Name-Sakshi Ramesh Pukale

Roll No: - 141

Class-F.Y. B.A.

Division-B

Project Name-Growing Social

Problems in India

Submitted to-Nitin Mohod

 INDEX

SR. TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
INTRODUCTION 1
CONTENT 3
1 SUBSTANCE ABUSE 3
1.1 IMPACT ON YOUTH 3
1.2 CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE 3
2 HIV&AIDs 4
2.1 AWARENESS 4
2.2 PREVENTION, TREATMENT 5
AND SERVICES
3 PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY 6
3.1 CAUSES 6
3.2 IMPLICATIONS 6
3.3 RESPONSE 7
4 CHILD ABUSE 8
4.1 EFFECTS 8
4.2 WAYS TO PREVENT 9
5 TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN 10
5.1 CAUSES 10
5.2 EFFECTS 11
5.3 RESPONSE 11
CONCLUSUION 13
WIBLIOGRAPHY 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

There are a lot of social problems in India such as substance abuse, HIV/AIDS,
problems of elderly, issue of child labour, child abuse, trafficking of women and many more.
Some of the problems studied are mentioned in the report further. India has made a place for
itself as one of the fastest growing economies in the world, yet it loses behind in a lot behind
in the name of growth. As the rich are getting richer and the poor get poorer, the divide has
been expanding more than before. What can after all be attributed to the various issues that
pose a threat before every government that comes to power at the centre? From the increasing
poverty, to the corruption at an all-time high, the increasing violence against women across the
nation, the incidents of terrorism that rock some or the other city, and the rising prices of basic
amenities, are some of the scariest facts of this fast-growing economy, India.
If you look at the statistics from numerous studies that have been carried out in Britain
in recent years, you will see that drug and alcohol abuse is a growing problem in our society.
Data published by the ONS (Office for National Statistics) has highlighted the fact that drug-
related deaths in England and Wales have reached record highs. Opiates, like heroin and
morphine, are still the most commonly abused substances in the UK but deaths involving
cocaine abuse have doubled between 2015 and 2018. Britain has the highest rate of addiction
for opioids and the highest number of life-time abusers of class A drugs in Europe and
approximately 1 in 10 adults (between 16 and 59 years old) use illegal drugs.
India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, with 2.1 million people living
with HIV. India’s epidemic is concentrated among key affected populations, including sex
workers and men who have sex with men. The National AIDS Control Programme has made
particular efforts to reach these two high-risk groups with HIV interventions. Compared to
neighbouring countries, India has made good progress in reducing new HIV infections by half
since 2001.Despite free antiretroviral treatment being available, uptake remains low as many
people face difficulty in accessing clinics.

Ageing in India is exponentially increasing due to the impressive gains that society has
made in terms of increased life expectancy. With the rise in elderly population, the demand for
holistic care tends to grow. By 2025, the geriatric population is expected to be 840 million in
the developing countries. It is projected that the proportion of Indians aged 60 and older will
rise from 7.5% in 2010 to 11.1% in 2025. In 2010, India had more than 91.6 million elderly
and the number of elderlies in India is projected to reach 158.7 million in 2025. An aging
population puts an increased burden on the resources of a country and has raised concerns at
many levels for the government in India. Aging population is both medical and sociological
problem. Elderly population suffers high rates of morbidity and mortality due to infectious
diseases. Demographic transition in India shows unevenness and complexities within different
states. НLs has been attributed to the different levels of socio-economic development, cultural

1
norms, and political contexts. Hence it will be a herculean task for policy makers to address
the geriatric care that will take into account all these determinants. Care for the elderly is fast
emerging as a critical element of both the public and private concern.

Child is categorised as that class of the society which is most prone to exploitation and
abused. He is regarded as the father of the man. With his present secured and guaranteed with
the basic rights indispensable for growth and development, we secure the future of the nation.
India has more than 10 million children working as child labourer in industrial and family
setups. These children are susceptible to physical and mental abuse at workplace along with
working in hazardous factory setup at minimum or no wages. The child labourer is deprived of
education, health and strength that is essential for his or her growth. Such activities inhibit
intellectual and personality development. Poverty, migration, low family earning, social
conditions etc. drives a child to forcefully work in exploitative conditions. It is incumbent on
the government to take cognizance of the deplorable state of the child and initiate measure to
uphold the basic human rights of the child. Implementations of Constitutional safeguards and
proper enactment of legislations as well as the active role of judiciary and public spirted person
are the key factor which have recognized the odious workplace of child labourers and made
endeavours to indemnify the plight of child.

Child abuse is harm to, or neglect of, a child by another person, whether adult or child.
Child abuse happens in all cultural, ethnic, and income groups. Child abuse can be physical,
emotional - verbal, sexual or through neglect. Abuse may cause serious injury to the child and
may even result in death. A problem that is only beginning to come into light in India rape,
sexual abuse, and sexual harassment are worldwide issues of gender violence. There is very
little research done in this area in India and only a few books have been written, keeping the
subject even further from the consciousness of the country. However, the problem persists with
staggering incidence, and Indians unique profile adds to the complexity of an already difficult
subject. Fortunately, the issue of child sexual abuse is slowly becoming a more recognized
issue, and for this reason, this paper will focus much on sexual abuse against minor children:
the laws, victims, and perpetrators. Finally, an analysis of the aspects of Indian culture that
make this issue particularly difficult to understand and cope with will be presented.

Trafficking is the organized crime which violates the basic human rights for the purpose
of slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, organ transplant, begging, circus and forced
marriage. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially
Women and Children, popularly known as the Trafficking Protocol was adopted by the United
Nations in Palermo, Italy in 2000. It is an international legal agreement attached to the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. This protocol tries to facilitate
co-operation of the member nations to solve the issue of trafficking. The United Nations has
listed India in its Tier II List as a country who has failed to combat the problem of human
trafficking especially of women. In India women are treated as commodities and are sold in the
open market.

2
 CONTENT
1. SUBSTANCE ABUSE:
1.1 IMPACT ON YOUTH:
Young people who persistently abuse substances often experience an array of
problems, including academic difficulties, health-related problems (including mental health),
poor peer relationships, and involvement with the juvenile justice system. Additionally, there
are consequences for family members, the community, and the entire society. Declining grades,
absenteeism from school and other activities, and increased potential for dropping out of school
are problems associated with adolescent substance abuse. Cognitive and behavioural problems
experienced by alcohol- and drug-using youth may interfere with their academic performance
and also present obstacles to learning for their classmates. Injuries due to accidents (such as
car accidents), physical disabilities and diseases, and the effects of possible overdoses are
among the health-related consequences of teenage substance abuse. Disproportionate numbers
of youth involved with alcohol and other drugs face an increased risk of death through suicide,
homicide, accident, and illness. These limited examples illustrate the catastrophic health-
related consequences of substance abuse among adolescents. Besides personal and family
distress, additional healthcare costs and loss of future productivity place burdens on the
community. Mental health problems such as depression, developmental lags, apathy,
withdrawal, and other psychosocial dysfunctions frequently are linked to substance abuse
among adolescents. Substance-abusing youth are at higher risk than nonusers for mental health
problems, including depression, conduct problems, personality disorders, suicidal thoughts,
attempted suicide, and suicide. Substance-abusing youth often are alienated from and
stigmatized by their peers. Adolescents using alcohol and other drugs also often disengage from
school and community activities, depriving their peers and communities of the positive
contributions they might otherwise have made. In addition to personal adversities, the abuse of
alcohol and other drugs by youth may result in family crises and jeopardize many aspects of
family life, sometimes resulting in family dysfunction.
1.2 CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE:
Alcohol and other drug misuse are significant but neglected public health issues in conflict-
affected populations. In this article, we review the literature on the challenges and strategies
for implementing substance misuse treatment and prevention services in conflict and post-
conflict settings in low- and middle-income countries. We identified nine studies describing
interventions in conflict-affected populations residing in Afghanistan, Croatia, India, Kenya,
Kosovo, Pakistan, and Thailand. Six of these nine studies focused on refugee populations.
Reports revealed challenges to intervention implementation, as well as promising practices and
recommendations for future implementation that we characterized as existing in the inner and
outer contexts of an implementing organization. Challenges existing in the outer context
included low political prioritization, lack of coordination and integration, and limited advocacy
for access to substance misuse services. Challenges within the inner context related to
competing priorities and a shortage of providers. Resource limitations existed in both the inner
and outer contexts. Stigma was a challenge that threatened implementation and utilization of

3
substance use services in situations when substance use interventions were not congruent with
the roles, structure, values, and authority of the system or implementing organization. Future
research should focus on developing, applying, and evaluating strategies for overcoming these
challenges in order to make progress toward meeting the need for substance misuse services in
conflict-affected populations.

2. HIV/AIDs:
India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2017, HIV prevalence among adults
(aged 15-49) was an estimated 0.2%. This figure is small compared to most other middle-
income countries but because of India's huge population (1.3 billion people) this equates to 2.1
million people living with HIV. Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down. Between 2010
and 2017 new infections declined by 27% and AIDS-related deaths more than halved, falling
by 56%. In 2017, 79% of people living with HIV were aware of their status, of whom 71%
were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). The proportion of people on ART who are virally
suppressed is not reported. India’s HIV epidemic is driven by sexual transmission, which
accounted for 86% of new infections in 2017/2018. The three states with the highest HIV
prevalence, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland, are in the east of the country. The epidemic is
concentrated among key affected populations, however the vulnerabilities that drive the
epidemic vary in different parts of the country. A key driver is unprotected sex among key
populations and their clients, partners and spouses. However, injecting drug use in the north
and northeast of the country is also pushing up HIV prevalence. HIV prevalence is higher
among men than women, with 0.25% of men and 0.19% of women living with HIV as of 2017.
This is due to high prevalence among key populations including men who have sex with
men (sometimes referred to as MSM), migrant workers and men who use drugs.
2.1 AWARENESS:
In 2017, 79% of people living with HIV in India were aware of their status. HIV positive
women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed, compared to HIV positive men (87% vs.
68%). This is due to high proportions of women testing for HIV through preventing mother to
child transmission (PMTCT) services. In 1997, there were just 67 HIV testing and counselling
(HTC) sites in India. By 2017, around 23,400 facilities were offering HTC. Between April
2018 and April 2019, 30 million general users accessed these services, almost double the
number of those testing in 2016/17, showing the impact accelerated efforts are having in this
area. Testing is offered in a variety of settings, including standalone clinics, health facilities
and through public/private partnerships. Mobile testing units also offer community-based
testing, aimed at improving early diagnosis, reaching first-time testers and people who seldom
use clinical services. Community-based testing is particularly important, as the stigma of HIV
and the criminalisation of populations at high risk of HIV discourages many people from
attending clinics and health facilities. After the World Health Organization (WHO)
recommended HIV self-testing in 2016, India’s Ministry of Health indicated it would
investigate the feasibility of self-testing kits, initially among high-risk populations. As of 2019
a number of self-testing pilot programmes are running, focusing on pregnant women and
people from key populations, but self-testing kits are not yet widely available.

4
 2.2 PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND SERVICES:

In 2017, 88,000 people in India were newly infected with HIV. The majority were men, who
accounted for 50,000 new infections. There were 34,000 new infections among women and
around 3,700 among children (aged 0-14 years). NACO is the body responsible for formulating
policy and implementing programmes for the prevention and control of the HIV epidemic in
India. Its most recent programme, NACP-IV (2012-2017, extended to 2020), aims to halve
annual new HIV infections by 2020 by providing comprehensive HIV treatment, education,
care and support for the general population, along with targeted interventions for key affected
groups at high risk of HIV transmission. A key goal of the NACP-IV is to reach 80% of key
affected populations with targeted interventions. Targeted interventions are implemented on
the premise that prevention of HIV transmission among key affected populations will also
lower HIV transmission among the general population. For example, targeting interventions
towards female sex workers and their male clients will help reduce the risk of clients
transmitting HIV to their regular sexual partners. Condom availability and use: Significant
efforts have been made by NACO to increase the awareness and use of condoms to prevent the
transmission of HIV. India’s Condom Social Marketing Programme promotes safer sex. A key
focus of the programme is making condoms available for free in rural and remote areas and in
high-risk places such as truck stops. In 2014, NACO launched a new condom promotion
campaign on Doordarshan (India’s public broadcasting service), leading cable and satellite
channels, All India Radio and private radio, in Hindi and other regional languages. In the years
that followed, digital cinema, social media and outdoor media were added as campaign
platforms. The key targets of India’s condom programme are men who engage in sex with non-
regular partners including sex workers, and married couples who do not want to get pregnant.
Although condom use among high-risk populations is relatively high, it is lower among the
general population. In 2016, only 41% of adult men reported using a condom at last higher-
risk sex (with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner)

Increasing awareness among the general population and key affected populations about
HIV prevention is a central focus of NACP IV. However, as of 2017, only 22% of young
women (aged 15-24) and 32% of young men knew how to prevent HIV. This is reflected in the
wider population, as only one-fifth of women and one-third of men (aged 15-49) had
comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS. A number of innovative awareness programmes
are being implemented. In 2018, NACO ran a multimedia HIV campaign to increase HIV
testing among young people. This ran on Doordarshan, cable and satellite channels, radio,
online and at cinemas. NACO also broadcasts phone-in and panel discussions on issues relating
to HIV on regional radio networks. Shows relating to HIV are also performed by folk troupes
in remote villages to reach people in places with no television or radio. Through India’s
Adolescent Education Programme, comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is available in
schools for students aged between 13 and 18. The AEP was operating in 5,000 schools as of
2018/19. India’s CSE curriculum covers a wide range of issues relating to sexual and
reproductive health (SRH). However, it excludes sexual rights and diverse sexual orientations,

5
gender identities, and negotiation and decision-making skills within sexual relationships.
Around 12,600 Red Ribbon Clubs also operate in India. These are linked to schools and
universities and are driven by young ambassadors and peer educators who help other young
people access HIV information and also serve to reduce HIV-related stigma. However, the
focus of the clubs is limited to basic components of SRH.

3.PROBLEMS OF THE ELDERLY:

3.1 CAUSE:
Ageing is a natural process. However, it has its own disadvantages. Old age effects the
physical and mental strengths of a person. The weakness of the elders makes them soft targets
of robbers and also of unfaithful family member and servants at home.
Health problems are a part and parcel of old age. The problems like heart attack,
respiratory problems, cough, paralysis etc., are more common among the elders. When the
body becomes weak, resistance power becomes low and the body becomes how for several
deceases. Psychological Factor: The psychological problems are generally connected with
retirement. A sudden change from a respectable powerful official life to a retired life free of
daily tensions makes the people mentally weak. Frustration, neuroticism, psychosis,
schizophrenia, hallucinations, etc psychological problems are developed in the elderly.
The family of a person matters in old age. If the family is ready to look after them
willingly then the old age becomes easy. But if the family members think that the elderly are a
beast of burden then it affects the elderly very severely. The prolonged illness will make the
family members think of the elderly as a burden especially when the elderly is bedridden.
The elderly finds it difficult to accept the values and standards of new generation. For
example, the son, daughter-in –law and grandchildren like pizzas, burgers and pastas, they
listen to pop music instead of classical Indian music, they wear capris and jeans which is totally
condemned by the elderly. The elderly may express their disgust either verbally or being
completely silent over the issues. They may even interfere in the activities of their
grandchildren which is often not liked by the grandchild. Financial Factor: Money is the root
cause of the problems of the elderly. Retirement brings with its financial burden. Health
problems make it worse as a considerable amount of money is spent on the medicines and
treatment. These affects the relationship with the family members.
3.2 IMPLICATIONS:
Effects on Self: The old age brings with it several physical and psychological problems. They
are not able to sleep properly, their memory power gets affected and every now and then they
keep on nagging at the family members. Effects on Family Members: Nowadays there is a
system of a nuclear family consisting of husband, wife and their children and most of the time
both the partners are working. As long as the old look after their children everything is OK.
But once the elderly falls ill and gets bedridden then it affects the entire set up of the family.
Regular illness collapses the budget of the family. It makes the children to take leave from the
office which are mostly without pay and this increases the financial burden of the family.

6
 The elderly is not allowed to go outside. They are confined in the four walls of their
home because of lack of physical mobility. They are not able to travel because of shivering and
illness. So, the family members fear that they will get lost as most of the elderly suffer from
high degree of memory loss. This affects the social life of the elderly. Effects on Society: Every
now and then we read in the newspaper about how an elderly person was tortured and killed
by robbers. This increases incidences of crime in the society. Another most important and less
talked issue about elderly is related with their sexual life. A finding suggests most of the
criminals involved in rape and child abuse are the elderly. Nowadays the problem of rape,
molestation, sexual harassment is on the rise in the country for which somewhere the lack of
sexual mobility of the old people is also responsible. The elderly makes the innocent children
and women fulfil their uncontrolled physical demands. Since in our country sex is a taboo and
old age is respected a lot, this issue is neglected purposely.
3.3 RESPONSE:
The following are the measures to be undertaken to solve the problems of the elderly: 1.
Personal Response: Many problems of the old age can be solved by taking certain
precautionary measures in the early life itself:
•Maintenance of physical fitness: Diet Control, Adequate and regular exercise, avoiding
substance abuse like smoking and drinking keep away ageing.
•Maintenance of emotional fitness: Yoga and Meditation are a must for today’s hectic life. It
helps to control our emotions and makes us free from guilt.
•Developing hobbies: Hobbies help a person to reduce boredom, especially in old age. Hobbies
help to reduce loneliness and also mental tensions.
•Being Active: Elders should keep themselves engaged by involving in various activities which
do not require much physical exercise. They can provide their expertise and guidance to others
by offering their service in their places of interest. This will also reduce their financial burden.
•Financial independence: A good financial planning at the young age itself will make the old
life calm and comfortable. Pension Plans, Share Certificates, PPF (Personal Provident Fund),
etc., will make life better during old age.
•Non-Interference: If the Generation Gap is annoying the elders then they can restrict the
annoyance to themselves. Forgive and Forget attitude will help to maintain better family ties.
This will be ensured only if they do not interfere in the life of their children and grandchild
until and unless any serious matter is calls for interference.

4 CHILD ABUSE
4.1 EFFECTS:
Child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but it is also strongly associated
with developmental problems and with many chronic physical and psychological effects,

7
including subsequent ill-health, including higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health
behaviours and shortened lifespan.
Maltreated children may grow up to be maltreating adults. A 1991 source reported that studies
indicate that 90 percent of maltreating adults were maltreated as children. Almost 7 million
American infants receive child care services, such as day care, and much of that care is poor.
Child abuse can cause a range of emotional effects. Children who are constantly ignored,
shamed, terrorized or humiliated suffer at least as much, if not more, than if they are physically
assaulted. According to the Joyful Heart Foundation, brain development of the child is greatly
influenced and responds to the experiences with families, caregivers, and the community.
Abused children can grow up experiencing insecurities, low self-esteem, and lack of
development. Many abused children experience ongoing difficulties with trust, social
withdrawal, trouble in school, and forming relationships.
Babies and other young children can be affected differently by abuse than their older
counterparts. Babies and pre-school children who are being emotionally abused or neglected
may be overly affectionate towards strangers or people they haven't known for very long They
can lack confidence or become anxious, appear to not have a close relationship with their parent,
exhibit aggressive behaviour or act nasty towards other children and animals. Older children
may use foul language or act in a markedly different way to other children at the same age,
struggle to control strong emotions, seem isolated from their parents, lack social skills or have
few, if any, friends.
Children can also experience reactive attachment disorder (RAD). RAD is defined
as markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness, that usually
begins before the age of 5 years. RAD can present as a persistent failure to start or respond in
a developmentally appropriate fashion to most social situations. The long-term impact of
emotional abuse has not been studied widely, but recent studies have begun to document its
long-term consequences. Emotional abuse has been linked to increased depression, anxiety,
and difficulties in interpersonal relationships (Spiritus, Wong, Halligan, & Eremites, 2003).
Victims of child abuse and neglect are more likely to commit crimes as juveniles and adults.
Domestic violence also takes its toll on children; although the child is not the one
being abused, the child witnessing the domestic violence is greatly influential as well. Research
studies conducted such as the "Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Child Abuse and Children's
Exposure to Domestic Violence", show that 36.8% of children engage in felony assault
compared to the 47.5% of abused/assaulted children. Research has shown that children exposed
to domestic violence increases the chances of experienced behavioural and emotional problems
(depression, irritability, anxiety, academic problems, and problems in language development).
Overall, emotional effects caused by child abuse and even witnessing abuse can result in long-
term and short-term effects that ultimately affect a child's upbringing and development.
The immediate physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively minor (bruises
or cuts) or severe (broken bones, haemorrhage, or even death). In some cases, the physical
effects are temporary; however, the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be
discounted. Rib fractures may be seen with physical abuse, and if present may increase

8
suspicion of abuse, but are found in a small minority of children with maltreatment-related
injuries.
Shaken baby syndrome. Shaking a baby is a common form of child abuse that often
results in permanent neurological damage (80% of cases) or death (30% of cases). Damage
results from intracranial hypertension (increased pressure in the skull) after bleeding in the
brain, damage to the spinal cord and neck, and rib or bone fractures. Impaired
brain development. Child abuse and neglect have been shown, in some cases, to cause
important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired
development. Structural brain changes as a result of child abuse or neglect include overall
smaller brain volume, hippocampal atrophy, prefrontal cortex dysfunction, decreased corpus
callosum density, and delays in the myelination of synapses.
These alterations in brain maturation have long-term consequences for cognitive,
language, and academic abilities. In addition, these neurological changes impact the amygdala
and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which are involved in stress response and may
cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Poor physical health. In addition to
possible immediate adverse physical effects, household dysfunction and childhood
maltreatment are strongly associated with many chronic physical and psychological effects,
including subsequent ill-health in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, with higher rates of
chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviours and shortened lifespan. Adults who
experienced abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments
such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers.
There may be a higher risk of developing cancer later in life, as well as possible
immune dysfunction. Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with
shortened telomeres and with reduced telomerase activity. The increased rate of telomere
length reduction correlates to a reduction in lifespan of 7 to 15 years. Data from a recent study
supports previous findings that specific neurobiochemical changes are linked to exposure to
violence and abuse, several biological pathways can possibly lead to the development of illness,
and certain physiological mechanisms can moderate how severe illnesses become in patients
with past experience with violence or abuse. ways to prevents
4.2 WAYS TO PREVENT:
A support-group structure is needed to reinforce parenting skills and closely monitor the
child's well-being. Visiting home nurse or social-worker visits are also required to observe and
evaluate the progress of the child and the caretaking situation. The support-group structure and
visiting home nurse or social-worker visits are not mutually exclusive. Many studies have
demonstrated that the two measures must be coupled together for the best possible outcome.
Studies show that if health and medical care personnel in a structured way ask parents about
important psychosocial risk factors in connection with visiting paediatric primary care and, if
necessary, offering the parent help may help prevent child maltreatment. Children’s school
programs regarding "good touch … bad touch" can provide children with a forum in which to
role-play and learn to avoid potentially harmful scenarios. Paediatricians can help identify
children at risk of maltreatment and intervene with the aid of a social worker or provide access

9
to treatment that addresses potential risk factors such as maternal depression.
Videoconferencing has also been used to diagnose child abuse in remote emergency
departments and clinics. Unintended conception increases the risk of subsequent child abuse,
and large family size increases the risk of child neglect. Thus, a comprehensive study for the
National Academy of Sciences concluded that affordable contraceptive services should form
the basis for child abuse prevention. Findings from research published in 2016 support the
importance of family relationships in the trajectory of a child's life: family-targeted
interventions are important for improving long-term health, particularly in communities that
are socioeconomically disadvantaged.
Resources for child-protection services are sometimes limited. According to Hosing
(2007), "a considerable number of traumatized abused children do not gain access to protective
child-protection strategies. Briere (1992) argues that only when "lower-level violence" of
children ceases to be culturally tolerated will there be changes in the victimization and police
protection of children
5 TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN:
5.1 CAUSES:
The root causes of trafficking are various and often differ from one country to another.
Trafficking is a complex phenomenon that is often driven or influenced by social, economic,
cultural and other factors. Many of these factors are specific to individual trafficking patterns
and to the States in which they occur. There are, however, many factors that tend to be common
to trafficking in general or found in a wide range of different regions, patterns or cases. One
such factor is that the desire of potential victims to migrate is exploited by offenders to recruit
and gain initial control or cooperation, only to be replaced by more coercive measures once the
victims have been moved to another State or region of the country, which may not always be
the one to which they had intended to migrate.
Some of the common factors are local conditions that make populations want to migrate
in search of better conditions: poverty, oppression, lack of human rights, lack of social or
economic opportunity, dangers from conflict or instability and similar conditions. Political
instability, militarism, civil unrest, internal armed conflict and natural disasters may result in
an increase in trafficking. The destabilization and displacement of populations increase their
vulnerability to exploitation and abuse through trafficking and forced labour. War and civil
strife may lead to massive displacements of populations, leaving orphans and street children
extremely vulnerable to trafficking. These factors tend to exert pressures on victims that “push”
them into migration and hence into the control of traffickers, but other factors that tend to “pull”
potential victims can also be significant. Traffickers lie, promising jobs and stability in order
to recruit their victims.
Upon their arrival to another state or region, captors take control. More often than not,
they are held in places where victims did not to want to make their home. Traffickers look for
people who are susceptible to coercion into the human trafficking industry. Those people tend
to be migrants, fleeing their homes either because of economic hardship, natural disasters,
conflict or political instability. In some societies, the devaluation of women and children make

10
them far more vulnerable to trafficking than men. Traditional attitudes and practices, early
marriage and lack of birth registration further increase the susceptibility of women and children.
They are also targeted because of the demand for women in sex trafficking Some challenges in
identifying victims of human trafficking arise because victims are well-hidden or highly
traumatized. Those that are traumatized are unlikely to divulge information to investigators,
either because they are scared to confront law enforcement, or because they are too troubled to
respond.
5.2 EFFECTS:
Human trafficking in India, although illegal under Indian law, remains a significant
problem. People are frequently illegally trafficked through India for the purposes of
commercial sexual exploitation and forced/bonded labour. Although no reliable study of forced
and bonded labour has been completed, NGOs estimate this problem affects 20 to 65
million Indians. Men, women and children are trafficked in India for diverse reasons. Women
and girls are trafficked within the country for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation
and forced marriage, especially in those areas where the sex ratio is highly skewed in
favour of men. Men and boys are trafficked for the purposes of labour, and may be sexually
exploited by traffickers to serve as gigolos, massage experts, escorts, etc. A significant portion
of children are subjected to forced labour as factory workers, domestic servants, beggars, and
agriculture workers, and have been used as armed combatants by some terrorist and insurgent
groups.
India is also a destination for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked
for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Nepali children are also trafficked to India
for forced labour in circus shows. Indian women are trafficked to the Middle East for
commercial sexual exploitation. Indian migrants who migrate willingly every year to the
Middle East and Europe for work as domestic servants and low-skilled labourers may also end
up part of the human trafficking industry. In such cases, workers may have been 'recruited' by
way of fraudulent recruitment practices that lead them directly into situations of forced labour,
including debt bondage; in other cases, high debts incurred to pay recruitment fees leave them
vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous employers in the destination countries, where some
are subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude, including non-payment of wages,
restrictions on movement, unlawful withholding of passports, and physical or sexual abuse.
Human trafficking in India results in women suffering from both mental and physical issues.
Mental issues include disorders such as PTSD, depression and anxiety. The lack of control
women has in trafficking increases their risk of suffering from mental disorders. Women who
are forced into trafficking are at a higher risk for HIV, TB, and other STDs. Condoms are rarely
used and therefore there is a higher risk for victims to suffer from an STD.

5.3 RESPONSE:
India's efforts to protect victims of trafficking vary from state to state, but remain
inadequate in many places. Victims of bonded labour are entitled to ₹ 10,000 (US $185) from
the central government for rehabilitation, but this programme is unevenly executed across the

11
country. Government authorities do not proactively identify and rescue bonded labourers, so
few victims receive this assistance. Although children trafficked for forced labour may be
housed in government shelters and are entitled to₹ 20,000 ($370), the quality of many of these
homes remains poor and the disbursement of rehabilitation funds is sporadic. Some states
provide services to victims of bonded labour, but non-governmental organisations provide the
majority of protection services to these victims. The central government does not provide
protection services to Indian victims trafficked abroad for forced labour or commercial sexual
exploitation. Indian diplomatic missions in destination countries may offer temporary shelter
to nationals who have been trafficked; once repatriated, however, neither the central
government nor most state governments offer any medical, psychological, legal, or
reintegration assistance for these victims. Section 8 of the ITPA permits the arrest of women
in prostitution. Although statistics on arrests under Section 8 are not kept, the government and
some NGOs report that, through sensitisation and training, police officers no longer use this
provision of the law; it is unclear whether arrests of women in prostitution under Section 8
have actually decreased. Because most law enforcement authorities lack formal procedures to
identify trafficking victims among women arrested for prostitution; some victims may be
arrested and punished for acts committed as a result of being trafficked.
Some foreign victims trafficked to India are not subject to removal. Those who are
subject to removal are not offered legal alternatives to removal to countries in which they may
face hardship or retribution. NGOs report that some Bengali victims of commercial sexual
exploitation are pushed back across the border without protection services. The government
also does not repatriate Nepali victims; NGOs primarily perform this function. Many victims
decline to testify against their traffickers due to the length of proceedings and fear of retribution
by traffickers.
The Ministry of Labour and Employment displays full-page advertisements
against child labour in national newspapers at periodic intervals. The government has also
instituted pre-departure information sessions for domestic workers migrating abroad on the
risks of exploitation. These measures include distinguishing between 'Emigration Check
Required' (ECR) and 'Emigration Check Not Required' (ECNR) passports. ECR passport
holders must prove to government authorities that they shall not be exploited when travelling
abroad, if they wish to travel. Many Indian workers’ pay large sums of money to agents who
facilitate their emigration outside the official channels and willingly emigrate despite the risks,
drawn by the hope of higher salaries abroad. Therefore, a dream of better future often lures the
people abroad and hence trafficking cannot entirely be prevented. India ratified the 2000 UN
TIP Protocol 2011. The Government of India launched an anti-human trafficking web portal in
February 2014 that they hope will be an effective way for interested parties to share information
about this topic. The Salvation Army has a program that provides safe places for children of
women who work in the red district in India.

12
 CONCLUSION
1. Since the effects of drugs on health vary greatly depending on the type of drug and on
the way, it is used, the public health response to drug use should be proportional to the
health-related harm it causes.
2. Use of psychoactive substances is to be expected because of their pleasurable effects as
well as social influences. The greater the frequency and amount of drug used, the higher
the risk of becoming dependent.
3. Effective public health policies and programmes that address not only drug dependence
but also other forms of harmful drug use could lead to a significant reduction in the
overall health burden of drug use.
4. The risk of becoming dependent on drugs is determined by a combination of
biological, genetic, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental factors.
Currently, it is impossible to predict who will become drug dependent.
5. The events and decisions that the Committee has analysed underscore the difficulty of
decision making when the stakes are high, when decisionmakers may have personal or
institutional biases, and when knowledge is imprecise and incomplete.
6. As a result, physicians and public health officials underestimated the large number of
infectious people who had no symptoms of AIDS but could transmit the disease to
others and therefore substantially understated the risk of infection.
7. The problems of the aged people are diverse. These are, social, economic,
psychological, health, crime, abuse and other miscellaneous problems. The
miscellaneous problems may be relating to inability to get accustomed to modern and
innovative techniques and methods, traditional viewpoints and perspectives, occurrence
of conflicts and disputes, disagreements, inability to get along with others, boredom,
lack of knowledge and awareness, loss of control, low self-esteem and lack of
preparedness for old age.
8. Some of these problems are enduring, which do not have solutions. For instance, when
a person is unable to walk, it is a possibility that he may be able to walk after sometime
or may not be able to walk. On the other hand, solutions can be implemented for some
other problems, for instance, one can seek assistance and help in providing solutions to
abuse and crime.
9. Preventing child abuse is not simply a matter of parents doing a better job, but rather it
is about creating a context in which “doing better” is easier. Enlightened public policy
and the replication of high-quality publicly supported interventions are only part of
what is needed to successfully combat child abuse. It remains important to remind the
public that child abuse and neglect are serious threats to a child’s healthy development
and that overt violence toward children and a persistent lack of attention to their care
and supervision are unacceptable.
10. Individuals have the ability to accept personal responsibility for reducing acts of
child abuse and neglect by providing support to each other and offering protection to
all children within their family and their community.

13
11. Women trafficking is one of the major concerns in this part of the world. In Pakistan,
economic deprivation, gender discrimination, inequality in education, and the
ignorance about legal rights are the contributing factors.
12. As a result, these victims could undergo various distressing health outcomes, especially
related to reproductive health, substance abuse etc. Steps to facilitate healthcare
providers in assisting the victims need to be taken.
13. Hence, numerous interventions would be required at three levels: the prevention of
trafficking, the protection of victims, and the prosecution of the traffickers. From
holistic perspective of care, a health professional can play a pivotal role by providing
preventive awareness. Besides, educational programmes need to be in place in order to
protect women from severe health consequences.

14
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