Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Assignments in Groups of 5 (Five) Due On The 18 of September 2020

This document describes an assignment on artificial intelligence and expert systems. It includes two questions to be answered: 1. It asks to describe the main parts of an expert system and how they interact, providing examples of knowledge representation in a knowledge base using semantic networks and production rules. 2. It asks to describe two similarities and two differences between using stereo vision techniques and techniques for dealing with images of a fixed scene from a moving camera, relating to obtaining distance information from multiple images.

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Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Assignments in Groups of 5 (Five) Due On The 18 of September 2020

Uploaded by

Patience Karinga

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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Assignments in Groups of 5 (Five)

Due on the 18th of September 2020

Question 1
a) Describe the main parts of an expert system, clearly showing how they interact with one
another.
Solution

The user (or more likely a knowledge engineer) will populate the knowledge base with facts.
The user will then interrogate the knowledge base via a suitable user interface. In turn the
Expert System will supply the user with the answer in the form of “expertise.”

The expert system actually comprises two main components (knowledge base and inference
engine). The inference engine is responsible for using the knowledge base and, where
necessary, it will infer new facts that have not explicitly been stored in the knowledge base.

[5]
b) Using two brief examples of knowledge representation, explain how knowledge may be
represented in the knowledge base.
Solution

1.Semantic Network Representation

Semantic networks are alternative of predicate logic for knowledge representation. In
Semantic networks, we can represent our knowledge in the form of graphical networks. This
network consists of nodes representing objects and arcs which describe the relationship
between those objects. Semantic networks can categorize the object in different forms and
can also link those objects. Semantic networks are easy to understand and can be easily
extended.

This representation consist of mainly two types of relations:

a. IS-A relation (Inheritance)

b. Kind-of-relation

Example: Following are some statements which we need to represent in the form of nodes
and arcs.

Statements:

a. Jerry is a cat.

a. Jerry is a mammal
b. Jerry is owned by Priya.
c. Jerry is brown colored.
d. All Mammals are animal.

2.Production Rules
Production rules system consist of (condition, action) pairs which mean, "If condition then
action". It has mainly three parts:
o The set of production rules
o Working Memory

o The recognize-act-cycle

In production rules agent checks for the condition and if the condition exists then production
rule fires and corresponding action is carried out. The condition part of the rule determines
which rule may be applied to a problem. And the action part carries out the associated
problem-solving steps. This complete process is called a recognize-act cycle.
The working memory contains the description of the current state of problems-solving and
rule can write knowledge to the working memory. This knowledge match and may fire other
rules.
If there is a new situation (state) generates, then multiple production rules will be fired
together, this is called conflict set. In this situation, the agent needs to select a rule from these
sets, and it is called a conflict resolution.

Example:
1) IF (at bus stop AND bus arrives) THEN action (get into the bus)
2) IF (on the bus AND paid AND empty seat) THEN action (sit down).
3) IF (on bus AND unpaid) THEN action (pay charges).
4) IF (bus arrives at destination) THEN action (get down from the bus).

Question 2
In computer vision, techniques for using stereo vision are in some ways similar to techniques
for dealing with images of a fixed scene by a moving camera. Describe any 2 similarities and
any 2 differences. [16]
Solution

Two successive images of a fixed scene, like the two images in stereo vision, are images of
the same scene taken from slightly different vantage points. The process of using this
information, in both cases, involves first matching features between the two images and then
using the shift in the apparent position of the feature in the two images to determine the
distance to the actual object, using triangulation.

Analysis of motion has two advantages over stereo vision. First, there are many images as
opposed to just two, giving more information. Second, the distance between successive
images is typically substantially less than the distance between two stereo cameras, so the
change in the image is less, simplifying the matching problem.
Stereo vision also has two advantages. First, the distance between two stereo cameras, which
are bolted to a frame, is known more precisely than the distance between successive images
of a moving camera. Second, the displacement of two stereo cameras is always a horizontal
displacement, so matching always involves corresponding rows of the two images. With a
moving camera, the relation between successive images, though known, can be much more
complicated, involving expansions from the centre point, or rotations, and do not fit the built-
in structures of pixels in the same way.