NAMA : LOIS FIGO LAURENSZ

NIM : 17010021

SOAL DAN JAWABAN AUTOPILOT

1. Sistem ‘Feedback controls’ sudah digunakan secara luas dalam berbagai sistem
automasi. Sebut dan jelaskan masing-masing dari komponen sistem Feedback Control
tersebut !
Jawab:
Feedback controls are widely used in modern automated system. A feedback control
system consists of five basic components;
1) Input – The input to the system is the reference value, or set point, for the
system output. This represents the desired operating value of the output. Using
for example a heating system; the input is the desired temperature setting for a
room.
2) Process being controlled – The process being controlled is the heater. In
other feedback system, the process might be a steering system or the engines
of an aircraft. Also, the automobile engine in the cruise control, or any of a
variety of other process to which power is applied.
3) Output – The output is the variable of the process is the being measured and
compared to the input; in the above example, it is room temperature.
4) Sensing elements – The sensing elements are the measuring devices used in
the feedback loop to monitor the value of the output variable. In the heating
system example, this function is normally accomplished using a temperature
sensor. There are many different kinds of sensor used in feedback control
system for automation.
5) Controller and actuating device – The purpose of the Controller and
Actuating Device in the feedback system is to compare the measured of the
output value with the reference input value and to reduce the difference
between them. In general, the controller and actuator of the system are the
mechanism by which changes in the process are accomplished to influence the
output variable. The mechanism are usually designed specifically for the
 system and consists of devices such as motors, valves, solenoid switches,
piston cylinders, gears, power screws, pulley system, chain drives, and other
mechanical and electrical components. When the output (room temperature) is
below the set point, the controller turns on the heater. When the temperature
exceeds the set point, the heater is turn off.

2. Jelaskan masing-masing dari prinsip kerja sistem sinkronisasi (Synchronisation lengkap

dengan Gambar), jika sistem autopilot bekerja secara not engaged dan jika sistem
autopilot bekerja secara engaged !
Jawab:
a) Autopilot not enganged – During this time, when the human pilot steers the
aircraft manually, the attitude reference provides the actual attitude
information (2) to the autopilot computer. The output of the internal summing
point is fed back, instead of the input (1), to “wash out” any built-up signal to
the servo.
b) Autopilot enganged – The navigation system and sensors provides a steering
command (1) to the autopilot computer. The summing point feeds the steering
order (3) to the servo. The aircraft reaction is sensed by the attitude reference
and acts as feedback (2) to the summing point.
3. Istilah Automatic Flight System (AFS) pada sitem pesawat Airbus A320 adalah berbeda
dari istilah The Automatic Flight Control Systems (AFCS) pada sistem pesawat terbang
secara umum.
a. Jelaskan prinsip desain dasar (Design Philosophy) secara umum dari AFS pada
pesawat Airbus A320 dan
Jawab:

The Automatic Flight System (AFS) calculates orders to automatically control the flight
controls and the engines. It computes orders and sends them to the Electrical Flight
Control System (EFCS) and to the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) to
control flying surfaces and engines. When the AFS is not active, the above-mentioned
components are controlled by the same systems but orders are generated by specific
devices: side sticks and thrust levers.

b. Sebutkan desain secara fungsional bahwa AFS tersebut mengurangi beban kerja
dari pilot.
Jawab:
a) Navigation
A fundamental function of the AFS is to calculate the aircraft position. To
compute the aircraft position, the system uses several aircraft sensors, which
give useful information for this purpose.

b) Flight Plan
 The AFS has several flight plans predetermined by the airline in its memory.
A flight plan describes a complete flight from departure to arrival; it gives
vertical information and all intermediate waypoints. The plan can be displayed
on the EFIS or on the Multipurpose Control & Display Units (MCDU).
c) Operation
There are several ways to use the AFS but the normal and recommended one
is to use it to follow the flight plan automatically. Knowing the position of the
aircraft and the flight plan chosen by the pilot, the system is able to compute
the orders sent to the flying surfaces and the engines so that the aircraft
follows the flight plan. The pilot has an important monitoring role.
NOTE: During AFS operation, side sticks and thrust levers do not move
automatically.
d) Fly by Wire
If the pilot moves the side stick when the AFS is active, it disengages the
autopilot. Back to manual flight, when the sidestick is released, the EFCS
maintains the actual aircraft attitude.
e) System Design
To meet the necessary reliability, the AFS is built around 4 computers. There
are two interchangeable Flight Management and Guidance Computers
(FMGCs) and two interchangeable Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs). It
is a FAIL OPERATIVE system. Each FMGC and FAC has a command part
and a monitor part to be FAIL PASSIVE.

4. Jelaskan prinsip kerja secara umum dari Flight Management and Guidance System
(FMGS) sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320.
Jawab:
The interactive Flight Management and Guidance System (FMGS) provides
predictions of flight time, mileage, speed, economy profiles and altitude. It reduces
cockpit workload, improves efficiency and eliminates many routine operations normally
performed by the pilots.During cockpit preparation, the pilot inserts a planned route from
origin to destination via the Multifunction Control and Display Units (MCDUs). This
route includes the departure, enroute waypoints, arrival, approach, missed approach and
alternate routes as selected from the NAV data base. The system generates optimum
vertical and lateral flight profiles and predicted progress along the entire flight path.
 Either of the FMGC can perform all operations if one FMGC fail.The pilot may modify
any flight parameter on a short term basis (SPD, V/S, HDG) and the FMGS will guide
the aircraft to the manually selected target.

5. Jelaskan prinsip kerja secara umum dari Flight Management and Guidance Computer
(FMGC) sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320.
Jawab:
The flight management portion of the FMGC contains a navigation database which
provides navaid auto-tuning, position computation, navigational accuracy checks, and
flight planning through the MCDU. It also contains a performance database which
provides predictions of fuel, time, distance, speed, and altitude. Additionally, the
performance database determines the optimum flight profile in relation to speed, flight
level, and top of descent.Each FMGC is linked to its own onside MCDU, RMP, and
EFIS control panel. After entry of the flight plan and other required performance data
into the MCDU, the FMGS generates the climb and descent profiles for departure and
arrival, provides automatic aircraft guidance, and computes current and predicted
progress along the flight plan. Pilots can modify any flight parameter (e.g., SPD, V/S,
HDG) on a short-term basis and the FMGS will guide the aircraft to the manually
selected target.

6. Jelaskan fungsi-fungsi dasar dari Flight Augmentation Computer pada pengendalian:

Jawab:
a) Yaw Damper.
The Yaw Damper is for damping of Dutch rolling, assisting the lateral steering by turn
coordination and eliminates gusty wind effects close to the ground. The electronic
controlled active rudder compensates every small disturbance around the aircraft yaw
axis.
b) Rudder Trim.
Rudder trim is used to maintain coordinated flight without rudder input by the pilot.
Many single engine planes with powerful engines require rudder trim to offset the "left-
turning tendency" caused by P-factor and propellor wash hitting the rudder.

7. Jelaskan prinsip dasar atau prinsip kerja dari EFC (Electronic Flight Control) Sistem
sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320 !
 Jawab:

Electronic flight controls require computer controlled flight control modes that
are capable of determining the operational mode (computational law) of the aircraft.
A reduction of electronic flight control can be caused by the failure of a
computational device, such as a flight control computer, an information providing
device, such as the Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) or the failure of
multiple systems (dual hydraulic failure, dual engine failure etc).
In older aircraft, control is achieved through the pilot's control column, rudder
pedals, trim wheel or throttles that mechanically move cables, pulleys or hydraulic
servo valves which in turn move control surfaces or change engine settings. The flight
controls on Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft are all electronically controlled and
hydraulically activated. Some surfaces, such as the rudder and the horizontal
stabilizer, can also be mechanically controlled. While in normal flight the computers
act to prevent excessive forces in the pitch and roll axes. These aircraft have flight
control computers which send electronic signals to operate control surfaces or engine
controls, inform the pilot and provide performance information.
Aircraft design of flight control modes that include redundant electronics to
safeguard against system failures. Failures can occur singly or in combination to
render systems inoperative. Airbus control law logic allows for a progressive
degradation of automatic protections until multiple failures result in an unprotected,
direct mode of operation. Another function of flight control laws is to assess the
performance of the aircraft under various conditions, such as takeoff, landing or
normal cruise when flight control computers partially or completely fail.

8. Dalam sistem EFC, peran computer menjadi sangat penting dalam sistem kendali /
control pesawat terbang. Sebut dan jelaskan prinsip dasar atau prinsip kerja dari masing-
masing computer sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320 tersebut !
Jawab:

The aircraft is equipped with 11 flight control computers that process the pilot or
autopilot (AP) inputs in normal, alternate, or direct law. Those 11 flight control
computers consist of:
Two Elevator Aileron Computers (ELAC), The ELACs consist two processors
units with one controlling the outputs fot the elevator, ailerons and trim horizontal
stabilizer (THS), while the other monitors the command signals.
Three Spoiler Elevator Computer (SEC), The SECs provide the outputs for the
spoilers, and serve as a backup for the elevator and trim horizontal stabilizer (THS)
only SEC 1 and 2.
Two Flight Augmentation Computers (FAC), The FACs controls rudder, rudder
trim, and yaw damping. It computers the flight envelope parameters, which provides
minimum, maximum and maneuvering speeds. It also with some low-energy warnings
and wind shear detection.
Two Slat Flap Control Computers (SFCC), The SFCCs provide control for the slats
and flaps.
Two flight Control Data Concentrators (FCDC), The FCDCs acquire the data from
the ELACs and SECs for indications, recording, and maintenance purposes ,and the
transmit it to ECAM.

Figure 4a. Component Location

 Figure 4b. Fly-By-Wire System A320

9. Jelaskan prinsip kerja dari Electrical System / Control yang mengendalikan Pitch
Control; baik dalam keadaan normal, saat kegagalan pertama, dan saat kegagalan
keduanya (neither) sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320 !
Jawab:

On the Airbus A320, pitch control is maintained in two ways. Primarily the
elevators are used to pitch the aircraft. Besides the elevators there is the Trimmable
Horizontal Stabilizer (THS), where the elevators are attached to, which is used to trim
the aircraft. The elevators are operated by either sidestick movement or, in case of
autopilot engagement, by the FMGS. In manual control when the sidestick is used to
operate the elevators, electrical signals are generated by the sidestick and send to both
ELAC computers. The signals received by the ELAC computers are then converted
 into outputs which drive the hydraulic system actuators connected to the elevator.
Normally ELAC one is in control with ELAC two serving as back-up. In case of dual
ELAC failure, SEC one or two automatically takes over control.

1. Elevator HydraulicActuators

2. Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer

Figure 5. Elevator Control.

When the autopilot is in command, this means the FMGS is maintaining pitch control. It
sends electrical signals to both ELAC’s which produce an output activating the elevator
actuators. Each elevator is powered by two hydraulic actuators, one in active mode while
the other serves as back-up. Both actuators become active in case of large pitch demands.

10. Jelaskan prinsip kerja dari Electrical System / Control yang mengendalikan Roll
Control dan Yaw Control sebagai contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320 !
Jawab:

The A320 is equipped with primary and secondary flight controls. Primary
flight controls perform the roll, pitch, and yaw functions, while secondary flight
controls are designed to enhace aerodynamic performance. Secondary flight controls
include the flaps, slats, speed brakes, and ground spoilers.
Roll control is a achieved by an aileron and four roll spoilers on each wing.
These flight control surface are controlled electrically and are actuated hydraulically.
Roll control on Airbus A320 is accomplished by use of sidestick movements or
autopilot com-mands. When the ailerons are moved by operating the sidestick,
electrical signals are being sent to the active ELAC computer. The Airbus A320 has
two operational ELAC computers available, one operating in active mode while the
other operates in damping mode and serves as back-up in case of failure. The ELAC
then sends a signal to both the SEC computer, which controls the flight spoilers, and
the FAC computer which sends turn coordination orders for the rudder. Unlike the
SEC, which consists of three independent computers, the FAC has two work-ing
computers in the same order as both ELAC’s. The computers then process these
signals into an output which activates the hydraulic system actuators connected to the
control surfaces. The control surfaces will then deflect according to sidestick input.
For safety matters, the proc-essing of signals by the flight control computers use pre-
set limitations and instructions called laws. This means that pre-scribed limitations
can not be exceeded. When the aircraft is controlled by the autopilot, the ELAC’s and
FAC’s receive electric signals generated by the FMGS. Normally ELAC one (green)
is in control. In case ELAC one fails, ELAC two automatically takes over control.
Similarly the FAC and SEC computers are beingbacked-up.

1. Aileron hydraulicactuator
2. Rudder hydraulicactuator
3. Spoiler 2 hydraulicactuator
4. Spoiler 5 hydraulicactuator
5. Spoiler 3-4 hydraulic actuator
Figure 6. Flight Control Computer Overview.
Normally ELAC one (green) is in control. In case ELAC one fails, ELAC two
automatically takes over control. Similarly the FAC and SEC computers are
 being backed-up. The ailerons have two electrically controlled hydraulic
actuators connected to each aileron. One of these actuators is in control while
the other actuator is in damping mode. The actuators are connected to the Green
and Blue hydraulic systems.

Yaw Control is a achieved by a rudder, is controlled electrically and is

powered hydraulically. When the autopilot is engaged, both FAC computers
receive commands from the FMGS for rudder trimming and yaw control
(Figure. 7).

1. Variable StopUnit
2. Yaw DamperServos
3. RudderTrim
Figure 7. Autopilot Rudder Movement.

11. Jelaskan prinsip kerja dari Autopilot (lengkap dengan Gambar blok diagram) sebagai
contoh dari pesawat Airbus A320 ! (Soal pertanyaan No. 11 ini adalah berbeda dengan
soal pertanyaan No.2).
Jawab:
The autopilot is a closed control-loop. The autopilot controls the aircraft via the
associated service in the required order to fly the aeroplane.
If the autopilot is not enganged, clutches are open so the pilot has to control the
aeroplane. The autopilot is synchronizing the output of the servos to zero during this
time, so the autopilot can be enganged at any time with no jerky aircraft movements.
The aircraft response is sensed by different sensors and applied as response information
back to the autopilot.
The pilot tasks are:
1) Mode selection and switching,
2) Setting of different navigation parameter like speeds, altitude, radio
frequencies,
3) Selection of aircraft congratulations such as flaps, slats, landing gear, trim.