1398 www.DownloadPaper.ir IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 53, NO.

5, OCTOBER 2006

Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for

Distributed Power Generation Systems
Frede Blaabjerg, Fellow, IEEE, Remus Teodorescu, Senior Member, IEEE, Marco Liserre, Member, IEEE,
and Adrian V. Timbus, Student Member, IEEE

Abstract—Renewable energy sources like wind, sun, and hydro

are seen as a reliable alternative to the traditional energy sources
such as oil, natural gas, or coal. Distributed power generation
systems (DPGSs) based on renewable energy sources experience
a large development worldwide, with Germany, Denmark, Japan,
and USA as leaders in the development in this field. Due to the
increasing number of DPGSs connected to the utility network,
new and stricter standards in respect to power quality, safe run-
ning, and islanding protection are issued. As a consequence, the
control of distributed generation systems should be improved to
meet the requirements for grid interconnection. This paper gives
an overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell,
photovoltaic, and wind turbines. In addition, control structures of
Fig. 1. Installed capacity at the end of 2004. (a) Wind energy in Europe [2].
the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of com- (b) PV power in the world [3].
pensation for low-order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover,
control strategies when running on grid faults are treated. This
paper ends up with an overview of synchronization methods and a
discussion about their importance in the control.
around the world has led to a large interest and fast development
Index Terms—Control strategies, distributed power generation, of wind turbine (WT) technology in the last decade [2]. A total
grid converter control, grid disturbances, grid synchronization.
amount of nearly 35-GW wind power has been installed in
Europe by the end of 2004, as shown in Fig. 1(a).
Another renewable energy technology that gains acceptance
I. I NTRODUCTION
as a way of maintaining and improving living standards without
OWADAYS, fossil fuel is the main energy supplier of the harming the environment is the photovoltaic (PV) technology.
N worldwide economy, but the recognition of it as being a
major cause of environmental problems makes the mankind to
As shown in Fig. 1(b), the number of PV installations has an
exponential growth, mainly due to the governments and utility
look for alternative resources in power generation. Moreover, companies that support programs that focus on grid-connected
the day-by-day increasing demand for energy can create prob- PV systems [3], [4].
lems for the power distributors, like grid instability and even Besides their low efficiency, the controllability of the distrib-
outages. The necessity of producing more energy combined uted power generation systems (DPGSs) based on both wind
with the interest in clean technologies yields in an increased and sun are their main drawback [5]. As a consequence, their
development of power distribution systems using renewable connection to the utility network can lead to grid instability
energy [1]. or even failure, if these systems are not properly controlled.
Among the renewable energy sources, hydropower and wind Moreover, the standards for interconnecting these systems to
energy have the largest utilization nowadays. In countries with the utility network are stressing more and more the capability of
hydropower potential, small hydro turbines are used at the the DPGS to run over short grid disturbances. In this case, both
distribution level to sustain the utility network in dispersed or synchronization algorithm and current controller play a major
remote locations. The wind power potential in many countries role. Therefore, the control strategies applied to distributed
systems become of high interest.
This paper gives an overview of the main DPGS structures,
Manuscript received January 31, 2006. Abstract published on the Internet
PV and fuel cell (FC) systems being first discussed. A clas-
July 14, 2006. This work was supported in part by Risø National Laboratory, sification of WT systems with regard to the use of power
in part by Eltra, and in part by the Danish Research Councils under Contract electronics follows. This is continued by a discussion of control
2058-03-0003.
F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, and A. V. Timbus are with the Institute of
structures for grid-side converter and the possibilities of imple-
Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: mentation in different reference frames. Further on, the main
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). characteristics of control strategies under grid fault conditions
M. Liserre is with the Department of Electrotechnical and Electronic Engi-
neering, Polytechnic of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]). are discussed. The overview of grid synchronization methods
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2006.881997 and their influence in control conclude this paper.

0278-0046/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE

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Fig. 3. Hardware structure for a PV system using a dc–dc stage to boost the
input voltage.

III. H ARDWARE T OPOLOGIES FOR DPGS

A detailed description of the hardware structure for many
types of DPGSs is given in [5]. Noticeable is that the PV and
FC systems have a similar hardware structure, whereas different
hardware topologies can be found for WT systems, depending
on the type of the generator used. A brief introduction into the
structure of these systems is given below.

A. PV and FC Systems
As aforementioned, the hardware structures of PV and FC
Fig. 2. General structure for distributed power system having different input systems are quite similar. Although both FC and PV systems
power sources.
have a low-voltage input provided by the FC and PV panels,
more such units can be connected together to obtain the re-
II. DPGS S TRUCTURE quired voltage and power. Usually, power conditioning systems,
including inverters and dc–dc converters, are often required to
A general structure for distributed systems is illustrated in supply normal customer load demand or send electricity into
Fig. 2. The input power is transformed into electricity by means the grid, as shown in Fig. 3. The voltage boosting can be done
of a power conversion unit whose configuration is closely in the dc or ac stage of the system [5]–[11]. For smoothing the
related to the input power nature. The electricity produced output current, an LCL filter is normally used between these
can be delivered to the local loads or to the utility network, systems and the utility network. In addition, isolation between
depending where the generation system is connected. the input and output powers is required in many countries where
One important part of the distributed system is its control. such systems are installed. Again, there are two ways to achieve
The control tasks can be divided into two major parts. isolation, namely: 1) using the dc–dc converter and 2) using an
isolation transformer after the dc–ac stage.
1) Input-side controller, with the main property to extract
the maximum power from the input source. Naturally,
protection of the input-side converter is also considered B. WT Systems
in this controller. In this section, a classification of WT systems in those using
2) Grid-side controller, which can have the following tasks: and those not using power electronics as interface to the utility
• control of active power generated to the grid; network is given. Hardware structures in each case will be
• control of reactive power transfer between the DPGS illustrated to distinguish the systems.
and the grid; 1) WT Systems Without Power Electronics: Most of these
• control of dc-link voltage; topologies are based on squirrel-cage induction generator
• ensure high quality of the injected power; (SCIG), which is directly connected to the grid. A soft starter
• grid synchronization. is usually used to reduce the inrush currents during start up
[5], [12], [13]. Moreover, a capacitor bank is necessary to
The items listed above for the grid-side converter are the ba- compensate for the reactive power necessary to the machine,
sic features this converter should have. Additionally, ancillary as shown in Fig. 4(a).
services like local voltage and frequency regulation, voltage 2) WT Systems With Power Electronics: By adding power
harmonic compensation, or active filtering might be requested electronics units into the WT systems, the complexity of the
by the grid operator. system is increased. In addition, the solution becomes more
As previously pointed out, the power conversion unit has expensive. In any case, better control of the input power and
different hardware structures, which are closely related to the grid interaction is obtained. For example, maximum power for
input power nature. The following section presents the revision a large interval of wind speeds can be extracted while control
of the technologies mostly used today in FC and PV systems as of both active and reactive powers into the grid is achieved by
well as WT systems. means of power electronics.

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only delivered into the rotor from the grid. A speed variation of
60% around synchronous speed may be obtained by the use of
a power converter of 30% of nominal power [5].
By implementing a full-scale power converter between the
generator and the utility grid, additional technical performances
of the WT system can be achieved, with the payback in losses
in the power conversion stage. Normally, as shown in Fig. 4(c),
SCIG is used in this configuration, but an advantage to elim-
inate the gearbox can be obtained by using multipole wound-
rotor synchronous generator or permanent-magnet synchronous
generator, as depicted in Fig. 4(d).
It could be noticed that for interacting with the power system,
all the structures presented above use two-level pulsewidth-
modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverters (VSI) because this
is the state-of-the-art technology used today by all manufactur-
ers of wind systems. The possibility of high switching frequen-
cies combined with a proper control makes these converters
suitable for grid interface in the case of distributed generation,
which has a large contribution to the improvement of generated
power quality.
Yet, three-level neutral-point-clamped VSI is an option for
high-power WT systems (5 MW) to avoid high-voltage power
devices. Attempts of using multilevel [14] or matrix converters
[15], [16] have been made, but the use of these technologies is
not validated yet in the field of distributed generation.
Therefore, the next section presents discussion on the con-
trol structures and strategies applied to two-level VSI PWM-
driven converters, focusing on the grid-side converter control.
Control structures implemented in different reference frames
are presented, and the possibility of compensating for low-order
harmonics is discussed. Moreover, control strategies when grid
faults occur are considered.

IV. C ONTROL S TRUCTURES FOR G RID -C ONNECTED DPGS

The control strategy applied to the grid-side converter con-
sists mainly of two cascaded loops. Usually, there is a fast
Fig. 4. WT systems using power electronics. (a) Minimum electronics unit. internal current loop, which regulates the grid current, and
(b) Partial power converter. (c) Full-scale power converter structure with
gearbox. (d) Full-scale power converter structure without gearbox and using an external voltage loop, which controls the dc-link voltage
multipole synchronous generator. [17]–[22]. The current loop is responsible for power quality
issues and current protection; thus, harmonic compensation and
dynamics are the important properties of the current controller.
The usage of power electronics into WT systems can be
The dc-link voltage controller is designed for balancing the
further divided into two categories, namely: 1) systems using
power flow in the system. Usually, the design of this controller
partial-scale power electronics units and 2) systems using full-
aims for system stability having slow dynamics.
scale power electronics units. A particular structure is to use an
In some works, the control of grid-side controller is based
induction generator with a wounded rotor. An extra resistance
on a dc-link voltage loop cascaded with an inner power loop
controlled by power electronics is added in the rotor, which
instead of a current loop. In this way, the current injected into
gives a variable speed range of 2% to 4%. The power converter
the utility network is indirectly controlled [23].
for the rotor resistance control is for low voltage but high
Moreover, control strategies employing an outer power loop
currents. In any case, this solution also needs a soft starter and
and an inner current loop are also reported [24].
a reactive power compensator [5].
In the following, a division of the control strategies in respect
Additionally, another solution is to use a medium-scale
to the reference frame they are implemented in is given, and the
power converter with a wounded rotor induction generator, as
main properties of each structure are highlighted.
shown in Fig. 4(b). In this case, a power converter connected
to the rotor through slip rings controls the rotor currents.
A. Synchronous Reference Frame Control
If the generator is running supersynchronously, the electrical
power is delivered through both the rotor and stator. If the Synchronous reference frame control, also called dq control,
generator is running subsynchronously, the electrical power is uses a reference frame transformation module, e.g., abc → dq,

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Fig. 5. General structure for synchronous rotating frame control structure.

Fig. 6. General structure for stationary reference frame control strategy.

to transform the grid current and voltage waveforms into a ref- For improving the performance of PI controller in such a
erence frame that rotates synchronously with the grid voltage. structure as depicted in Fig. 5, cross-coupling terms and voltage
By means of this, the control variables become dc values; thus, feedforward are usually used [17], [19], [25], [34], [35]. In any
filtering and controlling can be easier achieved [25]. case, with all these improvements, the compensation capability
A schematic of the dq control is represented in Fig. 5. In of the low-order harmonics in the case of PI controllers is
this structure, the dc-link voltage is controlled in accordance to very poor, standing as a major drawback when using it in grid-
the necessary output power. Its output is the reference for the connected systems.
active current controller, whereas the reference for the reactive
current is usually set to zero, if the reactive power control is not
allowed. In the case that the reactive power has to be controlled, B. Stationary Reference Frame Control
a reactive power reference must be imposed to the system.
Another possible way to structure the control loops is to
The dq control structure is normally associated with
use the implementation in stationary reference frame, as shown
proportional–integral (PI) controllers since they have a satisfac-
in Fig. 6. In this case, the grid currents are transformed into
tory behavior when regulating dc variables. The matrix transfer
stationary reference frame using the abc → αβ module. Since
function of the controller in dq coordinates can be written as
the control variables are sinusoidal in this situation and due
to the known drawback of PI controller in failing to remove

Ki 
(dq) Kp + s 0 the steady-state error when controlling sinusoidal waveforms,
GPI (s) = Ki (1)
0 Kp + s employment of other controller types is necessary. Proportional
resonant (PR) controller [36]–[39] gained a large popularity in
where Kp is the proportional gain and Ki is the integral gain of the last decade in current regulation of grid-tied systems.
the controller. In the PR case, the controller matrix in the stationary refer-
Since the controlled current has to be in phase with the grid ence frame is given by
voltage, the phase angle used by the abc → dq transformation
module has to be extracted from the grid voltages. As a solution, Kp + s2K+ω

is
0

(αβ) 2
filtering of the grid voltages and using arctangent function GPR (s) = (2)
0 Kp + s2K+ω
is
2
to extract the phase angle can be a possibility [26]–[28]. In
addition, the phase-locked loop (PLL) technique [29]–[33]
became a state of the art in extracting the phase angle of the where ω is the resonance frequency of the controller, Kp is the
grid voltages in the case of distributed generation systems. proportional gain, and Ki is the integral gain of the controller.

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Fig. 7. General structure for natural reference frame control strategy.

Characteristic to this controller is the fact that it achieves processors or field-programmable gate array is an advantage for
a very high gain around the resonance frequency, thus being such an implementation.
capable to eliminate the steady-state error between the con- A possible implementation of abc control is depicted in
trolled signal and its reference [38]. The width of the frequency Fig. 7, where the output of dc-link voltage controller sets the
band around the resonance point depends on the integral time active current reference. Using the phase angle of the grid
constant Ki . A low Ki leads to a very narrow band, whereas a voltages provided by a PLL system, the three current references
high Ki leads to a wider band. are created. Each of them is compared with the corresponding
Moreover, high dynamic characteristics of PR controller have measured current, and the error goes into the controller. If
been reported in different works [39], [40]. hysteresis or dead-beat controllers are employed in the current
loop, the modulator is not anymore necessary. The output of
these controllers is the switching states for the switches in the
C. Natural Frame Control
power converter. In the case that three PI or PR controllers are
The idea of abc control is to have an individual controller used, the modulator is necessary to create the duty cycles for
for each grid current; however, the different ways to connect the PWM pattern.
the three-phase systems, i.e., delta, star with or without isolated 1) PI Controller: PI controller is widely used in conjunction
neutral, etc., is an issue to be considered when designing with dq control, but its implementation in abc frame is also
the controller. In the situation of isolated neutral systems, the possible as described in [35]. The transfer function of the
phases interact to one another; hence, only two controllers are controller in this case becomes (3), shown at the bottom of the
necessary since the third current is given by the Kirchhoff page, and the complexity of the controller matrix in this case,
current law. In any case, the possibility of having three inde- due to the significant off-diagonal terms representing the cross
pendent controller is possible by having extra considerations in coupling between the phases, is noticeable.
the controller design as usually is the case for hysteresis and 2) PR Controller: The implementation of PR controller in
dead-beat control. abc is straightforward since the controller is already in station-
Normally, abc control is a structure where nonlinear con- ary frame and implementation of three controllers is possible
trollers like hysteresis or dead beat are preferred due to their as illustrated in (4), shown at the bottom of the page. Again,
high dynamics. It is well known that the performance of these in this case, the influence of the isolated neutral in the control
controllers is proportional to the sampling frequency; hence, has to be accounted; hence, the third controller is not neces-
the rapid development of digital systems such as digital signal sary in (4). However, it is worth noticing that the complexity

√ √
 Ki s Kp Ki s+ 3Ki ω0 Kp Ki s− 3Ki ω0

Kp + s2 +ω02
− 2 − 2·(s +ω02 )
2
− 2 − 2·(s2 +ω02 )
√ √
(abc) 2 
 Kp Ki s− 3Ki ω0 Ki s Kp Ki s+ 3Ki ω0

GPI (s) = ·− 2 − Kp + − − (3)

2·(s2 +ω02 ) s2 +ω02 2 2·(s +ω02 )
2
3

 √ √ 
K Ki s+ 3Ki ω0 K Ki s− 3Ki ω0 Ki s
− 2p − 2·(s +ω02 )
2
− 2p − 2·(s +ω02 )
2
Kp + s2 +ω02
Ki s
Kp + 0 0
 
s2 +ω02
(abc) Ki s
GPR (s) = 
 0 Kp + s2 +ω02
0 
 (4)
Ki s
0 0 Kp + s2 +ω02

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TABLE I
DISTORTION LIMITS FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS
SET BY IEC STANDARD [50]

Fig. 8. Structure of the dead-beat controller using an observer to compensate

for the delay introduced by the controller.

of the controller in this case is considerably reduced com- In addition, in the case of abc control, two modalities of
pared to (3). implementing the PLL are possible. The first possibility is to
3) Hysteresis Controller: It is worth noticing that in the use three single-phase PLL systems [33]; thus, the three phase
case of hysteresis control implementation, an adaptive band angles are independently extracted from the grid voltages. In
of the controller has to be designed to obtain fixed switching this case, the transformation module dq → abc is not anymore
frequency. In [41]–[44], different methods and algorithms to necessary, with the active current reference being multiplied
obtain fixed switching frequency are presented. with the sine of the phase angles. The second possibility is to
Since the output of the hysteresis controller is the state of use one three-phase PLL [31], [32], [48], [49]. In this case, the
the switches, considerations about the isolated neutral are again current references are created, as shown in Fig. 7. A discussion
necessary. In [43], an a′ term is introduced in the formula of about the influence of the PLL in the control loop is given in
the hysteresis band (HB) to account for the load (transformer) Section VII.
connection type, i.e.,
D. Evaluation of Control Structures
2 
0.25a′ Udc L2T di∗

Ug The necessity of voltage feedforward and cross-coupling

HB = 1 − ′2 + . (5)
fsw LT a Udc LT dt terms is the major drawbacks of the control structure imple-
mented in synchronous reference frame. Moreover, the phase
In [45], a similar approach is used, but the current error is split angle of the grid voltage is a must in this implementation. In the
into its noninteracting part ζ and the interacting part γ to resolve case of control structure implemented in stationary reference
the equation for the variable HB. frame, if PR controllers are used for current regulation, the
4) Dead-Beat Controller: The dead-beat controller attempts complexity of the control becomes lower compared to the
to null the error with one sample delay. The controller in its structure implemented in dq frame. Additionally, the phase
digital implementation is as follows: angle information is not a necessity, and filtered grid voltages
can be used as template for the reference current waveform.
(abc) 1 1 − az −1
GDB = · (6) In the case of control structure implemented in natural frame,
b 1 − z −1 the complexity of the control can be high if an adaptive band
where a and b are denoted as follows: hysteresis controller is used for current regulation. A simpler
control scheme can be achieved by implementing a dead-beat
R
− LT T s controller instead. Again, as in the case of stationary frame
a =e T

 control, the phase angle information is not a must. Noticeable
1 R
− LT T s
b= − e T −1 . (7) for this control structure is the fact that independent control
RT of each phase can be achieved if grid voltages or three single-
Since dead-beat controller regulates the current such that it phase PLLs are used to generate the current reference.
reaches its reference at the end of the next switching period,
the controller introduces one sample time delay. To compensate V. P OWER Q UALITY C ONSIDERATIONS
for this delay, an observer can be introduced in the structure of One of the demands present in all standards with regard
the controller, with the aim to modify the current reference to to grid-tied systems is the quality of the distributed power.
compensate for the delay [46], as shown in Fig. 8. According to the standards in this field [13], [50]–[53], the
The discrete transfer function of the observer is given by injected current in the grid should not have a total harmonic
(abc) 1 distortion larger than 5%. A detailed image of the harmonic
FDB = (8) distortion with regard to each harmonic is given in Table I.
1 − z −1
As it was mentioned previously, one of the responsibilities of
thus, the new current reference becomes the current controller is the power quality issue. Therefore, dif-
′ (abc)
ferent methods to compensate for the grid harmonics to obtain
i∗ = FDB (i∗ − i). (9) an improved power quality are addressed in the following.
As a consequence, a very fast controller containing no delay
A. Harmonics Compensation Using PI Controllers
is finally obtained. Moreover, the algorithms of the dead-beat
controller and observer are not complicated, which is suitable Since PI controllers typically are associated with dq control
for microprocessor-based implementation [47]. structure, the possibilities for harmonic compensation are based

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Fig. 9. Method for compensating the positive sequence of the fifth harmonic in dq control structure.

on low-pass and high-pass filters [54]. If the current controller

has to be immune to the grid voltage harmonic distortion
(mainly fifth and seventh in three-phase systems), harmonic
compensator for each harmonic order should be designed.
Fig. 9 shows the dq control structure having a harmonic com-
pensator for the positive sequence of the fifth harmonic. In
addition, under unbalanced conditions, harmonic compensators
for both positive and negative sequences of each harmonic order
are necessary. As a consequence, four compensators like the
ones depicted in Fig. 9 are necessary to compensate for the
fifth and seventh harmonics. The complexity of the control
algorithm is noticeable in this case.

B. Harmonics Compensation Using PR Controllers Fig. 10. Structure of the harmonic compensator attached to the resonant
controller of the fundamental current.
In the case of PR control implementation, things are dif-
ferent. Harmonic compensation can be achieved by cascading makes the PR controller a successful solution in applications
several generalized integrators tuned to resonate at the desired where high dynamics and harmonics compensation, especially
frequency. In this way, selective harmonic compensation at dif- low-order harmonics, are required, as in the case of a DPGS.
ferent frequencies is obtained. In [38], the transfer function of
a typical harmonic compensator (HC) designed to compensate
C. Harmonics Compensation Using Nonlinear Controllers
the third, fifth, and seventh harmonics is given as follows:
Since both hysteresis and dead-beat controller have very fast
s dynamics, there is no concern about the low-order harmonics
Gh (s) = Kih 2 . (10)
s + (ω · h)2 when the implemented control structure uses such controllers.
h=3,5,7
In any case, it should be noticed that the current waveform will
In this case, it is easy to extend the capabilities of the contain harmonics at switching and sampling frequencies order.
scheme by adding harmonic compensation features simply with Another issue is the necessity of fast sampling capabilities of
more resonant controllers in parallel to the main controller, as the hardware used.
illustrated in Fig. 10. The main advantage in this situation is
given by the fact that the harmonic compensator works on both
D. Evaluation of Harmonic Compensators
positive and negative sequences of the selected harmonic; thus,
only one HC is necessary for a harmonic order. The necessity of using two filters, two transformation mod-
An interesting feature of the HC is that it does not affect the ules, and one controller to compensate for the positive sequence
dynamics of the PR controller, as it only reacts to the frequen- of only one harmonic makes the harmonic compensator imple-
cies very close to the resonance frequency. This characteristic mented in dq frame to be not a practical solution. On the other

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capabilities for a DPGS, the influence of the unbalance should

be minimized when running under faulty conditions.
With regard to the control strategy under faults, four major
possibilities are available.

A. Unity Power Factor Control Strategy

Fig. 11. Distributed generation system connected through a ∆/Y transformer One of the control strategies that a DPGS can adopt on grid
to the utility network. faults is to maintain unity power factor during the fault. The
most efficient set of currents delivering the instantaneous active
hand, easier implementation is observed in the situation when power P to the grid can be calculated as follows:
the control structure is implemented in stationary reference
frame since the structure of the compensator is reduced and it P
i = gv, g= (11)
acts on both positive and negative sequences. |v|2
where g is the instantaneous conductance seen from the inverter
VI. C ONTROL S TRATEGY U NDER G RID F AULTS output, and |v| denotes the module of the three-phase voltage
Due to the large amount of distributed power generation con- vector v. Its value is constant in balanced sinusoidal condi-
nected to the utility networks in some countries, instability of tions, but under grid faults, the negative sequence component
the power system may arise. As a consequence, more stringent gives rise to oscillations at twice the fundamental frequency
demands for interconnecting the DPGS to the grid are issued. in |v|. Consequently, the injected currents will not keep their
Among all the requests, more and more stress is put on the sinusoidal waveform, and high-order components will appear
ability of a DPGS to ride through short grid disturbances such in their waveform. Current vector of (11) is instantaneously
as voltage and frequency variations. proportional to the voltage vector and, therefore, does not have
The grid faults can be classified in two main categories [55]. any orthogonal component in relation to the grid voltage, hence
giving rise to the injection of no reactive power to the grid.
1) Symmetrical fault is when all three grid voltages register Thus, in this situation, both active and reactive instantaneous
the same amplitude drop but the system remains balanced powers are kept constant during the fault time.
(no phase shifting is registered). This type of fault is very
seldom in the power systems.
2) Unsymmetrical fault is when the phases register an un- B. Positive Sequence Control Strategy
equal amplitude drop together with phase shifting be- Another control strategy that can be applied under fault is to
tween them. This type of fault occurs due to one or two follow the positive sequence of the grid voltages. Contrary to
phases shorted to ground or to each other. the unity power factor control, in this case, a PLL system that
By considering the DPGS connected to the utility network can detect the unbalance is necessary in the control structure.
as shown in Fig. 11, where a distribution transformer is used Moreover, this system should be robust to unbalanced and
by the generation system to interface the power system, the should be capable of detecting the positive sequence of the
propagation of a voltage fault occurring at bus 1 appears grid voltages. Synchronous reference frame PLL is suited for
different at bus 2. For example, if a severe grid fault like this purpose. In [57]–[60], the detection of both positive and
single phase shorted to ground takes place at bus 1, two of the negative sequences of the utility voltage by modifying the
voltages at the DPGS terminals (after the ∆/Y transformer) conventional dq PLL has been demonstrated.
experience a voltage drop that is dependent on the impedance Because the extracted phase angle follows the positive se-
of the line between the fault and DPGS transformer value. As a quence of the grid voltages, the reference currents can easily
consequence, the voltages at bus 2 will register both amplitude be obtained for all control structures, i.e., dq control, stationary
and phase unbalance [55]. reference frame (αβ) control, and abc control, since there is
Since this case is an unsymmetrical fault, the negative no difference between the synchronization angle during the
sequence appears in the grid voltages. This creates second- fault and the one during normal operating conditions. The only
harmonic oscillations that propagate in the system, which ap- problem in this situation is the ripple of the dc-link voltage,
pear in the dc-link voltage as a ripple [56]. Moreover, the which has an influence on the active current reference. Using
control variables are also affected by this phenomenon. In a digital filter such as the delay signal cancellation [17], this
[57]–[59], it has been shown that the PLL system can be can be filtered out without introducing any delay in the system.
designed to filter out the negative sequence, which produces In any case, the dc-link capacitor should be rated such as it
a clean synchronization signal. If the three-phase PLL system overcomes the second-harmonic ripple present during a fault;
is not designed to be robust to unbalanced, second-harmonic otherwise, device failure can occur.
oscillations will appear in the phase angle signal, thus in the In the case of this control strategy, the grid currents will re-
current reference. main sinusoidal and balanced during the fault, only registering
In addition, the second-harmonic ripple present in the dc-link an increase in amplitude due to the amplitude drop of the grid
voltage will also have a negative influence in generation of the voltages. In any case, both active and reactive power will regis-
current reference. As a consequence, to provide ride-through ter double-frequency oscillations over the whole fault period.

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Fig. 12. Synchronization method using (a) filtering on the dq synchronous rotating reference frame and (b) filtering on αβ stationary frame.

C. Constant Active Power Control Strategy

Another control strategy that might be adopted under faulty
grid conditions is to keep the active power constant. As previ-
ously mentioned, in the case of unbalance, the grid voltages will
comprise both positive and negative sequences. Similarly, the
grid current will became unbalanced; thus, both the active and
reactive powers will experience double-harmonic oscillations.
In [61]–[63], it has been demonstrated that when injecting an
amount of negative sequence in the current reference (12), the
compensation for the double harmonic can be obtained; thus,
Fig. 13. PLL structures. General structure of the three-phase dq PLL method.
the active power can be kept constant during the fault, i.e.,
Un
In = − Ip (12)
Up request [50]–[53]. Therefore, grid synchronization algorithms
play an important role for DPGSs. The synchronization algo-
where p and n denote the positive and negative sequence rithm mainly outputs the phase of the grid voltage vector, which
components of both current and voltage. In case this control is used to synchronize the control variables, e.g., grid currents
strategy is applied to a control structure that uses PI controllers with the grid voltages using different transformation modules
for current regulation, additional controllers for the negative like abc → dq.
sequence current are necessary [17], [61]. Different methods to extract the phase angle have been
In the case of a control structure based on PR controller, developed and presented in many works up to now. In [32], a
the negative component of the current can be introduced in comparison of the main techniques used for detecting the phase
the current reference since this controller can regulate both +ω angle of the grid voltages on different grid conditions is carried
and −ω, presenting a clear advantage from the implementation out. Advantages and disadvantages as well as an evaluation of
point of view. It is worth noticing that in the case of constant performance are presented.
power control strategy, the grid currents are not balanced dur- In this paper, a brief description of the main methods is given,
ing the fault. Moreover, the reactive power experiences large and a discussion about detection of grid unbalance is given.
oscillations.

D. Constant Reactive Power Control Strategy A. Zero-Crossing Method

Like in the constant active power control case, similar ex- Among all the techniques, the zero-crossing method has
pression can be derived for the reactive power to cancel the the simplest implementation; however, poor performances are
double-frequency oscillations. Additionally, a current vector also reported when using it, mainly if grid voltages register
orthogonal to the grid voltage vector can be found, and this variations such as harmonics or notches.
can give access to independent control of reactive power if, for
example, the DPGS should exchange some amount of reactive
B. Filtering of Grid Voltages
power to the grid. In this case, the reference for the reactive
power should be changed from zero to the desired value when Filtering of the grid voltages in different reference frames
the grid fault is detected. such as dq [32] or αβ [26]–[28] is another possibility, as
As a consequence, the upcoming grid codes can be fulfilled Fig. 12(a) and (b) illustrates. Improved performance over the
by using one of the control strategies presented, depending on zero-crossing method is reported, but still, the filtering tech-
what the power system operator imposes when the DPGS is nique encounters difficulty to extract the phase angle when
connected to the utility network. grid variations or faults occur in the utility network [32]. The
method requires the use of the arctangent function to obtain the
phase angle of the utility voltage. It is well known that using
VII. O VERVIEW OF G RID S YNCHRONIZATION M ETHODS
filtering, a delay is introduced in the processed signal. In the
The injected current into the utility network has to be syn- case when it is used for extracting the grid voltage angle, this is
chronized with the grid voltage as the standards in the field unacceptable. Thus, a proper filter design is a necessity.

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In the case when the current controller is implemented in the [5] F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient inter-
stationary reference frame, as shown in Fig. 6, the knowledge of face in dispersed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Elec-
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observers,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 140–147, ceived the M.Sc.EE. degree from Aalborg Univer-
Jan. 2005. sity, Aalborg, Denmark, in 1987, and the Ph.D.
[47] Y. Ito and S. Kawauchi, “Microprocessor based robust digital control degree from the Institute of Energy Technology, Aal-
for UPS with three-phase PWM inverter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., borg University, in 1995.
vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 196–204, Mar. 1995. He was with ABB-Scandia, Randers, Denmark,
[48] S.-K. Chung, “Phase-locked loop for grid-connected three-phase power from 1987 to 1988. He was an Assistant Profes-
conversion systems,” Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng.—Electron. Power Appl., sor with Aalborg University in 1992, an Associate
vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 213–219, May 2000. Professor in 1996, and a Full Professor in power
[49] V. Kaura and V. Blasko, “Operation of phase loop system under distorted electronics and drives in 1998. In 2006, he became
utility conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 58–63, 1997. the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Science,
[50] Characteristic of the Utility Interface for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, Aalborg University. He is the author or coauthor of more than 300 publica-
IEC1727, Nov. 2002. tions in his research fields, including the book Control in Power Electronics
[51] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric (Academic, 2002). His research areas are in power electronics, static power
Power Systems, IEEE15471, 2005. converters, ac drives, switched reluctance drives, modeling, characterization of
[52] Eltra and Elkraft, Wind Turbines Connected to Grids With Voltage Below power semiconductor devices and simulation, wind turbines, and green power
100 kV, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.eltra.dk. inverters. During recent years, he has held a number of chairmanship positions
[53] E.ON-Netz, Grid Code—High and Extra High Voltage, 2003, in research policy and research funding bodies in Denmark.
Bayreuth, Germany: E.ON Netz GmbH. Tech. Rep. [Online]. Avail- Prof. Blaabjerg is an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
able: http://www.eon-netz.com/Ressources/downloads/enenarhseng1.pdf ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS , the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON P OWER
[54] M. Newman, D. Zmood, and D. Holmes, “Stationary frame harmonic ELECTRONICS, the Journal of Power Electronics, and the Danish journal
reference generation for active filter systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Elteknik. In 2006, he became the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1591–1599, Nov./Dec. 2002. ON P OWER E LECTRONICS . He received the 1995 Angelos Award for his
[55] M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags contribution in modulation technique and control of electric drives and the
and Interruptions. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2002. Annual Teacher Prize at Aalborg University also in 1995. In 1998, he received
[56] L. Moran, P. Ziogas, and G. Joos, “Design aspects of synchronous the Outstanding Young Power Electronics Engineer Award from the IEEE
PWM rectifier–inverter systems under unbalanced input voltage con- Power Electronics Society. He also received the C.Y. O’Connor Fellowship
ditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1286–1293, from Perth, Australia (2002), the Statoil Prize for his contributions to power
Nov./Dec. 1992. electronics (2003), and the Grundfos Prize for his contributions to power
[57] M. Karimi-Ghartemani and M. Iravani, “A method for synchronization electronics and drives (2004). He has received five IEEE Prize Paper Awards
of power electronic converters in polluted and variable-frequency en- during the last six years.

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Remus Teodorescu (S’94–A’97–M’99–SM’02) re- Adrian V. Timbus (S’04) received the Engineering
ceived the Dipl.Ing. degree in electrical engineer- Diploma and the Master’s degree from the Technical
ing from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
Bucharest, Romania, in 1989, and the Ph.D. degree in 2000 and 2001, respectively, and the M.Sc.EE.
in power electronics from the University of Galati, degree from Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,
Galati, Romania, in 1994. in 2003. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
From 1989 to 1990, he was with the Iron and Steel degree at the Institute of Energy Technology, Aal-
Plant Galati, and then he moved to Galati University borg University.
where he was an Assistant Professor with the Elec- His research is focused on the control of power
trical Engineering Department. In 1998, he joined converters, especially when employed for renewable
the Power Electronics Section, Institute of Energy energy systems. His major interests are advanced
Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, where he is currently an control to overcome grid faults as well as grid synchronization and grid
Associate Professor. His research areas include power converters for renewable monitoring.
energy systems (PV, wind turbines) and electrical drives. He has coauthored Mr. Timbus is a member of the IEEE Power Electronics Societies, IEEE
more than 100 technical papers, 12 of them published in journals. He is the Industrial Electronics, and IEEE Power Engineering Societies.
coauthor of two books and five patents.
Dr. Teodorescu is an Associate Editor for the IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS
LETTERS and Chair of the IEEE Danish IAS/IES/PELS chapter. He received
the Technical Committee Prize Paper Award at IEEE-IAS’98 and the OPTIM-
ABB Prize Paper Award at OPTIM 2002.

Marco Liserre (S’00–M’03) received the M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy, in 1998 and 2002,
respectively.
He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Po-
litecnico di Bari. He has coauthored some 80 tech-
nical papers, 16 of which were published or are
to be published in peer-reviewed international jour-
nals, and three chapters of the book edited by
F. Lattarulo, Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power
Systems, which will be published by Elsevier at
the end of 2006. His research interests include power converters and drives
including the control of converters, power quality, and distributed generation.
Dr. Liserre is a member of the IEEE Industry Applications, IEEE Industrial
Electronics, and IEEE Power Electronics Societies. In the IEEE Industrial Elec-
tronics Society, he was an AdCom Member during 2003–2004 and the Chair
for Student Activities during 2002–2004, and has been the Chair for Region 8
Membership Activities since 2004 and the Newsletter Editor since 2005. He
is also an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS. He will be the Editor-in-Chief of the new IEEE Industrial
Electronics Magazine.

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