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Chapter 3 Important Chemical Concepts

The document discusses important concepts in analytical chemistry including units of measurement, expressing quantities and concentrations, solutions and their concentrations, and chemical stoichiometry. It defines the mole, molar mass, molarity, ppm, and other key terms. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating molarity, ppm, weight percent, and using stoichiometry to determine grams of a product from a balanced chemical equation.

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71 views4 pages

Chapter 3 Important Chemical Concepts

The document discusses important concepts in analytical chemistry including units of measurement, expressing quantities and concentrations, solutions and their concentrations, and chemical stoichiometry. It defines the mole, molar mass, molarity, ppm, and other key terms. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating molarity, ppm, weight percent, and using stoichiometry to determine grams of a product from a balanced chemical equation.

Uploaded by

Diana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analytical Chemistry

Andrea Szczepanski
Fall 2001

Chapter 3 Important Chemical Concepts: Expressing Quantities and Concetrations

I. Important Units of Measurement

A. SI Units (International System of Units)

SI Base Units

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation

Mass kilogram kg
Length meter m
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Electric Current ampere A
Luminous Intensity candela cd

Prefixes for Units

giga- G 109
mega- M 106
kilo- k 103
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
micro- u 10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p 10-12
femto- f 10-15
atto- a 10-18

B. The mole and millimole

1. Mole – amount of a chemical species. Avogadro’s number 6.022 X 1023 of particles.

2. Millimole – 1mmol = 10-3 mol

3. Molar mass – mass in grams of one mole of a substance.

Example 3-5 page 76

4.62 g Na3PO4

Molar Mass Na3PO4 = (22.9898 gNa X 3) + (30.9738 gP) + (15.9994 gO X4) = 163.9408 g per mol Na3PO4

Moles Na3PO4 = 4.62 g X 163.9408 g/ mol = 2.818 X 10-2 mol Na3PO4

Moles Na = 2.818 X 10-2 mol Na3PO4 X 3 mol Na / mol Na3PO4 = 8.45 X 10-2 mol Na

Na+ ions = 8.45 X 10-2 mol Na X (6.022 X 1023) = 5.08 X 1022 ions
Analytical Chemistry
Andrea Szczepanski
Fall 2001

C. Solutions and Their Concentrations

1. Molar Concentration or Molarity – Number of moles of solute in one Liter of solution or millimoles
solute per milliliter of solution.

2. Analytical Molarity – Total number of moles of a solute, regardless of chemical state, in one liter of
solution. It specifies a recipe for solution preparation.

3. Equilibrium Molarity – (Species Molarity) – The molar concentration of a particular species in a


solution at equilibrium.

4. Percent Concentration

a. weight percent (w/w) = weight solute X 100%


weight solution

b. volume percent (v/v) = volume solute X 100%


volume solution

c. weight/volume percent (w/v) = weight solute, g X 100%


volume soln, mL

5. Parts Per Milion and Parts per Billion

cppm = mass of solute X 106 ppm


mass of solution

For dilute acqueous solutions whose densities are approxilmately 1.00 g/mL , 1ppm = 1mg/L

Example 3-22 page 77

a) Molar Analytical Concentration of K3Fe(CN)6

414 mg X 103 mL X 1g X 1 mol = 1.68 X 10-3 M


3
750 ml 1L 10 mg 329 g/mol

b) Molar Concentration of K+

1.68 X 10-3 M X 3 = 5.03 X 10-3 M

c) Molar Concentration of Fe(CN)3-6

Moles of K3Fe(CN)6 = Moles Fe(CN)3-6

I.68 X 10-3 M of K3Fe(CN)6 = 1.68 X 10-3 M of Fe(CN)3-6

d) weight/volume % of K3Fe(CN)6

0.414 g X 100% = 0.0552%


750 mL
Analytical Chemistry
Andrea Szczepanski
Fall 2001

e) Millimoles of K+ in 50.0mL of soln

5.3 X 10-3 M X 10-3 L 50.0 mL X 103 mmol = 0.252 mmol


mL mL

f) ppm Fe(CN)3-6

Molar mass of Fe(CN)3-6 = 55.847 mg + ((12.011 mg + 14.0067 mg) X6) = 212 mg

414 mg K3Fe(CN)6 X 212 mg Fe(CN)3-6 = 356 ppm


0.750 L 329 mg K3Fe(CN)6

6. p – Functions

The p- value is the negative base-10 logarithm of the molar concentration of a certain species.

pX = -log [X]

The most well known p-function is pH, the negative logarithm of [H3O+].

Example 3-22 continued page 77

g) pK for the solution

-log [K] = -log [5.03X10-3 M] = 2.98

h) pFe(CN)6 for solution

-log [Fe(CN)6] = -log [1.68 X 10-3 M] = 2.775

D. Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

1. Density – The mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI units, density is expressed in units of kg/L or
g/mL.
2. Specific Gravity – The ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4
degrees Celsius. Dimensionless (not associated with units of measure).

Example 3-27 page 77

Molar mass of H3PO4 = 97.9943 g

I.69 X 103 g reagent X 85 g H3PO4 X 1 mol H3PO4 = 14.659015 M


L reagent 100 g reagent 97.9943 g H3PO4

750 mL X 1L X 6.00 M H3PO4 = 4.5 moles


1000 mL

4.5 moles X 1L = 307 mL


14.659015 moles
Analytical Chemistry
Andrea Szczepanski
Fall 2001
Dilute 307 mL of H3PO4 to 750 mL

II. Chemical Stoichiometry

A. Stoichiometry – The mass relationships among reacting chemical species. The stoichiometry of a
reaction is the relationship among the number of moles of reactants and products as shown by a
balanced equation.

Flow Diagram Figure 3.2

Example 3-35 page 78

Balanced Equation

Na2SO3 + 2 HClO4 SO2 + 2 NaCl + H2O + 4 O2

n Na2SO3 = 75.00 mL X 0.3333M = 0.025 moles


1000 mL

n HClO4 = 150.0 mL X 0.3912 M = 0.05868 moles


1000 mL

Mole ratio of Na2SO3 to HClO4 is 1:2. 0.025 moles Na2SO3 X 2 = 0.05 moles HClO4
HClO4 is in excess.

0.025 moles Na2SO3 X 1 mol SO2 X 64.0648 g SO2 = 1.0602 g SO2


1 mol Na2SO3 mole

Concentration of HClO4 is in excess.

0.05868 moles – 0.05 moles used in reaction = 0.00868 moles remaining

0.00868 moles HClO4 = 0.0386 M HClO4


(75.00 mL + 150.00 mL)

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