he.was a respected employee of her father’s. B) she was madly in love and could not be dissuaded from her choice. ©) she-wanted to marry and he was @ convenient option, D) she needed a husband to manage the precarious finances of her father’s hotel. sei : Which choice provides the best evidence for the. to the previous question? A) Lines 2-5 (“At eighteen... . alone”) B) Lines 14-16 (“Elizabeth had ... her”) C) Lines 33-34 (“He abused . . . defense”) D) Lines 37-39 (“I’ve never . .. gone”) It can be inferred from the passage that Elizabeth married ‘The author indicates that many of Elizabeth's peers ‘A) had already been married and divorced by the time she considers marrying Tom Willard. B) are mostly unhappy with their domestic arrangements. ©) have become comfortable with their situation as married women, D) very meticulously catalogue the advantages of marriage for Elizabeth, ‘As used in line 33, “abused” most nearly means A) assaulted. B) insulted. ©) interrogated. D) misused. It.can be inferred from the passage that Elizabeth's father offers her the eight hundred dollars because A) his debts are substantial and he wishes for Elizabeth to be able to save some of her inheritance from his creditors. BB) he wants to help her and Tom start life together. ©) he wants to atone for what he perceives as his poor parenting. ) he wants Elizabeth to have some money to keep the hotel running after he is deceased,Questions 11-2 based on the followin, Passag. ~-_ Mili |_ auton ry matel ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 31-33 (“The father ... muddle”) B) Lines 43-45 (“There's a. ©) Lines 48-50 (“tis . D) Lines 50-51 (“It ‘The tone of Elizabeth's father in lines 46-49 (“You've ‘ot... demand”) can best be described as A) apathetic. B) insistent. © hostile. ) accommodating. Itcan be inferred that Elizabeth's father ‘A) caused Elizabeth to resent Tom Willard, but not to abandon the marriage. B) believes that Elizabeth's considerable talents have been stifled by life in Winesburg. ©) did not successfully convince his daughter to leave Winesburg. D) does not understand why Elizabeth intends to marry Tom, Willard. 7 is adapted from the article ing passage is adapted | i Trsocherged: “American Innovation and Its Disconjen,. by Larry Bernstein. have an extra $299? That's how much drives iy hares to pay in average yearly car repairs, which ae stated by the poor condition ofthe state’s roads ang tine beige. And Maine is by no means the only slate Whose tay, ' has deteriorated; in fact, Maine is comparatively well-off. 7, national average U.S. motorists pay for repairs due to road conditions is $324. And yet, there is hope that our crumbling infrastructure can lead to something good. But fist, more bad news. Because infrastructure has bees 10/in such bad shape for so long, the current cost of repairing the nation’s roads and bridges is exorbitant. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), there is a chronic of infrastructure funding and investment. Of the | bridges in the United States, one in every nine is 6 ote teeny deficient, and the FHWA estimates that | the nation must increase bridge investments by $8 billion to | reduce this frightening number. Roads also require a signifcan ‘boost in funding, The FHWA estimates that $170 billion in capital investment is needed on an annual basis to significant 20 improve conditions and performance. ‘The consequences of continuing in this manner are grin, Gregory E. DiLoreto, President of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), notes that “most of us do not notice infrastructure until it stops working—when a bridge is 25 closed, when the lights go out, or when there is no water fr ‘your morning shower.” Failing infrastructure is more than an inconvenience: it financially impacts everyone. As DiLoreio further observes, “unless we address the backlog of projets and deferred maintenance throughout the country, the cost to 90 cach American family will reach $3,100 per year in personal disposable income.” ‘The ASCE believes that if investment in infrastructure is not raised to levels needed for improvement, the American economy will pay a steep price. A 2012 ASCE report states tha 35 by 2020, “the economy is expected to lose almost $1 trillion {n business sales, resulting in a loss of 3.5 million jobs ... the cumulative cost to the U.S. economy will be more than $3.1 trillion in GDP and $1.1 trillion in total trade.” Assecond 2012 report from the Building America’s Future 40 Educational Fund details how individuals have suffered due to poor infrastructure. In 2010, Americans spent a total of 48 billion hours stuck in traffic, wasting 1.9 billion gallons of fuel, at a total cost of $101 billion. The report further explains that, relative to its economic competitors, the United States 45 has no national infrastructure planning, has systematicallyunderfunded infrastructure rigorous measures of evaluation and accounta that have been funded. In fact, former secretary of transportation Ray LaHlood {50 has gathered statistics that show that our infrastructure is on life support: public spending on infrastructure has fallen to. | its lowest level since 1947 and the U.S. is now ranked 16th according to the World Economic Forum. LaFiood adds, “you | could go to any major city in America and see roads, and | ‘55. bridges, and infrastructure that need to be fixed today.” | “That’s the bad news. But there isa silver lining toll =| this: if the United States acknowledges the damages and aggressively re-vamps its infrastructure, the entire country | could become a platform for transit innovation. Harvard 60 business professor Rosabeth Moss Kantor believes that the | USS. has a rich opportunity: “The investment would improve ‘economic and social mobility by increasing access to a good ‘education and jobs.” In her vision, highways, bridges, tunnels, and city streets could become sensor-laden, interacting with 65 smartphones and vehicles over wireless networks. The sensors will provide better information and management, moving and re-routing autonomous vehicles before human passengers— formerly drivers—can even notice. {At times, Kantor seems to be imagining a country out of 70 ascience fiction fantasy—excep that she is a respected transit authority. Dynamic pricing (roads that charge higher user fees at times of high demand), more and better mass transit that is personalized, and hybrid-energy flying cars are also part of her | vision. The question is whether Americans will look honestly 75 at their infrastructure, then look for ways to build a better system. 3 yestments, and has failed to use Terprjecs “The main purpose of the passage is to 'A) describe and debunk a common misconception about infrastructure. BB) introduce and explain a national potential to be fixed. ) detail a step-by-step process that will solve an intemational crisis. D) eritcize those who willfully ignore foreboding economic projections. problem that has the B) immoral. ©) impoverished. D) unlucky. e aw os ves "The passage indicates that repairing national infrastructure is extremely expensive because AA) there are so many bridges in disrepair. B) the existing funds are not sufficient. ©) it has been allowed to languish for so long. 'D) Americans cannot afford to pay for car repairs. NATIONAL SPENDING ON INFRASTRUCTURE BY COUNTRY a » PERCENT OF GDP SPENT yoo 6 _ ne | “| * vg 1 a 4 | : +e a 1 foo | | 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1930 @UnitedStates Germany ACanada XJapan‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-4 (“That's ... bridges”) B) Lines 9-11 (“Because . . . exorbitant”) ©) Lines 26-27 (“Failing .. . everyone”) D) Lines 56-59 (“But there... innovation”) ‘As used in line 34, “steep” most nearly means A) sudden, B) high. ©) vertical. D) sheer. The author acknowledges that visions for the future of United States infrastructure may appear to be A) impossible, B) all-encompassing. ©) convoluted. D) unrealistic, ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Line 21 (“The consequences ... grim”) B) Lines 32-34 (“The ASCE . .. price”) ©) Lines 69-70 (“At times ... fantasy”) D) Lines 74-76 (“The question... system") a | “The fourth and fifth paragraphs (lines 32-48) function primarily to | ‘A) emphasize the severity of a problem introduced carte, B) offer a personal perspective onthe state of American infrastructure. ©) raise a counter-argument and refute it using statistics ) suggest a practical solution by citing respected studie, ‘How does the graph support the author’s point about investment in infrastructure? {A) It projects the potential costs of failing to fix the Drs infastracture inte United States. Ithighlights that Japan invests more of its GDP in » infeamctue thn te United Sates. ©) It demonstrates that costs to the citizen have in recent years. D) Itreveals that the United States is not a world leader in , : In the graph, which country displays the steepest growth in investment during the periods 1950-1960 and 2000-2010? A) Japan B) Germany ©) Canada D) United States ‘According to the graph, during which period were all four nations increasing their respective investments in infrastructure? AA) 1940-1950 B) 1950-1960 ©) 1980-1990 D) 2000-2010remarked that his results “demonstrate that extremes of salt __ = intake result in additonal salt sccumulation in infected skin and sonar fecent boost immune defense experimentally.” research on disease and 50 Despite the success of Jantsch’s experiments, many researchers in the field are cautioning against using the results to justify loading up on salt at mealtime. As Gwen Randolph, that omer medical professionals have maintained Pare a Washington University in St Lous noted, dics have bea linked to hi realthy, due to the fact that such “The one thing that you don’t want to take away from this study various autoimmune dionae yo ese ear disease, and | 85 is that it authorizes you to eat more salt to enhance immunity.” 10 tat higher levels of salt Anew study, however, indicates. | While high-salt diets may have been helpful to our ancestors, boost forthe immune systene se test TAY also provide a positive | the findings of Jantsch and his team do not erase the fact that for eee gm and aid in fighting off infections, | salty diets have consistently been linked to medical problems This reading is taken from developments in scientific disease prevention. Heth ney eo} Proves true itcould change the way doctors | suchas cardiovascular disease condition tat did ot affect : ; : leo : The impetus forthe study itself came when Jens Ti [00 prehistoric man 10 cinial pharmacologist al the Vander Uae | —_, Notwithstanding sch servations, the recent pro-at ors o nderbilt University School of | evidence may find ao re pers ora aa studying the be fs of salt intake on | prover ends be effective remedies, topical ointments, gels, mice developed skin i high concentrations of salt ‘skin infections, | and balms high in salt could be developed in order to combat would build up around the leas : ‘This was even true for mice that were pu on eer — \" skin infections extemally, rather than from within. | 15 Titze and his team hypothesized thatthe salt buildup around wounds was a natural “frst lin of defense” put in place by the immune system. As Dr. Jonathan Jantsch, a microbiologist a the. | University of Regensburg in Germany, first put it, “we are salting | cour cells in order to protect ourselves.” 20 _ Inorder to determine the exact mechanism behind “the salt | defense,” researchers focused on macrophages—those immune | ‘A) establish the author's clear opinion on diets high in salt. system cells in ou Dis tha engulf and destoy invading B) introduce a widely sanctioned statement that will then be ‘microbes. Jantsch and his team of researchers hypothesized that eer aner a salty environment might induce the macrophages to produce | ) provide context for an experiment that will be discussed 25 and release “reactive oxygen species”—the molecules that later in the passage, are responsible for the destruction of invading pathogens. In ) summarize the history of salt usage inthe treatment of order to test this theory, the researchers cultured macrophages medical conditions. from the body cells of mice, and added salt to the macrophage environments. The cells were allowed to grow until they 30 inhabited a solution with a salt concentration equivalent to the salt concentration found on the rodents’ wounded skin. The ‘As used in line 16, “put into place” most nearly means results of the experiment were telling: the macrophages in the ‘A) relocated. salted environment produced much higher levels of reactive B) exhibited ‘oxygen species than those in the non-salted control group. 5 35 Next, the researchers added the common pathogen E. Coli ©) implemented. to each group of macrophages. Within 24 hours, the density of E. D) prepared. | | | | | | | | Coli among the salted macrophages was less than half that of the | E.Coli growing within the unsalted control group. | ‘A final experiment was performed using the mice 40 themselves. For two weeks, the researchers fed one group of | mice a high-salt diet, and another group of mice a low-salt | diet. Then, the researchers infected the footpads of the mice with L. Major, a common bacterium. While all ofthe mice developed swelling and signs of infection, the mice on high-salt 45 diet generally healed much more quickly than the mice on the | low-salt det. Upon completion ofthe experiments, Dr. Jantsch‘The passage indicates that a high concentration of salt was believed by researchers to help heal wounds by A) accelerating metabolism in order to speed up the healing process, B) sterilizing a wound and thus reducing the risk of infection. ©) strengthening the immune system by increasing the ‘Propagation of white blood cells D) producing molecules that aid in the eradication of microbes. ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 12-14 ("Titze found ... diets”) B) Lines 15-17 (“Titze and .... system”) ©) Lines 24-26 (“a salty .. . pathogens”) D) Lines 40-43 (“For two. .. bacterium”) ‘As used inline 32, “telling” most nearly means 5 ‘most likely react to Dr. Jonathan = Jens Tit wot nae (ines 47-49) y sting 'A) more experimentation is required before definitive ‘conclusions can be drawn. ; B) the results of Jantsch’s experiment are consistent wit ji observat own ions. ; O° the results of experiments on mice may not be applicabje ‘to humans. 7 D) the same results can be obtained even with low-salt dies "The author refers to “topical ointments, gels, and balms” (lines 63-64) in order to AA) reveal how Dr. Jantsch was able to provide salto the ‘mice in his experi B) list specific methods of sat intake that affect animals bu not humans. ©) set forth examples of ways that salt can be utilized to hes ‘wounds without negative side effects. D) war readers about products containing salt that seem benign but are in fact harmful. ee ; ‘The author of the passage would most likely agree with © fost which of the following statements about salt? a | A) Although high-salt diets were suitable for our ancestors, salt should be eliminated from modem diets. B) Salt is a powerful antidote to many diseases and should ; bbe consumed more often. ‘What is the main idea of the sixth paragraph (lines 50-60)? | “ . . C) Ahigh-salt diet has many disadvantages, ‘A) Excessive consumption of salt has many unusual but peepee hoe haan innocuous side effects. D) Although salt can have healing properties, excess salt ‘consumption is not advisable. B) High-salt diets can do more harm than good to modem humans. ©) Ahigh-salt diet is risky but can have significant advantages if properly administered. D) Increasing the amount of salt in one’s body can completely change the flavor of food. ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 17-19 (“As . .. ourselves”) B) Lines 36-38 (“Within ... group”) C) Lines 50-52 (“Despite . .. mealtime”) D) Lines 62-65 (“While .. externally”)Questions 32-41 the following passag Both ofthe Passages below are excerpts from speeches delwered fo GrOURS of Nave Americans Unk presidents. Passage 1 is taken from George Washineeas 1796 “Talk to the Cherokee Nation," while Passogesc taken from Thomas Jefferson's 1806 “Address to the Wolf and the People of the Mandan Nation,” Passage 1 Beloved Cherokees, | , Many years have passed si Whit peopl ist came to America. In tha long spac of me mary good men have considered how the condition of the Indian Ue natives ofthe country might be improved, and many atemps 5 have been made to alter it. But, as we see at this day, all thse attempts have been nearly fruitless. I also have thought much on this subject, and anxiously wished that the various Indian tribes, as well as their neighbors, the White People, might enjoy in abundance all the good things which make life comfortable 10 and happy. I have considered how this could be done, and have discovered but one path that could lead them to that desirable situation. In this path I wish all the Indian nations to walk. From the information received concerning you, my beloved ‘Cherokees, I am inclined to hope that you are prepared to take 16 this path and disposed to pursue it, It may seem a litle difficult to enter, but if you make the attempt, you will find every obstacle easy to be removed. .. Beloved Cherokees, you now find that the game with which ‘your woods once abounded, are growing scarce, and you know 20 when you cannot meet a deer or other game to Kill, that you ‘must remain hungry; you know also when you can get no skins by hunting, that the traders will give you neither powder nor clothing; and you know that without other implements for tilling the ground than the hoe, you will continue to raise only scanty 25 crops of com. Hence you are sometimes exposed to suffer much from hunger and cold; and asthe game are lessening in numbers ‘more and more, these sufferings will increase, And how are you | to provide against them? Listen to my words and you will know. | ‘My beloved Cherokees, some among you already | 30 experience the advantage of keeping cattle and hogs: let all keep them and increase their numbers, and you will ever have a plenty of meat. To these add sheep, and they will give you clothing as well as food. Your lands are good and of great extent. By proper ‘management you can raise livestock not only for your own 35 wants, but to sel to the White people. by United States | -Passage2___ SS My children, you are come from the other side of our great island, from where the sun sets, to see your new friends at the ‘sun rising. ...[ very much desire that you should not stop here, but go and see your brethren as far as the edge of the great water. 40 1 am persuaded you have so far seen that every man by the way has received you as his brothers, and has been ready to do you all the kindness in his power. You will se the same thing quite to the sea shore, and I wish you, therefore, to go and visit our great cities in that quarter, and see how many friends and brothers you | #5 have here. You will then have traveled a long line from west to ‘ast, and if you had time to go from north to south, from Canada {o Florida, you would find it as long in that direction, and all the people as sincerely your friends. I wish you, my children, to see all you can, and to tell your people all you see; because | 50 1 am sure the more they know of us, the more they will be our hearty friends... We will provide carriages to convey you and ‘a person to go with you to see that you want for nothing. By the time you come back the snows will be melted on the mountains, the ice in the rivers broken up, and you will be wishing to set out, 55 on your return home. My children, I have long desired to see you; I have now ‘opened my heart to you, let my words sink into your hearts and never be forgotten. If ever lying people or bad spirits should raise up clouds between us, call to mind what I have said, and what 60 you have seen yourselves. | aisle sel asi Itcan be reasonably inferred that Washington's ultimate goal forthe Cherokees is that they will A) travel across the entire nation on foot. B) domesticate livestock and sell their surplus. ©) stop their violence toward other Americans. D) maintain their tradition of hunting game. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? AA) Line 12 (“In this... walk”) B) Lines 16-17 (“ifyou ... removed”) ©) Lines 27-28 (“And how ... them?” D) Lines 33-35 (“By proper... people”)‘AS used inline 12, “walk” most nearly means A) follow. B) hike, ©) escort. D) resign. Based on the passage, which choice best describes how A) They were numerous but largely ineffectual. B) They were met with unwarranted hostility. ©) They failed because they were overambitious. D) They were considered successful in their time. ‘The main rhetorical effect of the i ir of repeated phrase “my ‘A) patronize and insult the audience. B) establish an air of sympathy. ) impose an economical hierarchy. ) acknowledge the idealism of the audience. In Passage 2, Jefferson wants his audience to travel across America most likely to A) seek refuge from the harsh winter. B) broaden their intellectual capabilities. C) learn and apply modem farming techniques. D) find camaraderie among other Americans. © D) Lines 52-55 (“By the ... ‘As used in line $1, “convey” most nearly means A) impress. B) translate. © communicate. D) transport. ‘Both passages are primarily concerned with the issue of A) fostering modernization among Native Americans. calving leave trade wit the Native Americans, ©) forging peaceful relations with the Native Americans. D) restricting Native American access to certain regions. Which one of the following is mentioned in Washington's speech but not in Jefferson's? ‘A) Potential friendship B) Exchange of goods ©) Former battles D) Property rightsQuestions 42-52 are based on the fol —and supplementary material, Lne like exoplanets (planets orbitin, ‘supplementary materi following passa Launched into orbit in 1990, the Telescope creates high-resolution images roy astronomical systems and formations In tis pacer an author considers the next generation of space telescopes such as the Hubble, Hubble Space Are we alone in the universe? This x question has tus the hearts and minds of children and adults, Philosopher end : ‘astronomers, pragmatists and dreamers, The search for Earth- 88 star other than our Sun) has for humankind because of those | lar life (or life existing outside of 5 always been a point of interest planets’ potential for extrasol cour solar system), Perhaps the most famous te ie lescope is the Hi | Telescope. The Hubble has provided deeper fame 410 glimpses into the far reaches of the universe than we have ever hhad before. However, many of those images are rather low. resolution. ‘The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is | scheduled to launch in 2018, represents the next generation | 15 of telescope engineering. Unlike the Hubble, which uses I ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths of light, the JWST uses mostly infrared light. It is also much larger than the Hubble, allowing it to peer more deeply and precisely into | space. Another, even more powerful, telescope has been proposed) ut not yet constructed. The Association of Universities for Research iri Astronomy (AURA), an international group of astronomy institutions, has designed the High Definition Space Telescope (HDST). The HDST has an effective diameter 25 almost twice that of the JWST and is more than five times as | wide as the Hubble’s, which would enable it to provide images | with much higher resolution. Marc Postman of the Space ‘Telescope Science Institute commented that the “HDST would be able to detect features the size of the island of Manhattan on 30 Jupiter.” Moreover, the HDST would be up to 100 times more sensitive than the Hubble to very faint light. Both the JWST and HDST launches will utilize the L2_ | ‘orbit, a region of space where the gravitational fields of the | Sun and the Earth balance out. Gravitational fields behave 35 somewhat like magnets: the closer two magnetized objects are, the stronger the gravitational attraction between them, and the bigger the magnet, the stronger its pull. Imagine holding two ‘magnets of opposite poles near each other. These two magnets, would feel a strong pull towards each other. Now imagine 40 holding two magnets of opposite poles far from each other. The ‘magnets would feel a much weaker pull towards each other Because the Sun is more massive than the Earth, the Sun has a 20 45 the Earth than iti to the Sun. (The Sun is approximately 150 ‘million kilometers away from the Earth, while L2 is only 1. ‘million kilometers from the Earth.) | Once it has settled into the L2 orbit, the HDST may well | _, Tevolutionize astronomy. “There is no area of astronomy and | 50 astrophysics that HDST will not impact,” said Mario Livio of | the Space Telescope Science Institute, Livio went on to explain | that the HDST would be able to provide images of dozens of | Earth-like exoplanets and would allow scientists to study the exoplanets’ atmospheres to see if they would be conducive to 55 sustaining life. “This will enable us either to detect extrasolar life, if such life is common, or at least place meaningful ‘constraints on how rare extrasolar life is.” Matt Mountain, the president of AURA, mirrored Livio’s sentiments: “We hope to | __Jeam whether or not we are alone in the universe.” Ironically, the most pressing obstacle in getting the HDST built and launched may not be the astronomical distances involved, but rather the astronomical cost. The JWST, originally budgeted for $1.6 billion, ended up costing almost $9 billion, and the HDST is slated to cost roughly $10 billion. 65 The Hubble, however, was also a very expensive project in its day and was nonetheless successfully launched. Scientists, engineers, and space enthusiasts at large are optimistic that the HDST will overcome financing obstacles to provide us with new information about our distant surroundings, and perhaps 70 our distant neighbors. Resolution of Orbiting Telescopes ‘Name Resolution Mirror diameter (arcseconds) (meters) Hubble 0.05 24 IWST 0.10 65 HDST 1.50 127 Beker eee According to the passage, the Hubble Space telescope is ‘A) the most advanced telescope available. B) dependent on specific types of light. © similar to other telescopes in size. D) less famous than other telescopes. ‘greater gravitational field, so that it pulls more strongly than the Earth does on objects. Thus, the L2 region is located closer toIt can most reasonably be inferred that the primary purpose of the fist paragraph is to A) provide a psychological explanation for human curiosity about extrasolar life. B) suggest that astronomers are similar to other people. ©) demonstrate the impossibility of extrasolar life. ) introduce a question that it may be possible to answer using telescopes. ‘The author compares gravitational fields to magnets in order to demonstrate that ‘A) the L2 gravitation is weak between the Sun and the Earth. B) the polar orientation of planets affects gravity. C) gravitational pull depends on distance and size. D) the new telescopes bypass planets’ gravitational fields. Which choice best describes the author’s atitude toward the future of the HDST? ‘A) The HDST is likely to overcome funding difficulties because the Hubble did. B) The HDST’s observations of exoplanets will contradict ‘the JWST’s observations. ©) The HDST will be abandoned because the IWST offers better resolution. D) The HDST will need further design improvements to be feasible. 11 ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 24-26 (“The HDST . . . Hubble's”) BB) Lines 32-34 (“Both the ... balance out”) ©) Lines 58-59 (“We hope... . universe”) D) Lines 65-66 (“The Hubble... launched”) ‘As used in line 34, “balance out” most nearly means |A) become calm. B) are equivalent. ©) seem insignificant. D) weigh nothing. ‘t.can most reasonably be inferred that the High Definition Space Telescope {A) is less sensitive than the Hubble. B) has reached the L2 orbit. © exists only in design. D) is the work of Marc Postman.Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 8-9 (“Perhaps .. . Telescope”) B) Lines 20-21 (“Another . . . constructed”) ©) Lines 30-31 (“Moreover .. light”) D) Lines 62-64 (“The IWST .. . $9 billion”) ‘As used in line 61, “astronomical” most nearly means ‘A) enormous. B) intergalactic. ©) nebulous. D) unlikely. STOP Ifyou finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section, ‘According to Chart 2, the resolution of the HDST ‘A) almost the same as that of the JWST. B) 10 times that of the Hubble Space Telescope. C) about 3 times that of the Hubble Space Telescope. D) more than 10 times that of the JWST. ‘Which ofthe following statements about the HDS' supported by both the passage and the figure? 'A) The HDST is much more expensive than the Hubble Space Telescope primarily because of its larger primary mirror. B) The larger diameter of the HDST allows it to capture higher-resolution images than other telescopes can. ©) The HDST’s ability to provide images of objects far away in space will revolutionize astrophysics. ) Although the development of the HDST is a breakthrough in astrophysics, the telescope will take many years to fund and complete.