The Fourier Transform

EE 442 Analog & Digital Communication Systems

Lecture 4
Voice signal

time

frequency (Hz)

EE 442 Fourier Transform 1

 Summary of Lecture 3 – Page 1
For a linear time-invariant network, given input x(t), the output y(t) = x(t)h(t), where h(t) is the
unit impulse response of the network in the time domain. In the frequency domain, the output
spectral response is Y(f ) = X(f ) H(f ), where Y(f ), X(f ) and H(f ) are the Fourier transforms of y(t),
x(t) and h(t), respectively.

For a distortionless channel or network , we require the relationship of output to input to be

y(t) = K x(t – td), where x(t) is the input, K is a constant and td is a time delay.
N ( f )
The time delay td(f ) for a two-port network N is given by td ( f ) = −
2 f
line length
For a transmission line (e.g., coax) with constant wave velocity the delay time is td ( f ) =
velocity
An ideal filter (with infinitely steep edges or “brick wall” cutoff) is not realizable because its unit
impulse response would have to be non-causal (like a sinc function in time).

All practical filters (with a finite number of non-deal components) have sloped edges meaning that
higher frequencies of the input signal are still transmitted but with significant attenuation.

Commonly used filters include the Butterworth filter (aka maximally flat magnitude in its
passband), the Chebychev filter (aka “equal-ripple”) and the Bessel-Thompson filter (aka
maximally flat phase delay). Of these three filters the Chebychev gives the sharpest cutoff
response.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 2

 Summary of Lecture 3 – Page 2
dN ( f )
Group delay is defined as t gr ( f ) = − and gives the delay of the energy transport of the
d(2 f )
signal.

Group delay is sometimes called the envelope delay of a network or transmission line.

Group delay is (1) a measure of a network’s phase distortion, (2) the transit time of signal’s
envelope through the network versus frequency, and (3) the derivative of the phase characteristic
with respect the frequency (the mathematical interpretation).

Group delay variation causes distortion of the signal waveform as it passes through a network, or
travels over a channel.

Phase delay is the time delay experienced by the carrier wave as it passes through the network
and group delay is the time delay experienced by the envelope (signal energy) as it passes through
the network.

Amplitude vs. frequency distortion typically flattens the pulse shape, whereas phase vs. frequency
distortion typically skews the pulse shape.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 3

 Summary of Lecture 3 – Page 3
Wireless Signal Transmission:
The first radio transmissions were in the 1890’s and Marconi was a primary player in this work.

The free space loss for electromagnetic waves spreading from a point source is
2 2
 4 r   4 rf 
FSPL =   =  where c =  f
    c 
  4 rf 2 
FSPL (dB) = 10  log 10   
  c  
 
2
  
The Friis’ loss formula for antenna-to-antenna loss is given by Pr = Pt ( Gt  Gr )  
 4 r 

Radio wave propagation in the atmosphere: (1) space-wave propagation (e.g., satellite-to-ground),
(2) sky-wave propagation (bounce EM waves off ionosphere), (3) line-of-sight propagation, and
(4) ground-wave propagation (EM wave follows the Earth’s contour because of diffraction – limited
to less than 2 MHz frequencies and it is very lossy).

Causes of deterioration of wireless signals – Free-space loss, multipath signals combine at receiver,
shadowing, mobility (Doppler shifting), interference, noise and the channel characteristics is time-
varying.

Fading is divided into large-scale fading (path loss and shadowing) and small-scale fading
(multipath and Rayleigh fading  /2).

ES 442 Fourier Transform 4

 Summary of Lecture 3 – Page 4

 d0 
A simplified path-loss model is Pr = Pt K  
D
where K is a path-loss constant, d0 is the distance from the antenna to the far field region, D is the
distance from the antenna, and  is the path-loss exponent (ranges from 2 to 6).

Major challenges to wireless communication systems today include (1) scarcity of spectrum, (2)
ever higher data rates required, (3) multitude of environmental factors, (4) power consumption for
handheld devices, (5) software complexity to support user mobility, and (6) infrastructure cost.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 5

Jean Joseph Baptiste Fourier

March 21, 1768 to May 16, 1830

ES 442 Fourier Transform 6

Review: Fourier Trignometric Series (for Periodic Waveforms)

Equation (2.10) should read (time t is missing in the book):


f (t ) = a0 +  ( an cos(n0t ) + bn sin(n0t ) ) Eq. (2.10)
n =1

2 1 Must include time t

where 0 = and f 0 =
T T Agbo & Sadiku;
and (Equations 2.12a, b, & c) Section 2.5
1
T pp. 26-27
a0 =
T  f (t )dt
0
(DC term)

T
2
an =  f (t ) cos(n0t )dt for n = 1, 2, 3, etc. Eq. (2.12a,b,c)
T 0
T
2
bn =  f (t ) sin(n0t )dt for n = 1, 2, 3, etc.
T 0

ES 442 Fourier Transform 7

Fourier Trigonometric Series in Amplitude-Phase Form

Equations (2.13) and (2.14) should read:


f (t ) = A0 +  ( An cos(n0t + n ) ) Eq. (2.13)
n =1
Must include time t
a0 = A0
An = an2 + bn2 and Agbo & Sadiku;
Section 2.5
 bn 
n = − tan −1  Page 26
 n
a
Also known as polar form of Fourier series.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 8

Fourier Complex Exponential Series


jn0t
f (t ) = 
n = −
Cn e Eq. (2.19)

T
1 − jn0t
Cn =
T 
0
f (t )  e dt

jn
and C− n = Cn* ; Cn = Cn e

This form comes from the Euler identity.

Agbo & Sadiku;

Section 2.6
pp. 33 to 39

ES 442 Fourier Transform 9

Example: Periodic Square Wave as Sum of Sinusoids
Line Spectra
f0

Even or Odd?
3f0

5f0

7f0

EE 442 Fourier Transform 10

 Example: Periodic Square Wave (continued)
This is an odd function Question:
4
What would
f (t ) = sin( t ) + 13 sin(3 t ) + 15 sin(5 t ) + 71 sin(7 t ) +  make this an

even function?
Fundamental only

Five terms

Eleven terms

Forty-nine terms

http://ceng.gazi.edu.tr/dsp/fourier_series/description.aspx
EE 442 Fourier Transform 11
 Analyzing Waveforms Using Fourier Series versus
Waveforms from Adding Harmonics

When we analyze a waveform each harmonic is in phase with

the fundamental sinusoidal component. Changing the phase
of any of the harmonic sinusoidal components changes the
Shape of the waveform.

In a circuit or system the internally generated harmonics of the

fundamental component have different phases in general and
give rise to distorted waveforms. The next several slides
illustrate harmonic distortion in waveforms.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 12

 Second Harmonic Distortion in Waveform

Distortion from
second harmonic
being in-phase with
the fundamental.
Amplitude

0 Time

From: A. M. Niknejad, Notes from EECS 142 Lecture 7, U.C. Berkeley.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 13
 Third Harmonic Distortion in Waveform

Distortion from
third harmonic
being in-phase
with fundamental.
Amplitude

0 Time

From: A. M. Niknejad, Notes from EECS 142 Lecture 7, U.C. Berkeley.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 14
 Third Harmonic Distortion in Waveform (continued)

Distortion from
third harmonic
being out-of-phase
with fundamental.
Amplitude

0 Time

From: A. M. Niknejad, Notes from EECS 142 Lecture 7, U.C. Berkeley.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 15
 Summary of Harmonic Distortion of Fundamental

Even-Order
Distortion

→ DC shift

Odd-Order
Distortion

http://www.vias.org/crowhurstba/crowhurst_basic_audio_vol2_075.html
ES 442 Fourier Transform 16
Sinusoidal Waveforms are the Building Blocks in the Fourier Series
Simple Harmonic Motion Produces a Sinusoidal Waveform

Past Future Mechanical

Oscillation

Time t

Sheet of paper unrolls in this direction

LC Tank Circuit
Electrical
LC Circuit
Oscillation

EE 442 Fourier Transform 17

 Visualizing a Signal – Time Domain & Frequency Domain

Amplitude

To go from time domain

to frequency domain
we use Fourier Transform

Source: Agilent Technologies Application Note 150, “Spectrum Analyzer Basics”

http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5952-0292.pdf

EE 442 Fourier Transform 18

 Example Where Both Sine & Cosine Terms are Required
Both even and odd parts to the waveform.

Period T0

Note phase shift in the fundamental frequency sine waveform.

http://www.peterstone.name/Maplepgs/fourier.html#anchor2315207

EE 442 Fourier Transform 19

 Fourier Series versus Fourier Transform

Continuous time Discrete time

Discrete
Periodic
Fourier
Fourier
Series Transform

Discrete
Aperiodic Fourier
Fourier
Transform Transform

Fourier series for continuous-time periodic signals → discrete spectra

Fourier transform for continuous aperiodic signals → continuous spectra

EE 442 Fourier Transform 20

 Definition of Fourier Transform

The Fourier transform (i.e., spectrum) of f(t) is F ( ):


F ( ) = F  f (t ) =  f (t )e − jt dt Eq. (2.30)
−

1
f (t ) = F −1 F ( ) =  F ( )e jt d  Eq. (2.31)
2 −

Therefore, f (t )  F ( ) is a Fourier Transform pair

Agbo & Sadiku;

Section 2.7;
pp. 40-41
Note: Remember  = 2 f

ES 442 Fourier Transform 21

 Fourier Transform Produces a Continuous Spectrum
 {f(t)} gives a spectra consisting of a continuous sum of
exponentials with frequencies ranging from -  to + .

F ( ) = F ( )  e j ( ) ,
where |F()| is the continuous amplitude spectrum of f(t)
and
 () is the continuous phase spectrum of f(t).

Often only the magnitude of F() is displayed and the phase

is ignored.

EE 442 Fourier Transform 22

 Example: Impulse Function (t)


F ( ) = F  (t ) =   (t ) e − jt
dt = e − jt
= e j0 = 1 Eq. (2.8.1)
t =0
−

 (t )  1
1  2 ( )

F  (t )
1



 if t = 0
 (t ) =
0 if t  0
Delta function has unity area.

ES 442 Fourier Transform 23

 Example: Fourier Transform of Single Rectangular Pulse

 
A for − t
f (t ) = rect(t ) = II(t /  ) = 2 2

0 for all t 
2

f (t ) = rect(t ) = II(t /  )
  /2

Pulse of
F( ) = 
−
f (t )e − jt dt =
− /2
 Ae − jt dt
A
width   /2
e  − jt
 e j /2 − e − j /2 
= A  = A   
 2 j ( /2 )
 − j  − /2  
− 
sin ( 2 )
time t
2 2
0
2
= A  = A  sinc ( /2 )
 /2
Remember  = 2 f

24
EE 442 Fourier Transform
 Fourier Transform of Single Rectangular Pulse (continued)

 sin ( 2 ) 
F( ) = A    = A  sinc ( f  )
 ( 2 ) 
A
sinc function
F()
A

−  time t
2 2
2
0
Note the
pulse is
time −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 
     
centered 0

ES 442 Fourier Transform 25

 Properties of the Sinc Function

Definition of the sinc function:

sin( x )
sinc( x ) =
x
Sinc Properties:
1. sinc(x) is an even function of x.
2. sinc(x) = 0 at points where sin(x) = 0, that is,
sinc(x) = 0 when x = , 2, 3, … .
3. Using L’Hôpital’s rule, it can be shown that sinc(0) = 1.
4. sinc(x) oscillates as sin(x) oscillates but monotonically
decreases as 1/ x decreases as | x | increases.
5. sinc(x) is the Fourier transform of a single rectangular pulse.

Warning:
There are two definitions for sinc(x) function. They are
sin( x ) sin( x )
sinc( x ) = and sinc( x ) =
x x

EE 442 Fourier Transform 26

 Periodic Pulse Train Morphing Into a Single Pulse

Frequency resolution
inversely proportional
Ck to the period.

Ck

Fourier Transform
in the limit T → 
Ck

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DTFT-Discrete-Fourier-Transform-DFT-Fourier-series-and-Discrete-Fourier-Series-DFS-In-which-cases-is-which-one-used

ES 442 Fourier Transform 27

Sinc Function Tradeoff: Pulse Duration versus Bandwidth
G1 ( f )
T1 G2 ( f )
1 1 T2
−
T1 T1
f f
−1 1

 g 1 (t ) T2 g2 (t ) T2


−T1 T1 t −T2 T2 t
2 2 G3 ( f ) 2 2
T3

1 f
1 Also called the
−
T1 > T2 > T3 T3 g3 (t ) T3  Time Scaling
Property
(Section 2.8.2)
−T3 T3 t
2 2

EE 442 Fourier Transform 28

 Properties of Fourier Transforms
Section
2.8.1 Linearity (Superposition) Property
2.8.2 Time-Scaling Property
2.8.3 Time-Shifting Property
2.8.4 Frequency-Shifting Property
2.8.5 Time Differentiation Property
2.8.6 Frequency Differentiation Property
2.8.7 Time Integration Property
2.8.8 Time-Frequency Duality Property
2.8.9 Convolution Property
Agbo & Sadiku
Section 2.8;
pp. 46 to 58

EE 442 Fourier Transform 29

 2.8.1 Linearity (Superposition) Property

Given f(t)  F() and g(t)  G();

Then f(t) + g(t)  F() + G() (additivity)

also kf(t)  kF() and mg(t)  mG() (homogeneity)

Note: k and m are constants
Agbo & Sadiku
Combining these we have, Section 2.8.1;
p. 46
kf(t) + mg(t)  kF () + mG ()

Hence, the Fourier Transform is a linear transformation.

This is the same definition for linearity as used in your circuits

and systems course, EE 400.

EE 442 Fourier Transform 30

 2.8.2 Time Scaling Property

1  
 f (at ) = F  
a a

 f (at ) =  f (at )e − jt dt

Agbo & Sadiku
Section 2.8.2;
− pp. 46-47

Let  = at & d  = adt ,


d 1   
 f (at ) =  f ( )e − jt
= F 
−
a a a
Hence,  f ( - t ) = F (− ) = F * ( )

ES 442 Fourier Transform 31

 Time-Scaling Property (continued)

1  
 f (at ) = F  
a a

Time compression of a signal results in spectral expansion and

time expansion of a signal results in spectral compression.

EE 442 Fourier Transform 32

 2.8.3 Time Shifting Property

 f (t − t 0 
) = e − j t0
F ( )

 f (t − t0 ) =  f (t − t0 )e − j t dt Agbo & Sadiku

Section 2.8.3;
−
pp. 47-48
Let  = t − t0 , d  = dt & t =  + t0


 f (t − t0 ) =  f ( )e − j (  +t0 ) d  =
−

= e − j t9  f ( )e − j d  = e − j t0 F ( )
−

EE 442 Fourier Transform 33

 Time-Shifting Property (continued)

 f (t − t 0 
) = e − j t0
F ( )
Delaying a signal by t0 seconds does not change its amplitude
spectrum, but the phase spectrum is changed by -2ft0.
Note that the phase spectrum shift changes linearly with frequency f.

F ( ) =  Re ( F ( ) )  +  Im ( F ( ) ) 
2 2

f (t ) F ( )

A time shift Both

produces t  must be
Even function.
a phase identical.
shift in its
spectrum. 
t
This time shifted pulse
is both even and odd.
EE 442 Fourier Transform 34
 2.8.4 Frequency Shifting Property

 
f (t )e j0t = F ( − 0 )

 f (t )e  = 
j0t
f (t )e j0t e − jt dt
Agbo & Sadiku
−
Section 2.8.4;
 p. 48
=  f (t )e − j ( −0 )t d  = F ( − 0 )
−

Special application:
Apply to cos (0t ) = 1
2 (e j0t
)
+ e − j0t ;

 f (t )cos ( t ) = ( F ( −  ) + F ( +  ) )
0
1
2 0 0

ES 442 Fourier Transform 35

 An Important Formula to Remember in EE 442
Euler's formula

exp   j  = cos( )  j sin( )

1
sin( ) =
2j
( exp  j  − exp  − j )

1
cos( ) = ( exp  j  + exp  − j )
2

 j ( /2 )  jn 1 for n even

e =  j and e =
−1 for n odd
b
eij where r = a 2 + b 2 ,  = tan −1  
jb == rre
aa + jb
a

ES 442 Fourier Transform 36

Frequency Shifting Property is Very Useful in Communications

Multiplication of a signal g(t) by the factor [cos(2fCt)]

places G(f) centered at f =  fC.

Carrier frequency is fc & G( f )

g(t) is the message signal 2A

g(t )
g(t )  G( f )

t −B B f
2B

g(t ) g(t ) cos(2 fC t )

USB A LSB USB
LSB

t − fC fC f
2B
g(t )

After: B. F. Lathi & Z. Ding, 4th ed., Chapter 4, Section 4.2, Figure 4.1 (p. 181)
ES 442 Fourier Transform 37
 Frequency-Shifting Property (continued)
G( f )
g(t ) ( a) G( f ) (b)
Message signal

g ( f )

g(t ) cos(2 fC t ) c
( ) (d)

-fC fC

g(t ) sin(2 fC t ) e Note phase shifts

( ) (f)
 2
− 2

After: B. F. Lathi & Z. Ding, 4th ed., Chapter 3, Section 3.5, Figure 3.21 (p. 115)
EE 442 Fourier Transform 38
Modulation Comes From Frequency Shifting Property

Given FT pair: f (t )  F ( )
then, f (t ) e j0t  F ( − 0 )
Amplitude Modulation Example:
Audio tone:
 sin(t)

Sinusoidal carrier signal:

Amplitude
Modulated
Signal

EE 442 Fourier Transform 39

 Fourier Transform of AM Tone Modulated Signal

f(t)

Carrier signal
fC = 500 Hz F()
Modulated AM sidebands

Only positive frequencies shown;

Must include negative frequencies.
http://www.ni.com/tutorial/5421/en/
ES 442 Fourier Transform 40
Modulation of Baseband and Carrier Signals

fC = f0

https://slideplayer.com/slide/10939951/
ES 442 Fourier Transform 41
 Transform Duality Property
Given g(t )  G( f ), then
g(t )  G( f )
and
G(t )  g( − f )
Agbo & Sadiku
Section 2.8.8;
Note the minus sign! pp. 51-52

Because of the minus sign they are not perfectly

symmetrical – See the illustration on next slide.

EE 442 Fourier Transform 42

 Illustration of Fourier Transform Duality
G1 ( f )
g 1 (t )
T1

−1 1
3
 

−  t −2 2 f
2 2  

What does
g 2 (t ) this imply?
G2 ( f )

 2
−1 1
−
T1 
t −  f
4 4
−  
EE 442 Fourier Transform 2 2 43
Fourier Transform of Complex Exponentials

F −1  ( f − f c ) =
− j 2 f t

−
 ( f − f C ) e df

Evaluate for f = f c

F −1  ( f − f c ) =  e− j 2 fct df = e− j 2 fct
f = fc

  ( f − f c )  e − j 2 f c t and

F −1
 ( f + fc ) =   ( f + fC )e− j 2 f t df
−

Evaluate for f = − f c

F −1  ( f + f c ) =  e j 2 fct df = e j 2 fct
f =− f c

  ( f + f c )  e j 2 f c t

EE 442 Fourier Transform 44

 Fourier Transform of Sinusoidal Functions
− j 2 f c t j 2 f c t n!
Taking  ( f − f c )  e and  ( f + f c )  e
r !( n − r ) !
We use these results to find FT of cos(2 ft ) and sin(2 ft )
Using the identities for cos(2 ft ) and sin(2 ft ),
j 2 f c t − j 2 f c t  j 2 f c t − j 2 f c t 
* cos(2 ft ) = 21  e +e cos(2 ft ) = 21j  e
& sin −e
   
Therefore,
cos(2 ft )  21  ( f + f c ) +  ( f − f c ) , and
sin(2 ft )  21j  ( f + f c ) −  ( f − f c )

Re Im
cos(2 fct) sin(2 fct)
-fc
-fc fc f fc f

EE 442 Fourier Transform 45

Summary of
Several
Fourier
Transform
Pairs See
Agbo & Sidiku;
Table 2.5,
Page 54;
------------
See also the
Fourier
Transform
Pair Handout

http://media.cheggcdn
.com/media/db0/db0ff
fe9-45f5-40a3-a05b-
12a179139400/phpsu6
3he.png

EE 442 Fourier Transform 46

 Spectrum Analyzer Shows Frequency Domain

A spectrum analyzer measures the

magnitude of an input signal versus
frequency within the full frequency
range of the instrument. It
measures frequency, power,
harmonics, distortion, noise,
spurious signals and bandwidth.
➢ It is an electronic receiver
➢ Measure magnitude of signals
➢ Does not measure phase of signals
➢ Complements time domain

Courtesy: Keysight Technologies

Bluetooth Spectrum
(FHSS)
EE 442 Fourier Transform 47
 Fourier Transform of Cosine Signal

A
A cos(2 f c t ) =
2
 ( f + f c ) +  ( f − f c )
A
2
A cos(2 f t )
Re

-fc
3D View A
2

fc

Blue arrows indicate

positive phase directions

EE 442 Fourier Transform 48

Fourier Transform of Cosine Signal (as shown in textbooks)

Real axis
cos(t )  (− f0 )

−T0 T0 t FT

f
− f0 f0

1
f0 =
T0

ES 442 Fourier Transform 49

 Fourier Transform of Sine Signal

B
B sin(2 f c t ) = j
2
 ( f + f c ) −  ( f − f c )

B sin(2 fC t )
Re

B -fc
2

B
2
fc

We must subtract 90

from cos(x) to get sin(x)

EE 442 Fourier Transform 50

 Fourier Transform of Sine Signal (as usually shown in textbooks)

Imaginary axis

Bsin(0t)  (− f0 ) B
j
B 2

t FT − f0 f0 f
B
−j
2

EE 442 Fourier Transform 51

 Visualizing Fourier Spectrum of Sinusoidal Signals

Note real and imaginary

axes are rotated relative
to prior slides.

Multiplying by
j is a phase
shift

ES 442 Fourier Transform 52

Fourier Transform of a Phase Shifted Sinusoidal Signal
(with phase information as shown)

j j 2 ft − j
Re e + Re e − j 2 f t
A
2 Re
− j − j 2 ft
Re e
-
B -fc
j j 2 ft
2 Re e

A
2  B
2

fc

f
2 2
 A  B  A
R =   +  and  = tan −1  − 
 2  2  B
http://www.ece.iit.edu/~biitcomm/research/references/Other/Tutorials%20in%20Communications%20E
ngineering/Tutorial%207%20-%20Hilbert%20Transform%20and%20the%20Complex%20Envelope.pdf

EE 442 Fourier Transform 53

 Selected References

1. Paul J. Nahin, The Science of Radio, 2nd edition, Springer, New York,
2001. A novel presentation of radio and the engineering behind it; it
has some selected historical discussions that are very insightful.

2. Keysight Technologies, Application Note 243, The Fundamentals of

Signal Analysis; http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5952-
8898E.pdf?id=1000000205:epsg:apn

3. Agilent Technologies, Application Note 150, Spectrum Analyzer Basics;

http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5952-0292.pdf

4. Ronald Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1999. I think this is the best
book covering the Fourier Transform (Bracewell gives many insightful
views and discussions on the FT and it is considered a classic textbook).

EE 442 Fourier Transform 54

https://highvoltagekids.com/six-questions-to-ask-before-implenting-a-new-idea-pt-1/

ES 442 Fourier Transform 55

Auxiliary Slides For Introducing Sampling

ES 442 Fourier Transform 56

 Fourier Transform of Impulse Train  (t) (Shah Function)
aka “Dirac Comb Function,” Shah Function & “Sampling Function”
Shah function (Ш(t)):
 
Ш(t) =   (t − nT ) =   (t + nT )
n =−
0
n =−
0

n+ 1
2

 Ш (t ) dt = 1
n− 1
2

Ш(t) 1
Period = T0 Period =
T0

−2T0 −T0 0 T0 2T0 t −2 f 0 − f 0 0 f0 2 f0 f

EE 442 Fourier Transform 57

 Shah Function (Impulse Train) Applications

The sampling property is given by


Ш(t) f (t ) = 
n =−
f (n) (t − nT0 )

The “replicating property” is given by the convolution operation:


Ш(t) f (t ) = 
n =−
f (t − nT0 )

Convolution

Convolution theorem:

g1 (t ) g2 (t )  G1 ( f )G2 ( f ) and

g1 (t ) g2 (t )  G1 ( f ) G2 ( f )

EE 442 Fourier Transform 58

Sampling Function in Operation


Ш(t) f (t ) = 
n =−
f (n) (t − nT0 )

f (t )

T0  (t − nT0 )

t
f (0)
T0 f (T0 ) = f (1)
f (2T0 ) = f (2)

EE 442 Fourier Transform 59

 Fourier Transform of u(t)cos(0t)

unit step u(t)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71437-0_9
ES 442 Fourier Transform 60
 Speech, Trumpet and Street Traffic Signals

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/6/5/143/htm

ES 442 Fourier Transform 61

Building the Expression for Sin(x) with Infinite Series

https://betterexplained.com/wp-content/uploads/sine/

ES 442 Fourier Transform 62