1.

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from

conscious awareness is known as:
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) repression.
E) priming.

2. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory
impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
A) short-term
B) iconic
C) mood-congruent
D) implicit
E) echoic

3. After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long
enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his
________ memory.
A) echoic
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term
E) implicit

4. Complete this analogy: Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions

as:
A) encoding is to storage.
B) storage is to encoding.
C) recognition is to recall.
D) recall is to recognition.

5. Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester
than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This
best illustrates the importance of:
A) long-term potentiation.
B) the serial position effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) implicit memory.
E) the spacing effect.

6. Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name.
Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in:
A) storage.
B) encoding.
C) rehearsal.
D) retrieval.
E) automatic processing.

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7. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as:
A) the next-in-line effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) source amnesia.
E) déjà vu.

8. The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called:

A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) rehearsal.
D) mnemonic encoding.
E) semantic encoding.

9. After hamsters learned whether to turn right or left in a maze in order to find food, their
body temperature was lowered until the electrical activity in their brains ceased. When
the hamsters were revived, they still remembered what they had learned prior to the
“blackout.” The hamsters' directional memory was apparently a(n) ________ memory.
A) sensory
B) repressed
C) short-term
D) long-term
E) implicit

10. Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) recognition; recall
B) imagery; mnemonics
C) rehearsal; retrieval
D) retention; acquisition
E) priming; relearning

11. Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The
rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had
seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false
recollection best illustrates:
A) state-dependent memory.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) source amnesia.
E) the next-in-line effect.

12. Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes best illustrates the value of:
A) the next-in-line effect.
B) the spacing effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the serial position effect.
E) acoustic encoding.

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13. To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio
often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which
mnemonic technique?
A) peg-word system
B) acronyms
C) the method of loci
D) chunking

14. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit
E) iconic; echoic

15. An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police
lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?
A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) misinformation
E) reconstruction

16. Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?
A) a steady, slow decline in retention over time
B) a steady, rapid decline in retention over time
C) a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
D) a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter

17. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early
childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful:
A) echoic memory.
B) retrieval cue.
C) implicit memory.
D) spacing effect.
E) mnemonic.

18. The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory:

A) is constructed during encoding.
B) is unchanging once established.
C) may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed.
D) is highly resistant to misleading information.

19. Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one
can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
A) semantic
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

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E) sensory

20. Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's
illustrates the value of:
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) acoustic encoding.
D) chunking.
E) state-dependent memory.

21. Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known
as:
A) recall.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) automatic processing.
D) state-dependent memory.
E) chunking.

22. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed
to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to
remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case.
This provides an example of:
A) proactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) the misinformation effect.

23. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test
of memory is being used?
A) reconstruction
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) recall
E) relearning

24. Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of:
A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) interference.
D) storage.
E) repression.

25. The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to:
A) the self-reference effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) repression.
D) source amnesia.
E) mood-congruent memory.

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26. Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more
likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates:
A) the misinformation effect.
B) source amnesia.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) mood-congruent memory.
E) retroactive interference.

27. Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses
Yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using:
A) a mnemonic device.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the method of loci.
E) the next-in-line effect.

28. Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that included v, q, y, and j. He later
recalled these letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the original letters had been
encoded:
A) automatically.
B) visually.
C) semantically.
D) acoustically.

29. According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have
the greatest difficulty with those:
A) at the beginning of the list.
B) at the end of the list.
C) at the end and in the middle of the list.
D) in the middle of the list.

30. Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is
________.
A) sad; happy
B) drunk; sober
C) angry; calm
D) fearful; happy
E) drunk; drunk

31. After suffering damage to the hippocampus, a person would probably:

A) lose memory for skills such as bicycle riding.
B) be incapable of being classically conditioned.
C) lose the ability to store new facts.
D) experience all of the above changes.

32. Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material
15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test.
This illustrates what is known as:

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A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) chunking.
E) automatic processing.

33. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of:

A) automatic processing.
B) memory construction.
C) repression.
D) proactive interference.
E) mood-congruent memory.

34. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
A) short-term
B) implicit
C) mood-congruent
D) explicit
E) automatic

35. After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of
the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best
illustrates:
A) transience.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) source amnesia.

36. After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to
remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the
effects of:
A) encoding failure.
B) source amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
E) automatic processing.

37. A mnemonic device is a:

A) sensory memory.
B) test or measure of memory.
C) technique for automatic processing.
D) memory aid.
E) word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past.

38. Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

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39. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember
where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates:
A) proactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) state-dependent memory.

40. Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits
of information.
A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24
E) 50

41. In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes
each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:
A) iconic memory.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the method of loci.
E) the spacing effect.

42. Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high
school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an
illustration of:
A) priming.
B) chunking.
C) source amnesia.
D) automatic processing.
E) the spacing effect.

43. Although you can't recall the answer to a question on your psychology midterm, you
have a clear mental image of the textbook page on which it appears. Evidently, your
________ encoding of the answer was ________.
A) semantic; automatic
B) visual; automatic
C) semantic; effortful
D) visual; effortful

44. The process of retrieval refers to:

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
E) the identification of information previously learned.

45. In an effort to remember how to spell “rhinoceros,” Samantha spells the word aloud 30
times. She is using a technique known as:

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A) priming.
B) rehearsal.
C) the “peg-word” system.
D) chunking.
E) the method of loci.

46. When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall
was:
A) the same for all words.
B) better for the categorized words.
C) better for the random words.
D) improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices.

47. Walking through the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation, Tom experienced
a flood of old memories. Tom's experience showed the role of:
A) state-dependent memory.
B) context effects.
C) retroactive interference.
D) echoic memory.

48. When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability
to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n)
________ failure.
A) rehearsal
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval
E) automatic processing

49. Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty
remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates:
A) retroactive interference.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) the spacing effect.
E) source amnesia.

50. Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in
which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these
participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually
occurred. This experiment best illustrated:
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) the spacing effect.

51. Chunking refers to:

A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.

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B) the organization of information into meaningful units.
C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
D) the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.
E) the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar
information.

52. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult
to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates:
A) retroactive interference.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.

53. As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize
themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of:
A) the serial position effect.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the method of loci.
E) the spacing effect.

54. The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but
the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address.
To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip
code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) echoic
E) statedependent

55. When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she
knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it
was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates:
A) flashbulb memory.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) proactive interference.

56. When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we
first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of:
A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.

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E) memory construction.

57. Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack
was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of:
A) storage decay.
B) proactive interference.
C) encoding failure.
D) retroactive interference.
E) source amnesia.

58. The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to
spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of:
A) chunking.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) automatic processing.
D) the spacing effect.
E) the method of loci.

59. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) long-term
E) short-term

60. Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

A) suddenly remembering to buy bread while standing in the checkout line at the grocery store
B) recalling the name of someone from high school while looking at his or her yearbook
snapshot
C) remembering to make an important phone call
D) remembering what you were doing on September 11, 2001, when terrorists crashed planes
into the World Trade Center towers

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Answer Key

1. D
2. E
3. B
4. D
5. E
6. D
7. E
8. E
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. E
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. C
22. E
23. D
24. A
25. E
26. D
27. A
28. D
29. D
30. E
31. C
32. A
33. B
34. A
35. B
36. C
37. D
38. B
39. D
40. B
41. D
42. A
43. B
44. C
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. D
49. C

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50. C
51. B
52. D
53. D
54. A
55. B
56. E
57. C
58. A
59. D
60. D

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