MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY

“PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROBLEM POSING”

By:
Group 3
Rahmania (181144)
Rania Aisyah Putri (1811441011)
Andi Annisa Hulaifah (181144)

DEPARTEMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
 CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Teaching and learning activities is one of educational activity
between the teacher and students. In this case, the learning of teaching
activity that do, to directed for achieve certain purpose which has been
formulated. Each teacher is planning a system of teaching systematically
with the purpose of teaching interest. Students in developing their
potential. But in reality we realize that it is not easy for teachers to make
students active in the class.
For that, on of the way to ofer come these problems is to apply an
approach in teacher learning in the classroom. This Approach is an
aprroach which is used as bencmark or point of you of the learning
process. That refers to the view of the occurence of a learning that is
accomodating, inspiring, reinforching, and underining learning methods
with a certain theoritical scope and one of approach can getting apply in
the classroom is problem solving and problem posing.
Problem solving is one of approach of the learning to directed
students to think. While problem posing is approach that obligate students
to arrange their own questions or solve a problem into simpler questions.
This approach can help active students in the class because the student
center approach is done.
Based on this approach, in addition to the approach that activates
students, problem solving and problem posing also makes the ability of
mathematical thinking patterns and problem solving skills, problem
solving and foster students positive attitudes towards mathematics.
Because of that, the paper will be present approach to problem
solving and problem posing that can help teachers who want to apply the
approach with the right steps so that learning objectives can be obtained
optimally.
B. Problems
1) What is Defenition of the Problem solving and problem Posing ?
2) What is the characteristic of the problem solving and problem
posing ?
3) How the steps of the problem solving and problem posing ?
4) What is the Advantages and Disadvantages of the problem Solving
and problem Posing ?

C. Purpose
1) Describe definition of the problem solving and problem posing
2) Analyze the characteristic of the problem solving and problem posing
3) Find out steps of the Problem solving and problem posing
4) Describe Advantages and Disadvantages of the problem Solving nd
problem posing
 CHAPTER II

Discussion

A. Defenition of the Problem solving and problem Posing

1. Problem Solving

Most students consider mathematics a difficult and scary subject.

This can be seen from the results of their learning in mathematics is still
unsatisfactory. Another problem that often arises is that in the learning
process students only passively listen to the teacher explain the
material. They are still unwilling to ask questions and express their
opinions.

These problems arise because of the lack of activeness of the

students themselves. To overcome these problem it is necessary to
apply appropriate learning strategies, so as to increase student activity
in learning mathematics. Problem Solving Approach is a way of
presenting lessons by encouraging students to look for or solve a
problem to achieve learning objectives.

Problem-Solving approach requires students to use the knowledge

they have to solve various problems and develop intellectual attitudes
and skills to work together, share, care, curious, and respect each other.
Besides being a tool to improve mathematical knowledge and help
understand everyday problems. Problem Solving is also a way of
thinking. In this last perspective. Problem Solving helps us improve the
ability of logical reasoning.

2. Problem Posing
Problem posing is one of learning approaches based on
constructivism. This approach basically emphasizes the importance of
students construct their own knowledge through the active involvement
of the teaching and learning process. Problem posing a term in the
English language that is from the word "problem" means a problem,
 question or issue and the word "pose" which means asking. So Problem
Posing can be interpreted as a matter of filing or filing problems.
This problem posing approach was developed in the year1997by
Lyn D. English, and the beginning is applied in mathematics.
Furthermore, this approach developed also in other subjects.
Problem Posing Approach is an approach to learning by giving
assignments to the students to prepare or make available a matter based
on the situation and resolve the matter. Situations may include images,
stories, formulas, or information related to learning
Suryanto (in Siswono, 1999: 26-27) the definition of problem
posing split into three, namely:
a. Problem posing is a matter of simple formulation or reformulation of
existing problems with a few changes to be more simple and can be
mastered. This occurs in the solution of complex problems, with the
understanding that the problem posing is one step in problem-solving
plan.
b. Problem posing is the formulation of a matter relating to the terms of
the questions that have been solved in order to find alternative
solutions to problems that are relevant or alternative.
c. Problem posing is a matter of formulation problems or the formation
of a situation that is available, both conducted before, during or after
a problem-solving or problem

B. The Characteristic of Problem Solving and Problem Posing

1. Characteristic of Problem Solving
a. Problem solving is a series of learning activities. In the learning
process that uses a problem-solving approach there are some
activities that student must to do. Problem Solving does not expect
students to just listen, make notes, and memorize the subject but
students must be activily think, communicate and discussion, and
finally conclude the problem.
 b. Problem solving is done by using a scientific approach to thinking.
Scientific thinking is a process of thinking / developing thoughts that
are arranged systematically based on scientific knowledge, which
already exists.
c. Learning activity is directed to solve problems. Problem solving puts
the problem as a key-words in the learning process. And the learning
process begins by giving students the problem and ends by students
solve the problem.
2. Characteristic of Problem Posing
Problem Posing As for the characteristics of the approach are:
a. The interaction between student and teacher interaction with
students
b. The existence of mathematical dialogue between students
c. Teachers provide enough information about the submission of
questions, and students clarify, interpret, and try mengkostruksi
understanding in the matter of the submission and completion.
d. Characteristics advanced is that the approach can sprain Problem
Posing students to generalize rules and concepts, a central process
in mathematics, sprain students to generalize rules and concepts, a
central process in mathematics.

C. Steps for doing Problem Solving and Problem Posing

1. Steps for doing Problem Solving
a. Understanding the problem

Before we start to solve the problem, things we need to know is

“what is the problem?” We cannot find the solution of the problem
if we do not know what the problem itself. So, try to understand
the problem and find the answer with keep questioning. Find the
data that could help you to find the solution.
 The teacher should ask students some question, such as what is
the known and what is the unknown? What is the connection
between the known and the unknown? have you already have
enough information? To convince them that they already
understand.

b. Devising a plan

Find the connection between the known and the unknown that
enable you to find the unknown. If you cannot find the connection
try another solution, such as:

 Use the analogy. Try to think the analogy of the problem.

Similiar problem which is gives you the necessaty clues in
solving the more difficult problems.
 Try to identify the pattern. If you look the pattern, you can
predict what would happen next.
 Make the case. Sometimes we need to devide the matter into
several cases and solve every case.
c. Carryng out the plan
Carry out your plan that you have chosen in step 2. Check each
step, check every step in plan and write them down in detail. To
make sure every step is correct you should know how to explain
that.
d. Looking back

Check your solution. Review the solutions found, is it factual?

Criticism results, look for flaws in the results. What worked and
did not. Do this will help you to solve the future problem.

2. Steps Learning Through Problem Posing Approach

Learning steps Problem Posing structured approach to Problem
Posing consideration the characteristics and refers to measure
 learning is often used math teacher. In essence steps This learning by
Yuhasriati consists of four main activities, namely as the following:
a. Preliminary activities
This stage, which dialakukan activity is to motivate students to
explain the purpose of learning and recall of relevant previous
material
b. Development activity
This stage, the activities carried out is the teacher presents the
material in the form of concepts, principles and examples to
students
c. Event application (filing of matter)
This stage, students dimita to apply the material learned in the
material wider. Of the activities such as working on the problems
of exercise or make tasks.
d. The activities cover
This stage, the activities carried out is to make a summary of
the learning outcomes and provide training as homework

D. Types of Problem Posing Approach in the Learning Process

Abu-Elwan (2000) classifies problem posing into 3 types, namely free

problem posing (problem posing free), semi-structured problem posing
(Problem posing semi-structured), and structured problem posing
(problem posing structured). Selection of the types of materials that can
be based on mathematics, the ability of students, student learning
outcomes, or level of student thinking. Here are described individual
types.

1. Free problem posing (problem posing free).

According to this type of student is required to make about freely

on the situation of daily life. The task given to students may take the
form: "make matter simple or complex", create questions that you
 prefer, create problems for math competitions or tests, "make
problems for your friend," or "make about as entertainment (for fun)".

2. Semi-structured problem posing (problem posing semi-structured).

In this case the students were given a free or open situation and
asked to explore the use of the knowledge, skills or concepts that
they already have. Form of matter that can be given is a matter open
(open-ended problem) involving the activity of investigation math,
create questions based on the given problem, create questions with
the same context with the given problem, create questions related to
the theorem in particular, or create questions based the rendered
image.

3. Structured problem posing (problem posing structured).

In this case students asked to create questions based on a matter

which is known to modify the data or information known. Brown
and Walter (1990) devised a matter of making a formula based on
the questions that have been resolved by varying the conditions or
the purpose of the given problem.

E. Advantages of Problem Solving and Problem Posing

1. Advantages of Problem Solving
a) Educate students to think systematically.
b) Train students to design an invention.
c) Think and act creatively.
d) Solving the problems faced realistically
e) Identifying and conducting investigations.
f) Interpret and evaluate observations.
g) Stimulate the development of progress in thinking students to solve
the problems faced appropriately.
 h) Can make school education more relevant to life, especially the
world of work
i) Being able to find various ways out of a difficulty faced.
j) Learn to analyze a problem from various aspects.
k) Educate student’s self-confidence.
2. Advantages of Problem Posing
1) To help students develop confidence and joy to mathematics, for
mathematical ideas of students tested to understand the problem at
hand and can performennya increase in problem solving.
2) It is the duty of activities that lead to a critical attitude and
creative.
3) Have a positive influence on the ability to solve problems and
attitudes toward mathematics.
4) to promote an attitude of inquiry and form the mind evolving and
flexible.
5) To encourage students to be more responsible in their learning.
6) Useful to find errors or misconceptions students.
7) Enhance problem-solving abilities of learners, since filing provides
reinforcement-strengthening issues and ensuring that basic
concepts.
8) Eliminate the impression of "eeriness" and "conservatism" in
learning.
9) Preparing the mindset or criteria to think mathematically,
positively correlated with the ability to solve problems. Problem
posing can help students find the topic with sharper and allows
students to gain an understanding depth. Problem posing can also
encourage students to creating new ideas in each topic.

F. Disvantages of Problem Solving and Problem Posing

1. Disvantages of Problem Solving
a) requires considerable time and is often forced to take other study
time
b) Involve more people
c) Not all subject matter has problems.
d) Requires regular and careful planning
e) Not effective if there are some students who are passive.
2. Disvantages of Problem Solving
1) Often students to commit fraud, the students simply imitate or
copy the results of his work, without experiencing the events
study.
2) It takes more time for students to complete the assigned task.
Take much more
lot for teachers, especially student assignment correction time.
3) Requires a special skill and ability of teachers directing students
create problems, because problems made students can vary and
teachers must assess whether The problem presented is true /
false, whether in accordance with information, or whether it can
be understood other students
 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Problem Solving Approach is a way of presenting lessons by

encouraging students to look for or solve a problem to achieve learning
objectives. Problem-Solving approach requires students to use the
knowledge they have to solve various. Problem solving help student to think
creativily and think scientifically that will help student face the problem in
their real life.

Problem posing is one learning approaches based on constructivism. This

approach basically emphasizes the importance of students construct their
own knowledge through the active involvement of the teaching and learning
process. Problem Posing Approach is an approach to learning by giving
assignments to the students to prepare or make available a matter based on
the situation and resolve the matter. Situations may include images, stories,
formulas, or information related to learning. Problem posing has some
advantages and disadvantages in its application to the teaching and learning
process.
B. Suggestion
For Readers especially to prospective teachrs to apply approach problem
solving and problem posing takes all power and preparation mature to work
because if not, then the approach will not run and will make students the
confusion.